J. Res. Educ. Indian Med., Vol. XXI Jan.-March 2015 ISSN 0970-7700

A REVIEW ON THERAPEUTIC USES OF AS DEPICTED IN CLASSICAL TEXTS OF AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA M.N. SHUBHASHREE1*, T.R. SHANTHA,2 V. RAMARAO,3 M. PRATHAPA REDDY,4 G. VENKATESHWARLU5 National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute, Pillers, Jayanagar, Bangalore–560011 State ()

Abstract: An attempt has been made to present the therapeutic uses of flowers that are used in Ayurveda and Siddha system of Medicine. Separate chapters have been dedicated to flowers in the ancient texts like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu . Likewise Siddha Vaidya has described the therapeutic utility of medicinal flowers. It is interesting to note that out of 38 medicinal flowers tabulated, about 25 flowers have some similar indications in Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine. In some instances, the properties of the may differ from the properties of other parts of the , for example, Arka{Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Br.} Pushpa (flower) is madhura (sweet in taste) tikta (bitter) and is used as Kustagna, Krimigna (anthelmintic) whereas Arka ksheera () is tikta (Bitter) and hot in potency. Similarly, Nirgundi (Vitex negundo Linn.) is a , whose other parts have ushna veerya (hot in potency). However, the pushpa is sheeta veerya (cold potency). Some special properties have been attributed to certain flowers like anti cancerous property is possessed by Vinca rosea(Sadapushpi) flower. Punica granatum L. (Dadima), flower has styptic properties, hence used in the form of juice for epistaxis (condition characterized by bleeding through the nostrils (Rakta pitta), similarly Justicia adhatoda L.(Vasa) flowers have (astringent) Kasahara (antitussive) properties. The most popular flower buds of Lavanga { Syzgium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry} (forms the , which has been used as a as well the clove oil being used in dental problems. The most popular narcotic “Papaverine” is obtained from the flowers of Ahiphena (Papaver somniferum L.) Thus, flowers have got a distinct place in the plant kingdom as well in the field of Ayurveda and Siddha system of Medicine. Thus, the present review of medicinal flowers not only provides recognition to this knowledge, but also helps in its conservation vis-a-vis providing pharmacological leads for the betterment of human society. Keywords: Ayurveda, Medicinal Flowers, Therapeutic utility, Ayurveda, Siddha, Review, Traditional Medicine.

Introduction the modern medical system. However, there are Flowers are an integral part of our lives and few papers focusing on the therapeutic value of are associated with the most poignant moments of flowers in Ayurveda and Siddha medical systems. human experiences like celebrations or grieving. Usually, the parts used for medicinal purposes (Roberts, 2000). They are used not just for their are , fruits stem bark, Rhizomes, seeds, flowers aesthetic sense but also for nutritive and medicinal in the decreasing order. For instance, the search in properties also. Literature survey reveals that there the Ayurvedic Formulary of India reveals 1477 are few research and review papers related to incidences for FigureRoot, 1899 incidences of fruit, 481 flowers like “Health & Nutrition and their use as instances of stem bark, 373 instances of seed and ornamentals (Sharma Yashaswini 2011). Introduction 42 instances of flowers. Many of the indigenous to Pushpa Ayurveda (Varadhan, 1985) and Flower with “flowers “ as medicinally useful part, Power (Anagha B. Kothadia, 2011).Though there have still remained underexploited, due to lack of are numerous review articles about the medicinal awareness of their potential uses. Hence the present plants, only few research papers have focused on study intends to portray the significance of medicinal particular parts of the medicinal plants. flowers in curing ailments. Research papers published hitherto have Out of the total 4, 22,000 flowering plants emphasized on pharmacological activities of reported from the world, more than 50,000 plants medicinal flowers and curative aspects concerning are used for medicinal purposes. In India, more than

1. Research Officer (Bot) 2. Research Officer (Bot), 3. Lab technician 4. Research Officer (Sc-3) Incharge 2 Shubhashree et al.

43% of the total flowering plants are reported to be Pushpa Ayurveda which makes use of 18,000 types of medicinal importance (Sanjay et al, 2006). of flowers. One of the stanzas of the Rig Veda says Utilization of plants for medicinal purposes in India that “one who knows about pushpas or flowers will has been documented in ancient Indian literature. be blessed with prosperity, riches and good fortune”. Extensive information is available about flowers from The Vedas (Primary Indian Scriptures) the Indian literature like Vrukshayurveda. In Indian considered flowers as part of the primordial impulse traditional systems of Medicine Ayurveda and that marked the advent of life on earth. Brahma, Siddha system (prevalent mostly in South India), known as the creator, according to Hindu mythology, flowers are used in the treatment of various ailments. is also called ‘pushpa sambhavan’, or ‘one born of India has a very rich flora with nearly 17,500 flowers’. Brahma is described as one who was flowering plants which constitutes 12% of the born out of the lotus that grew out of Maha Vishnu recorded world flora. This rich and diverse resource (one of the Hindu trinity) (Varadhan, 1985). of plant wealth includes a large number of medicinal Separate chapters have been dedicated to flowers plants which are exclusively used in the indigenous in the ancient texts like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu system of medicine like Ayurveda and Siddha. (Bhavamishra, 2004). Likewise Siddha Vaidya Nearly 2500 species are used as medicinal herbs by has described the therapeutic utility of medicinal the various ethnic tribes and rural folk to manage flowers (Venmathian, 1993). their daily ailments (Trivedi, 2007). Siddha - This system is believed to be Flowers are directly eaten as petals or made developed by the Siddharsrs, the ancient as juice decoction, tincture or mixing them with some supernatural spiritual saints of India. The name other ingredients and then administered. Different Siddha, owes it origin to medicinal ideas and formulations of flowers are used as Juice, Powder, practices of a class of Tamil sages called the Syrup, Arka (Distilled extract), scents, soups etc. Siddhar. Siddha system of medicine is popular in (Anagha B. Kothadia, 2011). Popular flower the regions of and is widely used by vegetable includes cauliflower, expensive like Siddha doctors. In this system flowers are known saffron, are also derived from flowers. as Malar’’, its property is blooming & withering, Dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa L. KurzL. Kurz) which are used for number of diseases/ailments in flower mentioned in Ayurveda is used as a human system as medicine, which are easily fermenting agent in the preparation of medicinal available at low cost, comparatively safe and are galenicals. Bee-processed flower nectar also known culturally acceptable (Venmathian, 1993). as is often named based on the flowers. Flowers are the sexual reproductive parts of the Methodology plants. The medicinally useful part may be entire Ancient Ayurvedic literature like Charaka (Whole) or as in Kumbhi (Careya Samhitha (Agnivesha,2002), Sushruta Samhita arborea Roxb.), only petals as in Shatapatra (- (Srikantha murthy, 2000), Ayurvedic treatise like Rosa centifolia Linn.), stigmas and upper portion Bhavaprakasha Nighantu (Bhavamishra, 2004), of the styles as in Saffron (Crocus sativus Linn.) Raja Nighantu books like Vrukshayurveda to mention a few. (Nagesh Rao, 1998), Medicinal plants of India, The kingdom of flowers is very vast. In Tamilnadu (S.N.Y., 2000), Siddha vaidya (dealing general, flowers can be categorized into four main with Siddha medicine) (Venmathian, 1993), were classes depending on the purpose for which they used for compilation of literature and medicinal uses are grown i.e. Ornamental flowers, Commercial of flowers were screened. The standard translations flowers, Medicinal flowers and Kitchen/Vegetable of these books were referred and authenticated by flowers (Varadhan, 1985). experts like Taxonomist, Pharmacognosist Historical background Dravyaguna experts. . Medicinal uses of flowers Pushpa Ayurveda is a special branch of with conspicuous mention in both Ayurveda and Ayurveda which was developed primarily by Jain Siddha, which are unambiguous with contemporary priests (Parameshwaran, 2001). The first text identification in the modern botanical literature, were dealing with the details of using flowers in the selected for compilation. treatment of particular diseases appears in the 9th Flowers have been described extensively in century text called Kalyana Karakam written by detail in Ayurveda. They are called as Pushpa, Ugraditya . Jain doctors have preferred Kusuma, Sumana, Suma in . Well blossomed Therapeutic uses of flowers- a review of Ayurveda & Siddha texts. 3 flowers have been christened as Vikasita pushpa Based on its Action, they are described as (blossomed), Prapulla pushpa and well Madya pushpa: which induces fermentation differentiated from the flower buds which are (Dhataki- Woodfordia fruticosa L. Kurz.), Ranga described as Mudrithapushpa, Suptapushpa, pushpa: which imparts colour (Neelini-Indigofera Sankuchita pushpa. The inflorescence is called as tinctoria L.), Shakapushpa: used as vegetable Guccha, Kusumocchaya. {Kareera-Capparis deciduas (Frossk.)Edgew. Based on the Seasonal availability, those Appearance, Taste, Size, Aroma and Action: which flowers are available in spring: Vasantha Based on the appearance of the inflorescence, pushpa {Kadamba- cadamba they are described as Gucchapushpaka, (Roxb.) Bosser.}, in rainy season: Varshapushpa Gucchapushpi: huddled together (Dhataki- {Mahabala- Sida rhombifolia (L.) Mast. in evenings: Woodfordia fruticosa L. Kurz.), Kharamanjari: Sandhya pushpa {Jathi -Jasminum sambac (Linn.) rough (Apamarga -Achyranthus aspera Linn.), Ait.} Bahumanjari: many flowers (Tulasi -Ocimum Based on Similarity: They are named as sanctum L.) Chandrapushpa: similar to moon (Kasaghni- Solanum virginianum L. (=Solanum Kesara (Stamens): xanthocarpum Schrad & Wendl.}, Chatra pushpa: Based on the Kesara (Stamens), they are similar to umbrella {- Wendlandia heynei described as Raktakesara: red stamens (Roem.& Schult.) Santapau & Merchant}, (paribhadra-Erythrina variegata.), Sugandha Vajrapushpa-Flowers are bright as vajra (diamond) kesara: Fragrant (Rakta shigru -Moringa oleifera (Shatapushpa -Foeniculum vulgare Gaertn.), Lamk.), kesara (Saffron-Crocus sativus Mallikapushpa –Flowers are similar to Jasmine Linn.) is supposed to be the kesaravaram (Superior {Kutaja-Holarrhaena pubescens (Buch.- most) among others (Nagesh Rao, 1998). Ham.)Wall Lodhrapushpa –Flowers resemble Lodhra flowers {Madhuka- longifolia Colour of the flower (Koen.) Macbr.}, Dadimapushpa- Flowers Based on the Colour of the flower, they are resemble pomegranate flowers (Rohitaka- described as Shukla pushpa: white (Nagadanti- Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker), (Nagesh Croton roxburghii Balak.), Tamra pushpa: copper Rao, 1998). coloured {Patali- Stereospermum chelonoides (L.) Perusal of the ancient Ayurvedic classical DC.}, Swarnapushpa: Golden coloured (Aragwadha literature reveals that flowers are used in various -Cassia fistula Linn.), Neela pushpa (Neelini- contexts for treating major and minor ailments. Indigofera tinctoria L.), kusuma: black Vaghbata, quotes the therapeutic utility of flowers (Karaveera -Nerium indicumMill.), Chitra pushpika: of Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla ), Dhataki {Drona pushpi -Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link.} {Woodfordia fruiticosa (L.) Kurz}, Lodhra Based on the Taste, they are described as (Symplocos racemosus Roxb.), Padma (Nelumbo Tikta pushpa: bitter as seen in (Pata -Cissampelos nucifera Gaertn.) , Nandivruksha (Ficus retusa paeriara Linn.), Guda pushpa: sweet as jaggery auct. non L.) etc. in the context of the group of {Madhuka -Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Mac. drugs labelled as “Priyangu ambastadi gana” Bride var.latifolia (Roxb.) chev.} which are used for the treatment of diarrhea, to Based on the Size, they are described as Bala heal fractures, treat ulcers etc. He even cites flowers pushpa: Juvenile (Yuthika- Jasminum officinale like Kumuda (Nymphea alba), Utpala etc for the L.), Sthoola Pushpa: big (Jhandu- erecta purpose of anointing the face (Mukha lepa or facial) L.), Vakrapushpa: unsymmetrical {Agasthya - (Vaghbata, 1998). Sesbania grandiflora (Linn.) Poir.}, Pindi pushpa: Flowers are also employed for the purpose of bunches of flowers {Ashoka - asoca (Roxb.) Dhuma (Fumigation) like Agaru (Aquilaria de Wilde} agallocha Roxb.), Usheera (Vetiveria zizanioides), Based on the Aroma, they are described as Madhuka {Madhuca longofolia (L.) Macbride}, Teekshna pushpa: Strong odorous {Lavanga- Kumkuma (Crocus sativus L.). Correspondingly, Syzgium aromaticum (L.) Merr & P. }, Gandha flowers like Kovidara (Bauhinia purpurea L.), pushpa: fragrant (Ketaki dwaya-Pandanus Kashmarya (Gmelina arborea), Shalmali Pushpa odoratissimus L.f. (Bombax malabaricum DC.), Kashaya of 4 Shubhashree et al.

Nagapushpa, Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides Wound healing - Jati flowers (Myristica D.Don) are used as raktapittahara (controls fragrans Houtt.) Champaka flowers (Michelia haemorrhage) (Agnivesha 2002). champaka Linn.), Arka {Calotropis procera (Aiton) Vision related - Some flowers have special R.Br.}, Kumkuma (Crocus sativus L.) possess attributes like Agastya pushpa {Sesbania wound healing (vrana ropaka) properties whereas grandiflora (L.) Poir.} in Nakthandyatha (Night Dhattura is specially mentioned as blindness) (Sushrutha, 2000). Lavanga flowers “Vranartinuth” (Reduces the pain in the {Syzigium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry} are wound). described as “Chakshushya’’ (Beneficial to the Bakula Pushpa (Mimusops elengi L.) is eyes) Kusumbha flowers are stated to be “Drusti specially indicated in “Krimidanta” (Dental caries). Prasadaka” Moringa Oleifera (Shigru) flowers Similarly Vasa (Adathoda zeylanica Medic.) flowers are depicted as “Drusti Pathya” (Wholesome food have Kashaya (astringent) Kasahara (antitussive) for the eyes). (Bhavamishra, 2004). properties (Bhavamishra, 2004). Hair related - Bhringaraja {Eclipta alba Details of flowers used in Ayurveda and (L.) L.} flowers help in imparting dark colour to the Siddha system Medicine has been shown in Table- hair while (Hibiscus esculentus ) flowers 1. facilitate the hair growth (Keshavivardhaka) by its Different flowers which has been used for remedial action on “Indralupta (Alopecia ). Ketaki major common ailments have been high lighted in flowers remove the foul smell by spreading its aroma, the form of numbers in Table -2. hence labelled as “Keshadaurgandhya nashana”. Discussions Correspondingly, Paribhadra (Erythrina Here an attempt has been made to present variegata L.) is indicated in “Ear disorders (Karna the therapeutic uses of flowers that are used in vyadhi) Muchukunda (Pterospermum acerifolium Ayurveda and Siddha system of Medicine. Separate willd.) in “Headache” (Shirapeedanashaka ) chapters have been dedicated to flowers in the (Bhavamishra, 2004.). ancients texts like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu Gynecological related- Few flowers like (Bhavamishra, 2004 ) medicinal flowers have been Dhataki {Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz} have described highlighting its importance. Likewise been attributed with special actions like Siddha Vaidya has described the therapeutic utility “Garbhasthapani” (Which helps in stabilizing the of 67 medicinal flowers (Venmathian, 1993). It is growth of foetus). Some of the flowers have interesting to note that out of 38 medicinal flowers exceptional action on particular system like Shalmali tabulated, about 25 flowers have some similar pushpa (Bombax malabarica) is “Pradara nashaka indications in Ayurveda and Siddha system of (Reduces menorrhagia). Likewise, an array of medicine. Generally, flowers in terms of their medicinal flowers like Kumuda (Nymphea alba L.), pharmacological properties are mostly similar to the Kamala ( Gaertn.) Utpala other parts of the main plant (Srikantha murthy, (Nymphea stellata Willd.), Srngataka (Trapa 2000), but much milder in nature and hence they natans), Kaseruka (Scirpus grossus ) are indicated have special uses in medical systems. In some in the prevention and management of miscarriage. instances, the properties of the flower may differ In contrary, Jayanthi Pushpa {Sesbania sesban from the properties of other parts of the plant, for (L.) Merr.} is used for “antifertility” effect (Garbha example, Arka {Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Br.} nirodhartha) (Bhavamishra, 2004). Pushpa is madhura (sweet in taste) tikta (bitter) Controlling haemorrhage -Some special laghu (light) vrushya (aphrodisiac) deepana properties have been attributed to certain flowers (digestive stimulant) pachana (aids in digestion) and like Dadima (Punica granatum L.) has styptic is used as kustagna (curing skin ailments), krimigna properties, hence used in the form of juice for Rakta (anthelmintic), in kasa (Cough) shwasa (Dyspnea) pitta (epistaxis) (condition characterized by bleeding with whereas Arka ksheera (latex) is tikta (Bitter) and nostrils). Mango flowers (Magnifera indica L.) Kamala lavana (salty), ushna (hot in potency) snigdha (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) Kovidara (Bauhinia (moist) and causes virechana (purgation), hence, it purpurea Linn.) also possess Raktapittahara actions. is useful in udara (ascities), Kusta (skin disorders) Nagakesara (Mesua ferera auct non L.) has special (Bhavamishra, 2004).(repeated, pls omit ). Flowers action in Raktarshas and Raktatisaara (Bleeding piles like Champaka (Michelia Champaka L.) and bloody diarrhea) (Bhavamishra, 2004). Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea auct non. L.) Patala Therapeutic uses of flowers- a review of Ayurveda & Siddha texts. 5

Table 1. Details of flowers used in various systems of Indian Medicine. (* indicates similar uses both in Ayurveda and Siddha)

Sl. Botanical Sanskrit/ Flower Description and Ayurveda Siddha No Name Regional Names Chemical Constituents Uses Uses Abutilon indicum Sanskrit: Athibala Flowers yellow and Solitary (S.N.Y., Disorders of Nervous Piles, ulcers, cough, skin (L.) Sweet Tamil: Thutthi 2000). Luteolin, chrysoeriol, luteolin system, pain due to vata, diseases, leucorrhoea, : 7-O-ȕ-glucopyranoside, chrysoeriol internal injury of chest jaundice, aphrodisiac Family: Srimudregida 7-O-ȕ-glucopyranoside, apigenin (S.N.Y., 2000). (S.N.Y., 2000). 1 Malvaceae : Kakadee 7-O-ȕ-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-ȕ-glucopyranoside, Quercetin 3-o- a-glycopyranoside (Matâawska I, 2002). Adhatoda Sanskrit: Vaasa Flowers large, white with red or Bronchial asthma*, Eye diseases, cough*, zeylanica Medic. Tamil: Adatodaipoo yellow spot at throat. haemorrhage, wasting dyspnoea, fever, Kannada: Vascinine, colouring matter diseases, fever, delirium, tuberculosis, diseases of 2 Family: Aadumuttadagida contains luteolin, quercetin, skin diseasepiles, vomiting kapham (S.N.Y., 2000). Acanthaceae Hindi: Adoosa kaempferol, alpfa-amyrin and alpfa- (S.N.Y., 2000). sitosterol (S.N.Y., 2000). Albizia lebbeck Sanskrit: Shirisha Flowers pale yellow / greenish Skin disease erysipelas, Stomatitis, thirst, (L.) Willd. Tamil: Usilampoo yellow in globose heads wounds, cough, dyspnoea, poisoning*, diseases of Kannada: Baage Flowers give sweet smelling oil, antidote for snake bite, food kapham, leucorrhoea, 3 Family: mara triterpenoids, saponin labbekanin D and other poisonings* venereal diseases, bleeding Mimosaceae Hindi: Shiris and four saponin glycosides, (S.N.Y., 2000). piles, diarrhoea, dental lebbekanins D, F, G and H & diseases, leprosy (S.N.Y., chinocystic acid (S.N.Y., 2000). 2000). Anethum Sanskrit: Flowers large, pale yellow in Lactagogue, hemiplegia, Head ache, earache, graveolens L. Shatapushpa compound umbels (S.N.Y., 2000). earache, indigestion*, carminative, Wheezing, Family: Apiaceae Tamil: Satakuppai heart weakness. vomiting, indigestion*, 4 poo diseases of vatam (S.N.Y., Kannada: Sabbasige 2000). hoovu Hindi: Sowa Anthocephalous Sanskrit: Kadamba Flowers are rounded Crown, bears It induces lactation. Used in arthritis cadamba (Roxb.) Tamil: Vella kadambu drooping branches and yellow Miq. Kannada: Kadamba flowers in globose heads. 5 Hindi: Kadamb Family: Bauhinia purpurea Sanskrit: Rakta Flowers deep pink, on terminal and Useful in cough, glandular Cooling and laxative, useful L. pushpa axillary corymbose racemes. Flower swellings, goiter*, gout, in bleeding piles, cough, Kovidara contains anthocyanins, astragalin, haemorrhage, skin disease, scrofula*, stomach ache Family: Tamil: Mandari essential oil, isoquercetin, scrofula, menorrhagia, piles, and ulcer (Mamatha Rao, 6 Caesalpiniaceae Kannada: pelargonidin-3-glycoside, quercetin urinary disorders and 2008). (Mamatha Rao, 2008). wounds (Mamatha Rao, Basavanapada 2008). Hindi: Knairwal Cassia alata L. Sanskrit: Dadrughna Flowers large, yellow (S.N.Y., Skin disorders*. Strong Skin disorders, purgative* Tamil: Seenai 2000). decoctions good for (S.N.Y., 2000). Family: agathipoo eczema, herpes and a lotion 7 Caesalpiniaceae Kannada: for ringworm, extracts used Doddathangadi internally in cases of Hindi: Daadmurdan bronchitis, purgative*. Cassia auriculata Sanskrit: Avartaki Flowers yellow, in corymbs, Poly urea*, skin diseases, Eye diseases, genital L. Tamil: Avaraipoo Flowers contain alpfa-Sitosterol & worm infestation, diarrheoa, disorders, Diabetes 8 Family: Kannada: Avarae Kaempferol (S.N.Y., 2000). Ophthalmic disorders, mellitus*, thirst, Caesalpiniaceae Hindi: Lobia haemorrhage (S.N.Y.,2000). haematuria, (S.N.Y., 2000). Cassia fistula L. Sanskrit: Aragvadha Flowers yellow in long drooping Skin disease*, fever, Skin diseases*, Tamil: Konnarai poo racemes. cardiac diseases, jaundice, constipation, indigestion and 9 Family: Kannada: Kakkemara aurantiamide acetate, alpfa- polyurea, urticaria (S.N.Y., earache. Caesalpiniaceae Hindi: Amalthaas Sitosterol and its alpfa- 2000). D –glucoside (S.N.Y., 2000). 6 Shubhashree et al.

Table 1. Details of flowers used in various systems of Indian Medicine. (* indicates similar uses both in Ayurveda and Siddha) Continued..

Chrysanthemum Sanskrit: Bahupatrika Flowers yellow, on distillation they Juice or infusion of flowers Amenorrhea, digestive indicum L. sevanthi yield dl-, azulene and is employed in vertigo, disorders, fever, headache, Tamil: Shevvandipoo alpfa-3 carene, sesquiterpene fever, headache, laxative, stimulant, tonic Family: Kannada: ketodiol, indiculmenone, ophthalmia, xerophthalmia, (S.N.Y., 2000). 10 Asteraceae Shavanthige sesquiterpene hypertension, furunculosis Hindi: Guladaavudi lacone,chrysanthimin, vitamin-A and phlegm. Paste of (S.N.Y., 2000). flowers is applied on furunculosis, impetigo etc. Citrus aurantium Sanskrit: Jambir Flowers white in small axillary It is Pittahara, Vomiting, anti spasmodic, L. Tamil: Kichhalipoo cymes, strongly sweet-scented. Vatahara, improves anodyne, dropsy, stomach Family: Rutaceae Kannada: Haerrali Fresh flowers yield oil of neroli appetite*, aqueous extract disorder, cooling, digestive Hindi: Khatta Bigarade, flowers Orange is a stimulant and refreshing disorders* (S.N.Y., 2000). 11 (Anonymous, 1966). drink usually employed in fever, inflammation, nervous and in hysterical conditions 12(Anonymous, 1966). Cocos nucifera L. Sanskrit: Narikela Flowers unisexual (S.N.Y., 2000), Urinary disorders*, thirst, Skin diseases, eczema, Tamil: Theangaipoo inflorescence spadix with a hard gastritis, diseases of pitta, dysuria*, dysentery, eye 12 Family: Kannada: Thengina oblong longitudinally splitting fever, poly urea, diseases, menorrhagia Arecaceae kayi spathe enclosing many yellow or leucorrhoea, haemorrhage leucoderma Hindi: Naariyal yellowish fibrous drupes (S.N.Y., 2000). Crocus sativus L. Sanskrit: Kumkuma Flowers solitary or clustered, Dried stigmas are useful in Eye diseases, indigestion, Tamil: Kungumapoo narrowly sessile, stamens 3 eared, bronchitis, anaemia, expel dead foetus, easy Family: Iridaceae Kannada: Kumkuma basifixed blue, scented, appearing asthma, leucorrhoea, delivery, duodenal ulcers, kesari with leaves, throat of perianth coughs, sexual debility, head ache. 13 Hindi: Kesar bearded, anthers yellow. Flowers nephropathy and skin contain safranul, isophorene, diseases (Ashok Sheth, glucoside, corcin, crocetin, picro- Vol.II, 2005). crocin lycopene, Į carotene, ȕ carotene and zeaxanthin Datura metel L. Sanskrit: Dhattura Flowers large, solitary, short Eye diseases, scorpion- Earache, medicated (D.fastuosa L.) Tamil: Ummattam pedicelled, purplish outside and sting poisoning, psychosis, fumigation in asthma, Kannada: white inside. Flowers contain epilepsy, fever, delirium, wounds, ulcers, abscess, 14 Family: Ummathigida hyoscine, scopolamine, burning sensation, guinea worm diseases, skin Solanaceae Hindi: Kaladhatura atropine,meteo Iodine, dyspnoea*, skin disease, diseases, skin disease norhyoscyamine, hyoscyamine boils, dysuria, dog bite, eczema, dyspnoea*, (Ashok Sheth, Vol.II, 2005). poisoning (S.N.Y., 2000). cough, fever, diarrhoea ( Eriodendron Sanskrit: -Dhaba Flowers rose or dark red with large Menorrhagia, fever, urinary Flowers mixed with cow’s pentandra (L.) Tamil: Ilavupoo flowers. disorders, diarrhea, is used to increase the Kurz. Kannada: Booruga diseases of pitta, dysentery, sperm count, flower 15 Hindi: Safed- sirmul gout, haemorrhage, decoction used to relieve Family: abdominal disorders*, constipation* Bombacaceae stomach diseases, (Venmathian, 1993). poisoning. Erythrina variegata Sanskrit: Paribhadra Flowers in large, coral red in dense Flowers useful in Antidote to poisoning, L. Tamil: Kalyana racemes, contain erythratine, ferulic biliousness and ear troubles vomiting, abdominal moorukumpoo and caffeic acids, rutin, quercetin (Kirtikar, 1993). disorders, fever, stomatitis, 16 Family: Kannada: (S.N.Y., 2000). dysentery, worm infestation, Kaaduhaalivaana arthritis, eye diseases, Hindi: Pangra diabetes, sterility ( Hibiscus mutabilis Sanskrit: Flowers white/pink. Respiratory disorders, Poly urea, diarrhoea, L. Padmacharini Flowers contain quercimeritrin, Expectorant, Antidote to leucorrhoea, dysuria, Tamil: Cemparattai meatrin and cyanin (S.N.Y., 2000). poisons and Anodyne. coryza*, sterility and Family: Kannada: Bettada Recommended for aphrodisiac (S.N.Y., 2000). 17 Malvaceae thaavare persistent coughs, Hindi: Guliyajaiva Menorrhagia, Dysuria, Urinary calculi, abdominal & Pulmonary disorders, complaints* (S.N.Y., 2000). Therapeutic uses of flowers- a review of Ayurveda & Siddha texts. 7

Table 1. Details of flowers used in various systems of Indian Medicine. (* indicates similar uses both in Ayurveda and Siddha) Continued..

Hibiscus rosa- Sanskrit: Japa Flowers red, yellow or white contain Diarrhoea, piles, Leucorrhoea, sinensis L. Tamil: Shembaratthai anthocyanin pigment, cyanidin hemorrhage, hair fall, menorrhagia*, dysuria, 18 Kannada: diglucoside (S.N.Y., 2000). menorrhagia*, hypertension, cough, Family: Dasavalahoo contraceptive (S.N.Y., diseases of pittam (S.N.Y., Malvaceae Hindi: Java 2000). 2000). Hybanthus Sanskrit: Flowers pink, solitary, axillary, Used in urinary disorders, Orithazhthamarai choornam enneaspermus (L.) Sthalakamala/ spurred, pedicels long (S.N.Y., urinary calculi, respiratory is - 2 to 4 grams twice a day F. V. Muell. Purusharatna 2000). disorders, Cough etc with milk for Megham (Ionodium Tamil: Orikazh (S.N.Y., 2000). diseases (S.T.D. in female), suffruticosum (L.) tamarai libido, improve the quality of 19 Ging.) Kannada: semen, Galactogogue. Orilaiththamarai Water extract- of plant with Family: Violaceae Hindi: Ratanpurus roots to wash the eyes in the conditions like itching in the eyes, pain, conjunctivitis. Jasminium Sanskrit: Mallika Flowers white, solitary or in cymes, Diseases of nervous Useful in foetid smell in ear sambac (L.) Ait. Tamil: Ireevattipoo fragrant. Flowers yield essential oil systems, haemorrhage eye and nose, eye diseases, Kannada: Gundu consisting of triterpenes, diseases, skin diseases, vomiting in hypertension 20 Family: Oleaceae mallige sesquiterpenes, linallol, cis- poisoning, wounds and (S.N.Y., 2000). Hindi: Mugra caryophyllene, indole, cis-3-hexenyl diseases of pitta (S.N.Y., benzoate and methyl anthranilate 2000). Madhuca longifolia Sanskrit: Madhuka Flowers pale yellow and fleshy Sprue, oedema, skin Fever*, thirst, poisoning, (Koen.) Macbr. Tamil: Kattuelupai appearing in dense clusters near disease, polyurea, eczema, ulcers, aphrodisiac Kannada: Kaadu ippe the ends of branches, corolla diarrhoea, fever*, gout, (S.N.Y., 2000). (= longifolia gida tubular, fleshy, pale yellow, wasting diseases (S.N.Y., 21 Koen.) Hindi: Madhuka aromatic and caduceus. Flowers 2000). Useful in sexual contain glucose, invert sugar, debility, strangury, Family: cellulose, albuminosides (Ashok haemoptysis in children Sheth, Vol.III, 2005). (Ashok Sheth, 2005). Mesua Sanskrit: Nagakesar Flowers white, fragrant, axillary or Throat disorders, urinary Leucorrhoea, cough, nagassarium Tamil: Shirunagapoo terminal, solitary or in pairs, complaints, poisoning, diarrhoea, indigestion, (Burm.f.) Kosterm Kannada: Nagakesari stamens very numerous, golden nausea, vomiting, skin intermittent fever, dysentery Hindi: Naagakesar yellow, much shorter than the diseases, erysipelas, thirst, (S.N.Y., 2000). 22 (M.ferrea auct petals. Flowers contain essential piles (S.N.Y., 2000). non. L.) oil, mesuol, mesuone, palmitosrearo-olein, dipalmito-olein, Family: stearo diolein, palmito-diolein, Clusiaceae linoleodiolein and triolein.. Michelia Sanskrit: Champaka Flowers yellowish to orange, very Useful in dyspepsia, Decoction of flower is used champaca L. Tamil: fragrant, solitary and axillary. nausea*, vitiated conditions in fever, vomiting* and Sempuga/Sempakam Flowers contain Palmitic acid, oleic of Vata and Pitta, burning Leucorrhoea (Venmathian, Family: Kannada: Sampige acid, carbonyl acid and volatile oil sensation, haemoptysis, 1993). Magnoliaceae Hindi:Champa/ (Ashok Sheth, Vol.III, 2005). pruritis, skin diseases, skin 23 Campaka disease, wounds and ulcers, anorexia, colic flatulence, helminthiasis, vertigo, gout, cough, bronchitis, strangury and malarial fever Mimusops elengi Sanskrit: Bakula Flowers white in axillary clusters, Dental diseases*, burning Eye & dental diseases*, L. Tamil: Mahila, fragrant, star shaped. sensation, thirst, skin cooling, astringent, tonic Magilam Flowers contain volatile oil, D- diseases, uterine disorders, (S.N.Y., 2000). Family: Kannada: Pagade mannitol, ȕ-sitosterol quercitol, cardiac & eye diseases, Sapotaceae mara ursolicacid, lupeol, fever, and aphrodisiac 24 Hindi: Baku dihydroquercetin,quercetin, (S.N.Y., 2000). The fatty oil comprised capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic, Oleic& linoleic acids (Bharat,2007) 8 Shubhashree et al.

Table 1. Details of flowers used in various systems of Indian Medicine. (* indicates similar uses both in Ayurveda and Siddha) Continued..

Nelumbo nucifera Sanskrit: Padma Flowers white or pink, solitary, Thirst*, burning sensation, Diseases of pittam, fever, Gaertn. kamala large, Flowers contain lupeol, alpfa- boils sterility, skin diseases, thirst*, diarrhea, bleeding, Tamil: Tamarae amyrin, lysine, alpfa-sitostrol, n- diarrhoea, menorrhagia, piles, cardiac diseases, 25 Family: Kannada: Tavarae triacontanol, aminoacids (S.N.Y., bleeding piles (S.N.Y., aphrodisiac (S.N.Y., 2000). Nelumbonaceae hoovu 2000). 2000). Hindi: Kamal ambuj Nymphaea alba L. Sanskrit: Kumuda Flowers are solitary white, Used as a sedative, An Flower decoction useful to Tamil: Nyphalin- a glycoside, infusion of flowers is reduce heat* in the body, Family: Neitharkizhangu, Numyphaeine- an alkaloid are Diaphoretic* and used in cardioprotective, reduces 26 Nymphaceae Neytal, Neytarkilanku obtained, Nymphaein-present in all diarrhoea (Anonymous, cough (Venmathian, 1993). Kannada: - parts of the plant except in 1966). bilithavare seeds(Anonymous, 1966). Hindi: - Pandanus fascicul Sanskrit: Ketaki Flowers covered by spathes Rheumatism, Amenorrhoea, dropsy, head aris Lam. Tamil: Male flowers in cylindric spikes, headache,anorexia, ache, earache, pox, Kamakatkatalam white, fragrant, female flowers indigestion, constipation, diseases of pittam (S.N.Y., (P.odoratissimus Kannada: Kedage solitary (S.N.Y., 2000). polyurea, skin diseases, 2000). L.f.) Hindi: Kevarah Flowers contain kevda oil, which is (S.N.Y., 2000). 27 methyl ether of phenylethyl alcohol, Family: d-linalool, phenyl ethylacetate, Pandanaceae citral, phenyl ethylalcohol, ester of phthalic acid, fatty acids and stearoptene (Ashok Sheth, 2005). Phyllanthus Sanskrit: Flowers solitary, axillary, male Jaundice*, diarrhoea, Jaundice*. amarus Schum. & Bhumyamalaki flowers with minute disc glands dysentery, intermittent fever, Thonn. Tamil: Kila nelli (S.N.Y., 2000). ulcers, wounds (Orient 28 (P.niryri auct. non Kannada: Nelanelli longmann, vol.4, 1995). L.) Hindi: Bhooyiaamlee Family: Euphorbiaceae Pistia stratoites. Sanskrit: Jalakumbhi Flowers minute, sessile on a Used in fever, pittaja Haemorrhoids*, dysentery, Linn. Tamil: Aakaasa spidax. Contain vicenin, lucenin, and raktaja* disorders refrigerant, demulcent, taamarai cyaniding, 3- glucoside, vitamins A, diuretic. 29 Family: Araceae Kannada: Aakaasha B and C (S.N.Y., 2000). thaamare Hindi: Jalkhumbi Pongamia pinnata Sanskrit: Karanja Flowers liliac or white tinged with Flowers are useful to Glandular swellings, (L.) Pierre. Tamil: Punganpoo pink, fragrant, in axillary racemes, quench thirst in diabetes eczema, ear diseases, Kannada: contain karanjin, kanjone, and for alleviating vata and vataja diseases, abdominal 30 Family: Fabaceae Hongemara Pongaglabrone, kaempferol, kapha (Ashok Sheth, disorders, snakebite, Hindi: Girimala karanj quercetin, pongone, kanguin,ã- Vol.IV, 2005). veneral diseases (S.N.Y., sitosterol glucoside, neoglabrin, 2000). glabrosaponin Rosa centifolia L. Sanskrit: Usually pink, very double on long Flowers are used in vitiated Used to cure bloody stools, Saumyagandha slender pedicels, calyx tube conditions of Vata and Pitta, Leucorrhoea, juice is used Family: Rosaceae Tamil: Paninippu globose, ovoid, the mouth inflammations, cough, to reduce heat in the body, Erasha contracted, lobes 4-5, imbricate, asthma, bronchitis, wounds, headache; dried flowers are Kannada: Gulabhi petals many, stamens many, ulcers, halitosis, dyspepsia, used the form of decoction huvu inserted on the mouth of the calyx flatulence, colic, skin which is given to pregnant 31 Hindi: Gulab tube. , Vitamin A, B and C, diseases, cardiac debility, ladies as diuretic, flower oil fatty oil and organic acids, pigments fever constipation, toxiemia, is used for ear pain, petals lycopene, rubixanthin, zeaxanthin, erysipelas, piles and good for stomach cleaning xanthophylls, taraxanthin, oleum general weakness (Ashok (Venmathian, 1993). rosi, oil, gallic acid, essential oil, Sheth, Vol.IV, 2005). Flavonoids and pectin Therapeutic uses of flowers- a review of Ayurveda & Siddha texts. 9

Table 1. Details of flowers used in various systems of Indian Medicine. (* indicates similar uses both in Ayurveda and Siddha) Continued..

Saraca asoca Sanskrit: Asoka Flowers orange or orange -yellow in Uterine tonic, used in Flower buds soaked in cold (Roxb.) de Wide Tamil: Asokam dense corymbs, very fragrant vitiated condition of Pitta, water for 1-2 hours and that (S.indica auct. Kannada: Asokada (Ashok Sheth, Vol.IV, 2005). syphilis, cervical, adenitis, water (2-4 spoons) is health Non L.) Hindi: Asok Anthocyanins, alpfa-sitosterol, hyperdipsia, burning promotive. Dried powdered 32 quercetin, leucocyanidin, gallic sensation, hemorrhoids, flowers (10gm) mixed with Family: acid, kaempferol (S.N.Y., 2000). dysentery and scabies. The 1tumbler of water is given Caesalpiniaceae dried flowers are used in for bloody stools* diabetes and haemorrhagic (Venmathian, 1993). dysentery* AS 2005 Sesbania Sanskrit: Agastya Flowers 6-10 cm long with showy, Juice of the flowers in eyes Juice is used for eye grandiflora (L.) Tamil: Agati/Attikkirai fleshy white, pink or yellow petals, for night blindness and is diseases/pain, cold, good Poir. Kannada:Agase Vitamin B and C, protein (Ashok used for intermittent fevers, for pitta and ushna and 33 huvvu, Sheth, Vol.IV, 2005). leucorrhoea, gout, cools down the body, Its Family: Fabaceae Hindi: strangury,flowers are curry is rich in calcium Hathya/Agast/Basna/ cooling,bitter, astringent, strengthens the bone Hadga acrid and antipyretic (Venmathian, 1993). Spilanthes clava Sanskrit: Heads conical, in terminal and Pungent, Stimulant, and Pungent flowers are chewed DC. Akarakarabha axillary panicles. Florets pale yellow Sialogogue*. relieve tooth for relief in throat infection, Tamil: Karavadaipo to White, achenes obovate to ache and affections of carminative, paralysis of the 34 Family: Kannada: Sanna trigonous, ciliate. Throat and gums and tongue, also used in Asteraceae vana mugali Dry flowers contain spilanthol, paralysis of the Tongue. stammering* of the children Hindi: -Akarakara polysaccharide (S.N.Y., 2000). Stammering in children. (S.N.Y., 2000). Stereospermum Sanskrit: Patala Flowers purplish yellow, Fragrant, Hiccup, vomiting, oedema, Diabetes mellitus, fever, Chelonoides (L.f.) Tamil: Paadari, in large, lax panicles (S.N.Y., 2000). burning sensation, wounds, leucorrhea, eczema, ulcers, 35 DC. Kannada: - Paadiri Flowers contain albumin, mucilage, hyperacidity, thirst, diseases of kapham and Family: mara sugar and ( dyspnoea (S.N.Y., 2000). vatam (S.N.Y., 2000). Bignonicaceae Hindi: Paral Ashok Sheth, Vol.IV, 2005). Tamarindus indica Sanskrit: Aamlika Flowers small yellowish with pink Hyperacidity*, pain, Ulcers*, dropsy, anaemia, L. Tamil: Puli streaks in short racemes, contains antibilious, appetizer, paste in bleeding piles Kannada: Hunisehoo hordenine, alpfa-carotene, calcium, cooling, leucorrhea, (S.N.Y., 2000). 36 Family: Hindi: Aamli, Aamlica iron, riboflavin, phosphorus, oedema, diseases of kapha Caesalpiniace thiamine, niacin, ascorbic acid and pitta, infusion is useful (S.N.Y., 2000). in conjunctivitis Tectona grandis Sanskrit: Saka Flowers small, sweet-scented, Flowers are useful in Diseases of pittam, L.f. Tamil: Thekku many white in terminal panicles vitiated conditions of pitta inflammatory swellings, 37 Kannada: Tega (S.N.Y., 2000). and kapha, burning dyspepsia, skin diseases*, Family: Hindi: Segun sensation, skin diseases*, ulcers, worm infestations Verbenaceae strangury and diabetes (S.N.Y., 2000). Thespesia Sanskrit: Parisha Flowers yellow with purple base, It is shukraprada, Leucorrhoea, stomachache, populnea (L.) Sol. Tamil: Poovarasi solitary, contain gossypol, Induces kapha and reduces vitiligo, skin disorders*, ex Corr. Kannada: Hoovarasi kaempferol, rutin, flavonoids, itching* (Ashok Sheth, depurative, tonic and 38 Hindi: Paaras bhooda glycosides, tamarrixetin 7-o Ǻ D Vol.IV, 2005). inflammatory. Family: glucoside & Kaempferol 7-0- alpfa- Malvaceae D-rutinoside (S.N.Y., 2000). () (stereospermum suaveolens) are used for flowers have Kashaya (astringent) Kasahara purification of water and also for adding fragrance (antitussive) properties. Most popular flower buds to the water (Mangalagowri .V.Rao 2007). of Lavanga {Syzgium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & This review highlights therapeutic utility of perry} forms the cloves, which has been used as medicinal flowers of 38 species belonging to 26 a spice as well as the clove oil being used in dental families. Like other parts of plants, some of the problems. The most popular narcotic “Papaverine” flowers in Ayurvedic system of medicine have got its is obtained from the flowers of Ahiphena (Papaver own importance in curing or in giving relief from somniferum L.) (). Likewise, the narcotic substances some of the ailments. Some special properties have like bhang, ganja are also obtained from the leaves been attributed to certain flowers like Dadima & flowering tops of Bhang (Cannabis sativa). It (Punica granatum L.) which has styptic properties, is observed that out of 38 flowering plants mentioned hence used in the form of juice for (Rakta pitta) in the present paper related to Ayurvedic system of epitaxis (condition characterized by bleeding with medicine, 14 flowers find mention in skin diseases, nostrils), Vasa (Adhathoda zeylanica Medic.) 14 for fever, 10 for respiratory diseases, 7 for 10 Shubhashree et al.

1. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet 2. Adhatoda zeylanica Medic. 3. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd.

5. Anthocephalus cadamba 4. Anethum graveolens Linn. 6. Bauhinia purpurea Linn. (Roxb.) Miq.

7. Cassia alata. Linn. 8. Cassia auriculata Linn. 9. Cassia fistula Linn.

10. Chrysanthemum indicum 11. Citrus aurantium Linn. 12. Cocos nucifera Linn. Linn. Therapeutic uses of flowers- a review of Ayurveda & Siddha texts. 11

15. Eriodendron pentandrum 13. Crocus sativus Linn. 14. Datura metal Linn. (Linn.) Kurz.

16. Erythrina variegata Linn. 17. Hibiscus mutabilis Linn. 18. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.

19. Hybanthus enneaspermus 21. Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) 20. Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. (L.) F. V. Muell. Mac Bride

22. Mesua nagassarium 23. Michelia champaca Linn. 24. Mimusops elangi Linn. (Burm.f.) Koster. 12 Shubhashree et al.

27. Pandanus fascicularis 25. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. 26. Nymphaea alba Linn. Lam.

28. Phyllanthus amarus Schum. 30. Pongamia pinnata (L.) 29. Pistia stratoites. Linn. & Thonm. Pierre

32. (Roxb.) 33. Sesbania grandiflora (L.) 31. Rosa centifolia Linn. deWilde Poir.

35. Stereospermum Chelonoides 34. Spilanthes clava DC. 36. Tamarindus indcus Linn. (Linn.f.) DC. Therapeutic uses of flowers- a review of Ayurveda & Siddha texts. 13

Acknowledgments Authors are thankful to the Director General, CCRAS, New Delhi, for providing facilities to carry out the work and also to Dr. R. Kishore Kumar R.O. (Ay.), NADRI-Bangalore for his valuable suggestions.

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AUTHORS AND Co-AUTHOR [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected]

Address for Correspondence: Dr. M.N. Shubhashree, Research Officer (Ay), National Ayurveda Dietetics Research Institute,, Ashoka Pillar, Jayanagar, Bangalore – 560011, Karnataka (India) E-Mail: shubhathejas @gmail.com and [email protected]