G EMS & G VOLUME XLI WINTER 2005 EMOLOGY W INTER 2005 P AGES 295–388 Dr. Edward J. Gübelin V OLUME (1913–2005) 41 N O. 4 THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA ® Winter 2005 VOLUME 41, NO. 4 EDITORIAL _____________ 295 One Hundred Issues and Counting... Alice S. Keller 297 LETTERS ________ FEATURE ARTICLES _____________ 298 A Gemological Pioneer: Dr. Edward J. Gübelin Robert E. Kane, Edward W. Boehm, Stuart D. Overlin, Dona M. Dirlam, John I. Koivula, and Christopher P. Smith pg. 299 Examines the prolific career and groundbreaking contributions of Swiss gemologist Dr. Edward J. Gübelin (1913–2005). 328 Characterization of the New Malossi Hydrothermal Synthetic Emerald Ilaria Adamo, Alessandro Pavese, Loredana Prosperi, Valeria Diella, Marco Merlini, Mauro Gemmi, and David Ajò Reports on a hydrothermally grown synthetic emerald manufactured since 2003 in the Czech Republic. Includes the distinctive features that can be used to separate this material from natural and other synthetic emeralds. pg. 337 REGULAR FEATURES _____________________ 340 Lab Notes Yellow CZ imitating cape diamonds • Orange diamonds, treated by multiple processes • Pink diamonds with a temporary color change • Unusually large novelty-cut diamond • Small synthetic diamonds • Diaspore “vein” in sapphire • Unusual pearl from South America • Unusually small natural-color black cultured pearls • Identification of turquoise with diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy 350 Gem News International Ornamental blueschist from northern Italy • Emerald phantom crystal • Unusual trapiche emerald earrings • Large greenish yellow grossular from Africa • Opal triplet resembling an eye • Green orthoclase feldspar from pg. 340 Vietnam • New discoveries of painite in Myanmar • Gem plagioclase reported- ly from Tibet • Spinel from southern China • Update on tourmaline from Mt. Mica, Maine • Update on Cu- and Mn-bearing tourmaline from Mozambique • Lizard in amber? • CZ as rough sapphire imitation • Barium-rich glass sold as diamond rough • “Color-change” glass update • Conference reports 370 Book Reviews 373 Gemological Abstracts 381 2005 Index 388 The Last Page: The G&G Digital Archives, 1934–1980 pg. 362 ® EDITORIAL Editor-in-Chief Editor Editors, Lab Notes STAFF Alice S. Keller Brendan M. Laurs Thomas M. Moses and [email protected] The Robert Mouawad Campus Shane F. McClure Publisher 5345 Armada Drive Editor, Gem News International William E. Boyajian Carlsbad, CA 92008 (760) 603-4503 Brendan M. Laurs Managing Editor [email protected] Thomas W. Overton Editors, Book Reviews Associate Editor [email protected] Susan B. Johnson, Stuart Overlin Jana E. Miyahira-Smith, and Technical Editor [email protected] Carol M. Stockton Stuart Overlin Circulation Coordinator Contributing Editor Debbie Ortiz Editor, Gemological Abstracts James E. Shigley (760) 603-4000, ext. 7142 A. A. Levinson* [email protected] PRODUCTION Art Director Production Assistant Web Site: STAFF Karen Myers Allison DeLong www.gia.edu EDITORIAL Shigeru Akamatsu A. J. A. (Bram) Janse George Rossman REVIEW BOARD Tokyo, Japan Perth, Australia Pasadena, California Alan T. Collins Alan Jobbins Kenneth Scarratt London, United Kingdom Caterham, United Kingdom Bangkok, Thailand G. Robert Crowningshield Mary L. Johnson James E. Shigley New York, New York Carlsbad, California Carlsbad, California John Emmett Anthony R. Kampf Christopher P. Smith Brush Prairie, Washington Los Angeles, California New York, New York Emmanuel Fritsch Robert E. Kane Christopher M. Welbourn Nantes, France Helena, Montana Reading, United Kingdom Henry A. Hänni Thomas M. Moses Basel, Switzerland New York, New York SUBSCRIPTIONS Subscriptions to addresses in the U.S. are priced as follows: $74.95 for one year (4 issues), $194.95 for three years (12 issues). Subscriptions sent elsewhere are $85.00 for one year, $225.00 for three years. Canadian subscribers should add GST. Special rates are available for GIA Alumni Association members and current GIA students. One year: $64.95 to addresses in the U.S., $75.00 elsewhere; three years: $179.95 to addresses in the U.S., $210.00 elsewhere. Please have your student or Alumni number ready when ordering. Go to www.gia.edu or contact the Circulation Coordinator. Single copies of this issue may be purchased for $19.00 in the U.S., $22.00 elsewhere. Discounts are given for bulk orders of 10 or more of any one issue. A limited number of back issues are also available for purchase. Please address all inquiries regarding subscriptions and single copy or back issue purchases to the Circulation Coordinator (see above) or visit www.gia.edu. To obtain a Japanese translation of Gems & Gemology, contact GIA Japan, Okachimachi Cy Bldg., 5-15-14 Ueno, Taitoku, Tokyo 110, Japan. Our Canadian goods and service registration number is 126142892RT. ANUSCRIPT Gems & Gemology welcomes the submission of articles on all aspects of the field. Please see the Guidelines for Authors M on our Web site, or contact the Managing Editor. Letters on articles published in Gems & Gemology are also welcome. SUBMISSIONS Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limits of U.S. copyright COPYRIGHT law for private use of patrons. Instructors are permitted to photocopy isolated articles for noncommercial classroom use with- out fee. Copying of the photographs by any means other than traditional photocopying techniques (Xerox, etc.) is prohibited AND REPRINT without the express permission of the photographer (where listed) or author of the article in which the photo appears (where PERMISSIONS no photographer is listed). For other copying, reprint, or republication permission, please contact the Managing Editor. Gems & Gemology is published quarterly by the Gemological Institute of America, a nonprofit educational organization for the jewelry industry, The Robert Mouawad Campus, 5345 Armada Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008. Postmaster: Return undeliverable copies of Gems & Gemology to The Robert Mouawad Campus, 5345 Armada Drive, Carlsbad, CA 92008. Any opinions expressed in signed articles are understood to be the opinions of the authors and not of the publisher. ABOUT The work of Swiss gemologist Dr. Edward J. Gübelin (1913–2005) forever changed the study of gems. Best known for his research in the area of gemstone inclusions, Dr. Gübelin wrote extensively on virtually every aspect of gemology. He was also THE COVER an innovator in gem-testing instruments, an influential educator, and a global ambassador of gemology. Accompanying this picture of Dr. Gübelin at work in the laboratory are three photomicrographs from his Photoatlas of Gemstone Inclusions (1986, with John I. Koivula). Top to bottom: An inclusion of muscovite in aquamarine from Pakistan (magnified 20×), a pair of scorpions in Dominican amber (magnified 35×), and devitrite inclusions in green glass (magnified 50×). Photo courtesy of Edward W. Boehm; photomicrographs used with permission from Opinion Verlag, Basel, Switzerland. Color separations for Gems & Gemology are by Pacific PreMedia, Carlsbad, California. Printing is by Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. © 2005 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved. ISSN 0016-626X inter 2005 marks the 100th issue of the “new” The Gemological Gems & Gemology, which was introduced in Abstracts section W 1981 with a full peer-review process, new sec- has been critical in tions, and a radical redesign from the smaller format that had exposing our readers defined the journal for more than 45 years. Over the last to developments in quarter century, the relaunched G&G has witnessed a virtual other publications revolution in the science of gemology. and scientific disci- plines, while our Book In the early 1980s, heating of rubies and sapphires and “oil- Reviews have kept the ing” of emeralds were the most prevalent treatments, but of G&G audience up to relatively little concern to the trade. Over the next two date on must-haves (and decades, less-identifiable treatment methods such as irradia- must-nots) for the contem- tion and new processes such as surface diffusion had a porary gemological library. greater impact in the market. More recently, the use of differ- ent emerald fillers, of lead-glass fillers in rubies, and the dif- Radical advances in computer fusion of light elements such as beryllium into corundum capability and access have aided many have raised the bar on the technology being used to treat of the technical developments in gemology colored gems—and to identify those treatments. At the same over the last 25 years, and the rapid expansion of the Internet time, the onset of new and better synthetics has made virtu- has provided new opportunities for communication that go far ally every gem material suspect. beyond the printed page. In keeping with these breakthroughs, I am pleased to announce that beginning in early 2006, every Also in the early 1980s, there were virtually no treatments for issue of Gems & Gemology from 1934 to the present will be colorless diamonds and very few (mainly irradiation/annealing accessible online at www.gia.edu. The 1934–1980 issues will and coating) for their fancy-colored counterparts. With the be available free of charge (see “The Last Page” on p. 388 for advent of fracture filling in the late 1980s and high more), while there will be a small charge for the issues since pressure/high temperature treatment in the late 1990s, dia- 1981. Because it is impossible to ensure the accuracy of the mantaires were rocked by the realization that they, too, must color reproduction on a computer monitor, we strongly rec- rely on gemological research to protect the integrity of their ommend that readers continue to use the printed version as products. This was reinforced by developments in synthetic reference for color-critical images. diamonds: Whereas less than a dozen faceted synthetic diamonds were even known in the early 1980s, today fancy- As a final note, it is particularly appropriate that this 100th colored synthetic diamonds are commercially available in the issue leads off with a tribute to the late Dr. Edward J. Gübelin, marketplace.