Wind River Indian Reservation Interpretive Plan
for the Eastern Shoshone and the Northern Arapaho
photo by Skylight Pictures © Preface This interpretive planning project was initiated through the desire of many to hear, sometimes for the ÀUVWWLPHWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRSHRSOHRIWKH:LQG5LYHU,QGLDQ 5HVHUYDWLRQ7KLVSODQDWWHPSWVWRVKDUHDQLPSRUWDQWKLVWRU\LQRUGHUWRJDLQDEURDGHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI WKHSDVWDQGSUHVHQWRIWKHVWDWH:LWKWKLVPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKRVHZKRFRQWULEXWHGWR WKLVSURMHFWKRSHWKDWDJUHDWHUKLVWRULFDODQGFXOWXUDODZDUHQHVVFDQEHJDLQHG
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1875 map portion of Wyoming Territory. Image from the Wyoming State Archives.
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“It has always been my fervent hope and policy through these long years to maintain peace and harmony – it is my earnest prayer that you will follow the footsteps which I have made for you.” Chief Washakie
Chief Washakie. Image from the Wyoming State Archives.
“I want the public to know that the Wind Wind River Range by Shawn Ware River Indian Reservation is a beautiful land with so much to offer and it is home to many families.” All uncredited photos within this plan WRIR Interpretive Plan were taken by staff members of the Center for Design and Interpretation. Survey Respondent
3 Table of Contents
Wind River Agency Block House. The Wind River Agency Block House has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places for its association with VLJQLÀFDQWSDWWHUQVLQ(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRHWKQRKLVWRU\ and Wind River Indian Reservation development and history. ,PDJHIURP:\RPLQJ6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH Table of Contents Background ...... 6 Monuments and Markers Tribal Committee ------7 Purpose of Interpretation ------7 Purpose of this Interpretive Plan ------8 The Challenges of Oral History ------8 History ...... 10 Introduction to the Wind River Indian Reservation ------11 Timeline ------13 Audience ...... 22 National and International Audiences ------23 Visitor Analysis ------24 Pow Wows ------25 Planning Assumptions ...... 26 Interpretive Goals ...... 28 Interpretive Outcomes ------29 Points of Interest...... 42 Observations & Recommendations ...... 42 Interpretive Sites/Points of Interest ------44 Off-Reservation Points of Interest ------85 Design Guidelines ...... 88 Signage and Portal Entry Design Concepts ------91 Cost Estimates ...... 94 Recommendations ...... 96 Review ------97 SHPO Review Policy ------97 General Signage ------97 Design Character ------97 Economic Development ------97 Staff Position ------97 Fostering Creative Economies and Artistry ------98 Heritage Programming ------100 Interpretive Resource Manual ------100 Education ------101 Website Development ------101 Visitor Information Centers ------102 2XWÀWWHU*XLGH,QWHUSUHWLYH7UDLQLQJ ------102 Publications ------102 Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites and Trails ------103 Prioritization & Implementation ...... 104 Appendices ...... 108 Appendix A ...... 109 Glossary ------109 Appendix B ...... 111 Bibliography ------111 Appendix C ...... 115 $QQXDO(FRQRPLF,PSDFW5HSRUWIURPWKH2IÀFHRI7RXULVP ------115 Appendix D ...... 118 6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH3URFHVVIRU$SSURYDO&KDUW ------119 Contact List ------120 Grant Opportunities for Interpretive Projects for the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribes--121 Appendix E ...... 122 Conservation Education on the Wind River Indian Reservation ------123 Appendix F ...... 125 Tribal Sovereignty ------125 Appendix G ...... 127 Early Portal Concepts------127 Appendix H ...... 128 Eastern Shoshone Traditional Use Study ------128 Appendix I ...... 129 Acknowledgment of Thanks to All Participants ------129 Background
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In 1866, the Crowheart Butte Battle occurred %LJ5REEHU %LJ6KDGH ZDVWKHFKRVHQ EHWZHHQWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQGWKH&URZ UHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKHHQWLUH&URZ1DWLRQDWWKH RYHUKXQWLQJWHUULWRU\$IWHUGD\VRIÀJKWLQJ WUHDW\SURFHHGLQJVDW+RUVH&UHHNQHDU)RUW Chief Washakie and Chief Big Robber of the /DUDPLHLQ+HZDVWKHQNLOOHGLQ &URZGHFLGHGWRHQGWKHEDWWOHE\ÀJKWLQJHDFK GHIHQGLQJWKHFOHDUO\GHÀQHG&URZODQGVIURP other one-on-one. Chief Washakie emerged the WKHHQFURDFKLQJ6LRX[DQGWKHUHIRUHFRXOGQRW victor. Legend states that to honor his adversary, KDYHEDWWOHG&KLHI:DVKDNLHDQGWKH(DVWHUQ he displayed Big Robber’s heart on a lance. 6KRVKRQHLQ
,QWKH&URZKHDUW%XWWH%DWWOHRFFXUUHG 7KLVSURMHFWKDVFRPELQHGSXEOLVKHGVRXUFHV EHWZHHQWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQGWKH&URZ with oral histories to develop the timeline RYHUKXQWLQJWHUULWRU\$IWHUGD\VRIÀJKWLQJDQG VHFWLRQRIWKLVGRFXPHQW7KHWKHPHVDQG WKHORVVRIPDQ\ZDUULRUV(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH VWRU\OLQHVDUHEDVHGRQVWRULHVVKDUHGDQG &KLHI:DVKDNLHDQGWKH&URZFKLHIVHOHFWHGD other guidance given during meetings with VLQJOHZDUULRUIURPWKHLUWULEHWRÀJKWWKHRWKHU WULEDOPHPEHUVDQGVXEMHFWPDWWHUH[SHUWV RQHRQRQHDQGWRÀQLVKWKHEDWWOHZLWKRXW Wind River Range from Dinwoody Valley. Image from Wyoming State Archives.
“Someday I hope to learn more about the sun and stars, at that time we shall all meet up there, but for the present I prefer to have the boundaries shown by our familiar rivers and mountains.” Chief Washakie
History
Roberts School for Girls with schoolgirls. Image from Wyoming State Archives. Introduction to the Wind River Indian Reservation
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7KH$UDSDKRVSUHDGDFURVVWKH*UHDW3ODLQV7KH 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRRFFXSLHGDUHDVRISUHVHQWGD\ Shoshone Indian :\RPLQJ6RXWK'DNRWDDQG&RORUDGRE\ Reservation, 1897 7KH)RUW/DUDPLH7UHDW\RIGHVLJQDWHGSDUWVRI WKHVHVWDWHVDORQJZLWK.DQVDVDQG1HEUDVNDWRWKH $UDSDKR&KH\HQQHDQG6LRX[
7KH)RUW/DUDPLH7UHDW\RISURYLGHGWKH 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR6LRX[DQG&KH\HQQHZLWKWKH Shoshone Indian ´XQFHGHG,QGLDQ7HUULWRU\µRIWKH3RZGHU5LYHU Reservation, 1905 %DVLQDQG%ODFN+LOOV$VWKH3ODLQV,QGLDQ:DUV FDPHWRDFORVHLQWKHODWHVDUHVHUYDWLRQ IRUWKH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRZDVQHYHUHVWDEOLVKHG ,QVWHDGWKH86*RYHUQPHQWSODFHGWKHWULEHRQ WKH6KRVKRQH5HVHUYDWLRQLQRQDWHPSRUDU\ EDVLV,Q WKH7XQQLVRQ&DVHUHVXOWHGLQ GDPDJHVEHLQJDZDUGHGWRWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH Wind River Indian Reservation, 1953 IRUYLRODWLRQVRIWKH)RUW%ULGJHU7UHDW\7KH QDPHRIWKHUHVHUYDWLRQZDVFKDQJHGWRWKH:LQG 5LYHU,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQDWWKDWWLPH:KLOHQROHJDO ERXQGDULHVZHUHHYHUGUDZQWRGLYLGHWKHDUHD (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHOLYHPRVWO\LQWKH)RUW:DVKDNLH &URZKHDUWDQG%XUULVDUHDV1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR WULEDOPHPEHUVOLYHPDLQO\LQWKH(WKHWH$UDSDKRH Wind River Indian DQG6W6WHSKHQVDUHDV Reservation, 2013
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VRPHRIWKHVLJQLÀFDQWHYHQWV 6HSWHPEHU$IWHUVLJQLQJ istory WKDWVKDSHGWKH:5,5WRGD\ WKH7UHDW\RIWKH$UDSDKRDQG &KH\HQQHVKDUHODQGHQFRPSDVVLQJ 1805²6DFDMDZHDD6KRVKRQH RQHVL[WKRI:\RPLQJRQHTXDUWHURI ZRPDQPDNHVWKHRYHUODQG &RORUDGRDQGSDUWVRIZHVWHUQ6RXWK H[SHGLWLRQRI/HZLVDQG&ODUN 'DNRWD.DQVDVDQG1HEUDVND SRVVLEOH 1860s -$VWKH$UDSDKRVHHN 1825²3HUPDQHQWZKLWH UHVHUYDWLRQODQGVEDQGVDUHVXEMHFW SUHVHQFHLQWKH:LQG5LYHU WRGLVHDVH HVSHFLDOO\VPDOOSR[ &RXQWU\EHJLQV DQGDWWDFNVWKDWGHVWUR\PDWHULDO possessions, including food and 1825-1840²7KHUHQGH]YRXV ZHDSRQV0DQ\VXIIHUIURPVWDUYDWLRQ system of collecting furs and exchanging trade items exposes 1863 7KH%R]HPDQ7UDLORSHQV WKURXJKWKHKHDUWRI$UDSDKR (XUR$PHULFDQVWR3ODLQV,QGLDQ Statue of Sacajawea, FXOWXUH2 Central Wyoming &KH\HQQHDQG6LRX[KXQWLQJ College, Riverton. JURXQGV
1863 ²7KH86PLOLWDU\WUDSVDQGNLOOV DQHVWLPDWHG6KRVKRQHLQFOXGLQJ women and children, at their winter HQFDPSPHQW7KLVHYHQWLVNQRZQDV WKH%HDU5LYHU0DVVDFUH
1863 ²7KH)RUW%ULGJHU7UHDW\RI VHWVORRVHERXQGDULHVIRU(DVWHUQ 6KRVKRQHWHUULWRU\WKDWUHÁHFWVWKH WULEH·VWUDGLWLRQDOEDVHIURPWKHHDUO\ Ft. Laramie, Alfred J. Miller, 1858, Walters Art Museum. QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\7KHVHERXQGDULHV UDQJHQRUWKWRWKHXSSHU6QDNH5LYHUHDVW 1835²&RORQHO+HQU\'RGJHOHDGVKLV WRWKH:LQG5LYHU0RXQWDLQVVRXWKLQWR WURRSVLQWR$UDSDKRWHUULWRU\EHWZHHQWKH3ODWWH QRUWKHUQ&RORUDGRDQG8WDKDQGZHVWWR DQG$UNDQVDVULYHUVDQGPDNHVDQDJUHHPHQWRI 6DOW/DNH IULHQGVKLSZLWKWULEDOOHDGHUVLQFOXGLQJOHDGHUV RIWKH$UDSDKRDW%HQW·V)RUWLQ&RORUDGR3 1864 ²7KH6DQG&UHHN0DVVDFUHRFFXUVLQ &RORUDGR7HUULWRU\86WURRSVPDVVDFUHD 1843 ²7KH2UHJRQ7UDLOEHFRPHVD ODUJH&KH\HQQHFDPSOHGE\%ODFN.HWWOHDQG UHFRJQL]HGURXWHWKURXJKFHQWUDO:\RPLQJDQG DVPDOOEDQGRI$UDSDKROHGE\/HIW+DQG WKHODQGVRIWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHSHRSOH )RUW/DUDPLH7UHDW\RI /RUHWWD)RZOHU$UDSDKRH3ROLWLFV 6\PEROVLQ&ULVHVRI$XWKRULW\8QLYHUVLW\RI1HEUDVND +HQU\(6WDPP,93HRSOHRIWKH:LQG5LYHU 3UHVV /LQFROQ1( SJ 7KH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHV 8QLYHUVLW\RI 1DWLRQDO3DUN6HUYLFH'HQYHU,QWHUPRXQWDLQ 2NODKRPD3UHVV 1RUPDQ 6XSSRUW2IÀFH&XOWXUDO5HVRXUFHVDQG1DWLRQDO 6WDPP 5HJLVWHU3URJUDP6HUYLFHV&ODVKRI&XOWXUHV7UDLOV 1DWLRQDO3DUN6HUYLFH6XUYH\RI+LVWRULF 3URMHFW %XLOGLQJV6ROGLHUVDQG%UDYHV %HQWV2OG)RUW1DWLRQDO 6WDPP +LVWRULF6LWHKWWS ZZZQSVJRYKLVWRU\KLVWRU\RQOLQHB -DQHW)O\QQ7ULEDO*RYHUQPHQW :LQG5LYHU ERRNVVROGLHUVLWHD KWPDFFHVVHG 5HVHUYDWLRQ0RUWLPRUH3XEOLVKLQJ /DQGHU:< 6WDPP 1DWLRQDO3DUN6HUYLFH6DQG&UHHN0DVVDFUH 1865 ²7KUHH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKREDQGVOHGE\ 1868 – :LWKWKH)RUW/DUDPLH7UHDW\RIWKH 0HGLFLQH0DQ%ODFN%HDUDQG)ULGD\PRYHQRUWK 86*RYHUQPHQWDJUHHVWRDEDQGRQWKH%R]HPDQ LQWRQRUWKHUQ&RORUDGR:\RPLQJDQG6RXWK Trail forts, to close the trail, and to leave the land 'DNRWDWRDYRLGFRQÁLFWDQGÀQGPRUHJDPH EHWZHHQWKH%ODFN+LOOVDQGWKH%LJ+RUQVDV (SLGHPLFVDQGGHSULYDWLRQUHGXFHWKH1RUWKHUQ ´XQFHGHG,QGLDQWHUULWRU\µLQH[FKDQJHIRUWKHHQGRI $UDSDKRSRSXODWLRQ hostilities with the 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR 1866 ²$IRUFHRI1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR&KH\HQQH “We got history behind us. &KH\HQQHDQG DQG6LRX[GHIHDWWKH86$UP\EDVHGDW)RUW We don’t want our history 6LRX[´5HG 3KLO.HDUQ\LQ &ORXG·V:DUµHQGV (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHEHDGZRUN changed – it is what the WKH)HWWHUPDQ Image from WY SHPO. ZLWKWKHWULEHVDV )LJKW&DSWDLQ old people fought for.” victors, and the )HWWHUPDQDQGDOO Starr Weed, Sr. 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR RIWKHPHQLQ 6LRX[DQG his command are &KH\HQQHKDYH NLOOHG use of the land for another eight 1866 – The \HDUV An early sketch of Ft. Bridger. &URZKHDUW%XWWH Image from Wyoming State Archives. %DWWOHRFFXUV 1869²2ULJLQDOO\ EHWZHHQWKH(DVWHUQ EXLOWRQWKH/DQGHU 6KRVKRQHDQGWKH&URZ town site and RYHUKXQWLQJWHUULWRU\ named for area commandant 1868 – The Treaty of %ULJ*HQ&& )RUW%ULGJHURI $XJXU&DPS forces a revision to the $XJXURSHUDWHVDV ERXQGDULHVRIWKH DVXEXQLWRI)RUW treaty and diminishes %ULGJHU WKHVL]HRIWKH6KRVKRQH ,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQE\ 1870²*HQHUDO DSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQ &RQQHU DFUHV7KHWUHDW\LVDQDJUHHPHQWPDGHEHWZHHQ FDYDOU\PHQDQG3DZQHHDWWDFNDQ$UDSDKR two sovereign nations that are not at war in order to HQFDPSPHQW%ODFN%HDUDQGKLVZDUULRUVDUH GHÀQHWKHULJKWVDQGUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVRIHDFKSDUW\ DEVHQWOHDYLQJPRVWO\ZRPHQFKLOGUHQDQGWKH 7KHWUHDW\DOVRUHTXLUHVWKDWWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH HOGHUO\ZKRHVFDSH7KHDWWDFNLQFUHDVHVKRVWLOLWLHV WUDQVLWLRQWRDIDUPLQJFXOWXUH EHWZHHQWKHPLOLWDU\DQGWKH$UDSDKRZKRMRLQWKH 6LRX[ 1868²&KLHI:DVKDNLHKHOSVIRVWHUWKHEXLOGLQJRI WKH8QLRQ3DFLÀF5DLOURDGDFURVVVRXWKHUQ:\RPLQJ 1870²&DPS$XJXULVUHQDPHG&DPS%URZQ DQGLVPRYHGQHDUWKH/LWWOH:LQG5LYHULQRUGHUWR / serve as the government agency administering the +LVWRULF6LWHKWWS ZZZQSVJRYVDQGKLVWRU\FXOWXUH VWRULHV KWPDFFHVVHG 6KRVKRQH,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQ 11 )RZOHU 'HH%URZQ%XU\0\+HDUWDW:RXQGHG.QHH $Q 1870 ²1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRFDPSDW:LQG5LYHU ,QGLDQ+LVWRU\RIWKH$PHULFDQ:HVW%DQWDP%RRNV 1HZ 5LYHU0RXQWDLQV(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHGULYHWKH 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRRQWKH6KRVKRQH,QGLDQ H 6LRX[&KH\HQQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRIURP 5HVHUYDWLRQ7KHJRYHUQPHQWSURPLVHVWKH istor WKH:LQG5LYHU&RXQWU\ 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRDUHVHUYDWLRQRIWKHLURZQ DQGFODLPVWKHVLWXDWLRQZLOOEHWHPSRUDU\ y 1874²(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHZDUULRUVDQGWKH 86PLOLWDU\VWDJHDVXUSULVHDWWDFNNQRZQDV 1878 –$86*RYHUQPHQWRUGHUUHQDPHV WKH%DWHV%DWWOHRQD1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRFDPS &DPS%URZQ)RUW:DVKDNLHLQKRQRURI&KLHI LQWKH1RZRRG&UHHNDUHDRISUHVHQWGD\ :DVKDNLH,WEHFRPHVRQHRIWKHIHZIRUWV VRXWKHDVWHUQ+RW6SULQJV&RXQW\0XFKRIWKH QDPHGDIWHUDQ,QGLDQFKLHI 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRKRUVHKHUGLVFDSWXUHG 1883 ²(SLVFRSDO0LQLVWHU5HYHUHQG 1874 – The %UXQRW -RKQ5REHUWVDUULYHVRQWKHUHVHUYDWLRQ /DQG&HVVLRQ “We all agreed that if you DQGHVWDEOLVKHVDPLVVLRQLQFOXGLQJD diminishes the would give us good land - FKXUFK 5REHUWV0LVVLRQ DQGERDUGLQJ original reservation we are a small tribe - we VFKRRODW&DPS%URZQ PRGHUQGD\ E\QHDUO\RQHWKLUG will be happy. We want )RUW:DVKDNLH and opens the ceded a good place in which to southern portion to live.” 1884 –%ODFN&RDOVHOOVODQGWRWKH ZKLWHVHWWOHPHQW -HVXLW)DWKHU-XW]IRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI ,QH[FKDQJHIRU Chief Black Coal 6W6WHSKHQV0LVVLRQ WKHODQGWKH86 to President Hayes, 1877 &RQJUHVVSURPLVHV WRSD\WKH(DVWHUQ Fort Washakie Overview, 1883, Wyoming State Archives. 6KRVKRQH7KLVSD\PHQWLVWR EHPDGHLQWKHIRUPRIZRUWKRI VWRFNFDWWOHIRUÀYH\HDUV22 1876 ²7KH6LRX[DQG&KH\HQQHZLWK VXSSRUWIURPWKHLU1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR UHODWLYHVGHIHDWWKH86PLOLWDU\DQG LWV,QGLDQVFRXWVLQWKH%DWWOHRI*UHDV\ *UDVV WKH/LWWOH%LJKRUQ 1877 ²7KH3ODLQV,QGLDQ:DUVFRPH to an end with the surrender of the ODVWRIWKHQRUWKHUQEDQGVRI$UDSDKR &KH\HQQHDQG6LRX[23 1885 ²'DWHE\ZKLFKEXIIDORKHUGVDUH GHFLPDWHGDVD86*RYHUQPHQWSROLF\WR 1877 ²1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKROHDGHUV%ODFN&RDO VXEGXH1DWLYH$PHULFDQV0RUHWKDQ DQG6KDUS1RVHZLWK)ULGD\DVLQWHUSUHWHUPHHW PLOOLRQELVRQDUHLQGLVFULPLQDWHO\VODXJKWHUHG ZLWK3UHVLGHQW5XWKHUIRUG%+D\HVDQGRWKHU 7KLVGHYHORSPHQWVLJQDOVWKHHQGRIDKXQWLQJ 86*RYHUQPHQWRIÀFLDOVLQ:DVKLQJWRQWR EDVHGFXOWXUHIRU1DWLYH$PHULFDQVWKURXJKRXW SHWLWLRQIRUD1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRUHVHUYDWLRQLQ WKH*UHDW3ODLQV :\RPLQJ $QQXDO5HSRUWRIWKH&RPPLVVLRQHURI,QGLDQ $IIDLUVWRWKH6HFUHWDU\RIWKH,QWHULRUSJ -RKQ''RUVW7KHUHVD/.D\0DUN.XFHUD 6WDPP DQG-DPHV/6WHZDUW1DWLRQDO5HJLVWHURI+LVWRULF3ODFHV (OLQRU50DUNOH\DQG%HDWULFH&URIWV:DON 1RPLQDWLRQ :LQG5LYHU$JHQF\%ORFNKRXVH 6RIWO\7KLVLV*RG·V&RXQWU\ 6L[W\6L[ 1887– &KLHI:DVKDNLHSHUVRQDOO\GRQDWHV “Washakie was a great man, for he was DFUHVRIODQGWR5HYHUHQG-RKQ5REHUWVIRUWKH a brave man and a good man. The spirit HVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDSHUPDQHQWVFKRROIRU of his loyalty and courage will speak to (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHJLUOV32 soldiers; the memory of his love for his own people will linger 1890 ²:\RPLQJEHFRPHVDVWDWH7KH6WDWH to assist them in their &RQVWLWXWLRQVSHFLÀHVWKDWZDWHUVZLWKLQWKHVWDWH 33 troubles, and he will ERXQGDULHVEHORQJWRWKHVWDWH +RZHYHULQ never be forgotten so &KLHI-XVWLFH-RKQ0DUVKDOOKDGHVWDEOLVKHG in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia that state law does long as the mountains QRWDSSO\WR,QGLDQVRQDUHVHUYDWLRQRUZKHQVWDWH and streams of ODZLQWHUIHUHVZLWKWKHULJKWVRIWULEHVDQGWULEDO Wyoming, which were PHPEHUV his home, bear his name.” 1892 – ´*UDY\+LJKµJRYHUQPHQWVFKRRORSHQVDW From Chief )RUW:DVKDNLH Washakie’s 1893 – &KLHI%ODFN&RDOGLHV obituary 6DQGZHLVVHGLWRUV7KH2[IRUG+LVWRU\RIWKH$PHULFDQ:HVW, 2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 1HZ ZHVWVKRZLQ:\RPLQJDWWKH/DQGHU3LRQHHU OLYHVWRFNIRUDVFKRROIXQGDQG istor 'D\VFHOHEUDWLRQZKLFKLVODWHUWKHPRGHOIRU IRUHDFKSHUVRQ &KH\HQQH)URQWLHU'D\V 1906 ²7KHWRZQRI5LYHUWRQLVHVWDEOLVKHG y Hot springs, Hot Springs State Park. 1909 ²7KH86PLOLWDU\DEDQGRQV)RUW Image from Wyoming State Archives. :DVKDNLHDQGWKH,QGLDQ%XUHDXPRYHVWKH ,QGLDQ$JHQF\KHDGTXDUWHUVWRWKH IRUWEXLOGLQJV 1910 – 7KHEXVLQHVVFRXQFLOIRUPRI JRYHUQPHQWJUDGXDOO\UHSODFHVWKHFKLHI FRXQFLOIRUPRIJRYHUQPHQW(DUO\LVVXHV DGGUHVVHGE\WKHEXVLQHVVFRXQFLOVLQFOXGHRLO leases, care of the elderly and orphaned, and HGXFDWLRQRQWKHUHVHUYDWLRQ “When you talk about history--I’ve always had a problem with history. Arapaho history was never told to me- -only in bits and pieces from my folks, from my relatives. Whereas when I went to school, it was drilled into me to learn 1896 – 7KHWULEHVDUHFRPSHOOHGWRVHOO the history of the United States. I was WKH%LJ+RUQ+RW6SULQJVWRWKH86 always part of that history but I wasn’t *RYHUQPHQW$VSDUWRIWKHVHQHJRWLDWLRQV mentioned. When the signing of the WKH)HGHUDO*RYHUQPHQWFHGHVWKHVTXDUH constitution happened, where were we, PLOHRIODQGZKHUHWKH%LJ+RUQ+RW6SULQJV where were the Arapahos? We were DUHORFDWHGWRWKH6WDWHRI:\RPLQJDQG around. We were doing something. DJUHHVWKDWWKHWULEHVZLOOEHDEOHWRHQMR\WKH But we’re not supposed to know that VSULQJVLQSHUSHWXLW\7KLVODQGODWHUEHFRPHV +RW6SULQJV6WDWH3DUNDQGWKH6WDWH because that would not give us our %DWKKRXVHLVFRQVWUXFWHGLQSDUWLDOIXOÀOOPHQW grade in school . . . ” RIWKHDJUHHPHQW Elizabeth Lone Bear 2005 Arapaho Journeys 1900 ²&KLHI:DVKDNLHGLHV 1901 ²&KLHI6KDUS1RVHGLHV )O\QQ -DFN&KHQHU\´5LYHUWRQ·V)LUVW'D\VµLQ 1905 ²&RQJUHVVUDWLÀHVDIRUFHGDJUHHPHQW 5LYHUWRQ WKH(DUO\ 1917 ²7KH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ 1938 –7KH86*RYHUQPHQWSD\VPLOOLRQWR $UDSDKRVHUYHLQWKHPLOLWDU\GXULQJ:RUOG:DU, WKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHIRUUHVHUYDWLRQODQGRFFXSLHG VHYHQ\HDUVSULRUWREHFRPLQJ86FLWL]HQV E\WKH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR(DFKWULEHLVJLYHQDQ XQGLYLGHGÀIW\SHUFHQWLQWHUHVWLQUHVHUYDWLRQODQG 1920 ²7KH%XUHDXRI5HFODPDWLRQEHFRPHVWKH 7KH6KRVKRQH,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQEHFRPHVWKH:LQG DJHQF\LQFKDUJHRIWKH5LYHUWRQ5HFODPDWLRQ 5LYHU,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQ 3URMHFWZKLFKFUHDWHVDODUJHLUULJDWLRQV\VWHPRQWKH ODQGQRUWKRIWKH%LJ:LQG5LYHUWKDWZDVRSHQHGLQ 1939 ²7KHDXWKRULW\RIWKH86*RYHUQPHQWWRVHOO 1RQLUULJDEOHODQGVDUHUHVWRUHGWRWKHWULEHV ,QGLDQODQGVWRVHWWOHUVLVFDQFHOHG$OOXQVROGODQGV &RQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHPDLQFDQDODOVREHJLQVDQGLV DUHUHVWRUHGWRIXOOWULEDORZQHUVKLSDQGUHVHUYDWLRQ QRZNQRZQDVWKHLOOHJDOWUDQVIHURIWULEDOZDWHUWR VWDWXV QRQ,QGLDQVOHJLWLPDWHGE\WKH86*RYHUQPHQW 1940s ²(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR Hide tanning. Image from 1924 – 7KH86*RYHUQPHQWUHFRJQL]HV Wyoming State Archives. 1DWLYH$PHULFDQVDVFLWL]HQVZKHQ SDVVLQJWKH,QGLDQ&LWL]HQVKLS$FW ,QGLDQVUHFHLYHWKHULJKWWRYRWH 1925 ²7KH´*LIWRIWKH:DWHUVµ3DJHDQW LVÀUVWKHOGDW+RW6SULQJV6WDWH3DUN 7KHSDJHDQWLVEDVHGRQDSOD\ZULWWHQ E\0DULH0RQWDEH:KLOHEDVHGRQ actual events, the play is only an artistic DGDSWDWLRQRIWKHKLVWRULF %LJ+RUQ +RW6SULQJVODQGFHVVLRQ 1930s –1HZ'HDODJHQFLHVVXFKDV WKH&&&DQG:3$EULQJLQFUHDVHG HPSOR\PHQWWR1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRDQG (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHSHRSOH 1934 – The 86&RQJUHVVSDVVHVWKH ,QGLDQ5HRUJDQL]DWLRQ$FWHQGLQJWKH SUDFWLFHRIDOORWWLQJODQGWRLQGLYLGXDO,QGLDQVDQG WULEHVEX\EDFNODQGWKDWZDVFHGHGWRQRQ,QGLDQV FUHDWHVD´1HZ'HDOµIRU,QGLDQV,WDOORZVWKHWULEHV XQGHUHDUOLHUDJUHHPHQWV WRUHRUJDQL]HDQGIRUPWKHLURZQJRYHUQPHQWV7KH (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRFKRVHWR 1947 ²7KH86&RQJUHVVSDVVHVOHJLVODWLRQ ´RSWRXWµRIWKHUHRUJDQL]DWLRQDQGUHPDLQ´WUHDW\ DOORZLQJDWULDOSHULRGIRUWKHXQUHVWULFWHGGLVWULEXWLRQ WULEHVµ RIMRLQWWULEDOLQFRPHIURPRLOPLQHUDODQGJUD]LQJ 1937 ²,QWKH7XQQLVRQ&DVHWKH866XSUHPH OHDVHVRQWUXVWODQGV5HJXODUSHUFDSLWDSD\PHQWV 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEDO+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH IURPWULEDOLQFRPHDUHGLVWULEXWHGWRHQUROOHG(DVWHUQ 86'HSDUWPHQWRIWKH,QWHULRU%XUHDXRI5HFODPDWLRQ 6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRWULEDOPHPEHUV 5LYHUWRQ8QLWKWWS ZZZXVEUJRYSURMHFWV3URMHFWMVS"SURMB 1DPH 5LYHUWRQ8QLWDFFHVVHG 1952 ²7KH86%XUHDXRI5HFODPDWLRQFRPSOHWHV ,QGLDQ&LWL]HQVKLS$FW %DUE9LHWWL*LIWRIWKH:DWHUV3DJHDQWWKHUPRSROLV )O\QQ FRPEXVLQHVVJLIWRIWKHZDWHUVSDJHDQWDFFHVVHG$XJXVW )O\QQ 5RELQVRQ 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEDO+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH )O\QQ )O\QQ )O\QQ %R\VHQ5HVHUYRLU1HDUO\RI%R\VHQ FHUWDLQSURYLVLRQVRIWKHIHGHUDO%LOORI5LJKWVWR 5HVHUYRLU·VVXUIDFHOLHVRQWULEDORUUHVHUYDWLRQ WULEDOPHPEHUVDOORZLQJWKHPDPHFKDQLVP DOORWWHGODQGV7KHVHVXUIDFHVDUHJUDQWHG IRUUHGUHVVRIJULHYDQFHVDJDLQVWWKHLUWULEDO ZLWKUHVWULFWLRQVWRWKH86IRUXVHRI%R\VHQ JRYHUQPHQWV 5HVHUYRLU 1975 ²&RQJUHVVSDVVHVWKH,QGLDQ6HOI 1953 ²7KH86*RYHUQPHQWVHWWOHVZLWKWKH 'HWHUPLQDWLRQDQG(GXFDWLRQ$VVLVWDQFH$FW WULEHVIRUSDVWWUHVSDVVLQJDQGIRUODQGVZLWKLQ XQGHUZKLFKWKHWULEHVDVVXPHUHVSRQVLELOLW\ WKH5LYHUWRQ5HFODPDWLRQ3URMHFW IRUWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRI+HDOWKDQG+XPDQ 6HUYLFHV,QGLDQSURJUDPV 1954 ²7KHÀUVWSRZZRZLVKHOGDW:LQG5LYHU WKH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR3RZZRZ 1978 ²&RQJUHVVSDVVHVWKH,QGLDQ&KLOG :HOIDUH$FWWRDOORZWULEHVDUROHLQWKH 1955 ²7KH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEHLQ DGRSWLRQRI,QGLDQFKLOGUHQERWKRQDQGRII FRQMXQFWLRQZLWKWKH&KH\HQQHVXHVWKH86 WKHUHVHUYDWLRQ7KHDFWKRSHVWRKHOSSUHVHUYH *RYHUQPHQWIRUYLRODWLRQRIWKH)RUW/DUDPLH WULEDOFXOWXUHVE\JLYLQJWKHWULEHVDXWKRULW\RQ 7UHDW\RI the decisions surrounding the placement of ,QGLDQFKLOGUHQZLWKIDPLOLHVRULQIRVWHUFDUH 1958 ²86&RQJUHVVUHVWRUHVWRWULEDO This act hopes to help stop the practice of RZQHUVKLSWKHPLQHUDOVZLWKLQWKH5LYHUWRQ VRFLDOZRUNHUVUHPRYLQJ,QGLDQFKLOGUHQIURP 5HFODPDWLRQ3URMHFW WKHLUKRPHVDQGSODFLQJWKHPZLWKQRQ,QGLDQ IDPLOLHV 1961²7KH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR1RUWKHUQ &KH\HQQH6RXWKHUQ$UDSDKRDQG6RXWKHUQ 1978 ²&RQJUHVVSDVVHVWKH$PHULFDQ,QGLDQ (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHGDQFHUV &KH\HQQHWULEHVUHFHLYH Image from Wyoming State Archives. 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Monroe Ave. 856-0706 June TBA Ethete - 7 p.m. Ethete - Annual Ethete Celebration, Ethete 4, 11, 18, 25 Riverton - (every Tues.) 6 p.m., Northern Arapaho Road Experience, Wind River Casino, Below, roulette wheel in the Wind 10269 HWY 789 TBA Arapahoe - Annual Northern Arapaho Celebration, Wind River River Casino. Image from the Wind TBA Ethete - Yellow Calf Memorial Powwow, Blue Sky Hall, 506 Indian Reservation Ethete Rd. River Casino. Right, Wind River August Visitors Council publication. 21-23 Ft. Washakie - 54th Eastern Shoshone Indian Days and 6, 13, 20, 27 Riverton - (every Tues.) 6 p.m., Northern Arapaho Powwow & Rodeo, Wind River Indian Reser Experience, Wind River Casino, Hwy. Road. 10269 HWY 789 vation, Old Wind River 3-4 Thermopolis - 7 p.m. Gift of the Waters Pageant, Hot Springs 26 Lander - 7 p.m., “Eagle Spirit Dancers,” State Park at the big spring. American West, 1445 Main St., 335-8778 Museum of The 7 Lander - 7 p.m., “Eagle Spirit Dancers, July American West, 1445 Main St., 335-8778” Museum of The 2, 9, 16, 23, 31 Riverton - (every Tues.) 6 p.m., Northern Arapaho Experience, Wind River Casino, 10269 HWY 789 TBA Crowheart - Traditional Community Powwow, (Eastern Shoshone) Wind River Indian Reservation, September Old Yellowstone Hwy. 13 Lander - 70th One Shot Antelope Hunt Powwow, 332-8190 Please confirm the location and all details in advance. For More Information: XXXOPSUIFSOBSBQBIPDPNt XXXFBTUFSOTIPTIPOFDPNt XXXMBOEFSDIBNCFSPSHt XXXSJWFSUPODIBNCFSPSHt XXXEVCPJTXZPNJOHPSHt XXXXJOESJWFSIPUFMDBTJOPDPNt For more information or to request a vacation packet go to windriver.org or call 800-645-6233 landerchamber.org 800-433-0662 rrivertonchamber.org 800-325-2732t 332-3892 dduboiswyoming.org 888-518-0502 t 856-4801 Fan us! Wyoming’s Wind River Country duboiswyomingchamber.orgdduu 455-2556 Follow us!8JOE3JWFS8:tWatch us! windrivercountry AreaAArrer code 307 *All events subject to See us! Wind River Country change. Please confirm the location and all details in advance. 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No date. Image from Wyoming State Archives. FRRSHUDWLYHO\WRÀQGFRQVLVWHQWDQG UHOLDEOHIXQGLQJVRXUFHVWRHQVXUHWKDW :5,5LQWHUSUHWLYHIDFLOLWLHVDQGVHUYLFHV are quality products, well maintained, DQGXSGDWHGIRUWKHWUDYHOLQJSXEOLF 6SHFLÀFVLWHSODQVPD\EHQHHGHGIRU some portals and proposed waysides ZLWKFRQVLGHUDWLRQJLYHQWRDFFHVVLELOLW\ winter access, fencing needs, and KLJKZD\VLWHLQJUHVVHJUHVV Black Coal, Sharp Nose, and other Northern Arapaho leaders, 1890s. Image from Wyoming State Archives. Interpretive Goals Woman gardening. Image from Bureau of Indian Affairs. KHJRDORIWKLVSURMHFWLVWRZRUNZLWK 5DLVHDZDUHQHVVDERXWWKHLPSRUWDQFH WULEDOPHPEHUVWRLGHQWLI\DQGLQWHUSUHWWKHT RI PRVWVLJQLÀFDQWVWRULHVWREHVKDUHGDERXW D 0DLQWDLQLQJWUDGLWLRQDOSUDFWLFHV WKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR DQGNQRZOHGJH FXOWXUHV7KURXJKWKLVZRUNWKHSURMHFWZLOO E ([SDQGLQJDQGGHYHORSLQJÁXHQF\ also recommend appropriate locations for LQQDWLYHODQJXDJHV interpretation and consider interpretive media to F 'RFXPHQWLQJWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH PRVWHIIHFWLYHO\SUHVHQWWKRVHVWRULHV (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ $UDSDKRWULEHVDVWROGE\WULEDO I PHPEHUV nterpretive Goals The following goals were expressed during ,GHQWLI\ZD\VWRGHYHORSKHULWDJH SXEOLFPHHWLQJVDQGLQWHUYLHZVKHOGRQWKH WRXULVPWKDWEXLOGEXVLQHVV :LQG5LYHU,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQ :5,5 ZLWKWULEDO RSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGUHYHQXHVIRUWULEDO PHPEHUVDQGSXEOLFSDUWQHUVEHWZHHQ$XJXVW UHVLGHQWV DQG0D\ Ralphaelita Stump, This interpretive plan will: (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH(OGHU ,QFUHDVHSXEOLFDZDUHQHVVDQG understanding of the histories and FXOWXUHVRIWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRSHRSOHRIWKH:5,5 “I want people to know that the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho are good, friendly people.” 6WHYHQ0RQURH 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR &HQWUDO:\RPLQJ&ROOHJH6WXGHQW ,GHQWLI\VWRU\OLQHVVLJQLÀFDQWWRWKH (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ $UDSDKRDQGSUHVHQWWKHVWRU\OLQHVIURP Mark Soldier Wolf, WKHWULEDOSHUVSHFWLYH 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR(OGHU ,GHQWLI\ORFDWLRQVIRUSURYLGLQJ orientation and information to the 'HYHORSVXVWDLQDEOHWRXULVP SXEOLF opportunities that support local culture ,GHQWLI\SRWHQWLDOPHGLDRSWLRQVDQG DQGKHULWDJH PDNHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUSUHVHQWLQJ &DSWXUHWKHLPDJLQDWLRQRIWULEDO\RXWK WKHVWRU\OLQHVLQWKHLGHQWLÀHGORFDWLRQV 6XSSRUWLQSURWHFWLRQFRQVHUYDWLRQDQG HQKDQFHPHQWRIWKHFXOWXUDODWWULEXWHVRI WKH:5,5 Interpretive Outcomes What visitors will learn . . . 'HYHORSSDUWQHUVKLSVDPRQJDUHD 7KH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ HQWLWLHVWKDWZLOOLQFUHDVHWKHOLNHOLKRRG $UDSDKRWULEHVDUHPRGHUQSHRSOHZLWK RISUHVHQWLQJWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG YLEUDQWFXOWXUHVWKDWFDUU\RQKLVWRULF 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRVWRULHV WUDGLWLRQV 3URYLGHGLUHFWLRQIRUIXWXUHSODQQLQJ What visitors will be able to see, feel, and do . . . 7KH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR *DLQDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIKRZSDVWSROLFLHV cultures are distinct from each other and from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people have their own histories to share, KLVWRULHVQRWIRXQGLQWH[WERRNV $UDSDKR([SHULHQFHDWWKH:LQG5LYHU&DVLQR Image from the Wind River Casino. Historic Wind River Canyon, 1930. Image from the Wyoming State Archives. Wind River Canyon. Image from Leslie Kedelty, Wyoming 2IÀFHRI7RXULVP Interpretive Themes & Storylines St. Stephens Mission ,PDJHIURPWKH:\RPLQJ6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH 32 nterpretive themes and storylines are Ideveloped to help focus interpretive efforts and to link together stories in meaningful and memorable ways. The following themes capture the essence and importance of the concepts that have emerged from the review of cultural landscapes on the Wind River Indian Reservation. The theme is the plot of the movie or the moral of the story. It answers the questions, “So what? What is the big deal? Why care?” Themes are typically declarative, one-sentence statements. Without a theme, interpretation is random and Themes & Storylines often ineffective. Visitors remember more of the messages if they are thematic. Wind River Indian Reservation Interpretive Theme Statement: y The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho are resilient people who have sustained their traditions, environment, communities, and cultural values in the face of land theft and cultural suppression. 33 6XEWKHPH 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW 8. The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho each developed their own systems of trails that made their homes side-by-side on the WRIR they used for seasonal migrations, military even though the tribes came from different expeditions, and in pursuit of wild game. places and have separate histories and cultures. a. Trails to Grand Teton Mountains Storylines: b. Northern Arapaho annual migration 1. Shoshone territory ranged from Canada to routes Mexico: down the Rocky Mountains, north and c. Chief Washakie Trail west to the upper Snake River, east to the Wind d. Military trails through the Shoshone River Mountains, south into northern Colorado Reservation and Utah, and west to Salt Lake. e. Transformation of prehistoric trails into 2. Arapaho territory ranged from Canada to the Euro-American transportation corridors Gulf of Mexico: from the western shore of 9. In 1937, as a provision of the Tunnison Case, Michigan to the Rocky Mountains, and down to the Federal Government awarded judgment Texas. funds to the Eastern Shoshone for lands 3. By the mid-seventeenth century, the Shoshone occupied by the Northern Arapaho. The KDGEHFRPHWKHÀUVWWULEHLQWKH5RFN\0RXQWDLQV Northern Arapaho gained half of the reservation to acquire horses from the Comanche. The and the Shoshone Indian Reservation became increased mobility of the Shoshone expanded the Wind River Indian Reservation. their range for hunting and gathering and allowed the tribe to pursue bison. 4. Euro-American expansion into the West forever changed the lives of Native Americans. In contrast to the long-established patterns of Reservation boundary changes over the years VHDVRQDOPLJUDWLRQWULEHVZHUHFRQÀQHGWR reservations that often had no relationship to the Cession tribes’ traditional territories. (Refer to Appendix B 1897 WRÀQGOLVWLQJRIWUHDWLHVRQDZHEVLWHORFDWLRQ a. Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 b. Fort Bridger Treaty of 1863 c. Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 1905 d. Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 Act 5. Chief Washakie negotiated with the U.S. Government for the Warm Valley (Wind River 9DOOH\ WREHWKHSODFHIRUKLVSHRSOH 6. During the last half of the nineteenth century, the Arapaho, allied with the Cheyenne and Sioux, fought to keep their Great Plains territory for their Fort Washakie people. 7. In 1878, the U.S. Government placed the Northern Arapaho on the WRIR “temporarily,” forcing the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Lander Cession Arapaho to share land promised to the Eastern 1872 Shoshone. 1939-2013 boundary Miners Delight Atlantic City South Pass City 34 /DQGLGHQWLÀHGZLWKLQ /DQGLGHQWLÀHGZLWKLQ)257/$5$0,(75($7<RI TREATY WITH THE EASTERN 1851 SHOSHONI, 1863 ´7KHWHUULWRU\RIWKH&KH\HQQHVDQG$UUDSDKRHV ´,WLVXQGHUVWRRGWKHERXQGDULHV FRPPHQFLQJDWWKH5HG%XWHRUWKHSODFHZKHUHWKH RIWKH6KRVKRQHFRXQWU\DV URDGOHDYHVWKHQRUWKIRUNRIWKH3ODWWH5LYHU WKHQFHXS GHÀQHGDQGGHVFULEHGE\VDLG WKHQRUWKIRUNRIWKH3ODWWH5LYHUWRLWVVRXUFH WKHQFH QDWLRQLVDVIROORZV 2QWKH DORQJWKHPDLQUDQJHRIWKH5RFN\0RXQWDLQVWRWKH QRUWKE\WKHPRXQWDLQVRQ KHDGZDWHUVRIWKH$UNDQVDV5LYHU WKHQFHGRZQWKH WKHQRUWKVLGHRIWKHYDOOH\RI $UNDQVDV5LYHUWRWKHFURVVLQJRIWKH6DQWD)HURDG 6KRVKRQHRU6QDNH5LYHU RQ WKHQFHLQDQRUWKZHVWHUO\GLUHFWLRQWRWKHIRUNVRIWKH WKHHDVWE\WKH:LQG5LYHU 3ODWWH5LYHUDQGWKHQFHXSWKH3ODWWH5LYHUWRWKHSODFH PRXQWDLQV3HHQDKSDKULYHU RIEHJLQQLQJ´ WKHQRUWKIRUNRI3ODWWHRU.RR T FKLQDJDKDQGWKHQRUWK3DUN hemes & Storylines RU%XIIDOR+RXVH DQGRQWKH VRXWKE\ 35 Subtheme 2: Perseverance and Resiliency Subtheme 3: Sacredness of Place The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho The landscapes of the WRIR have great cultural have persevered in the face of sweeping VLJQLÀFDQFHWRWKHWULEHV%\SURWHFWLQJQDWXUDO change. resources, the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Storylines: Arapaho maintain their spirituality and culture. 1. As the United States expanded into the West, Storylines: the U.S. Government introduced policies toward 1. The Eastern Pronghorn Antelope by Tom Reicher.© native people that compelled Native Americans Shoshone and to abandon many traditional practices and to Northern Arapaho adopt some of the social and cultural structures know and value of Euro-Americans. the landscape in its 2. Leaders of the past are honored for their efforts entirety. It cannot to preserve the tribes’ traditional ways. Modern- be parceled into day leaders also strive to sustain their peoples’ individual features cultures. (i.e., mountains, a. Washakie grasslands, water, b. Black Coal DLUZLOGOLIHHWF c. Sharp Nose 2. The Eastern d. Sub-chiefs Shoshone and 3. The Wind River tribes balance relationships with Northern Arapaho federal, state, county, and tribal governments. have deep spiritual connections to the land The tribes have sovereignty -- the inherent and especially to sacred sites located within the authority to govern themselves and to relate to landscapes of the WRIR. the U.S. Government on a nation-to-nation basis. 3. The high quality of natural resources on the a. Traditional tribal government WRIR, including air, water, and wildlife, provides b. Traditional system of justice sustenance for living people and ensures a c. Tribal council government legacy for future generations. d. Indian Reorganization Act 4. The tribes manage reservation land in ways that conserve the quality of its resources for future ´&KLHI:DVKDNLHVWRRGIRU generations. EUDYHU\DQGFRXUDJHKHZDVD a. The tribes continue to be concerned SHDFHPDNHUDVWURQJOHDGHUDQG about decisions being made throughout DERYHDOODZLVHDQGJHQHURXV Wyoming that effect air, water, wildlife, PDQµ and other resources. -RKQ:DVKDNLH(DVWHUQ b. The tribes set aside 180,000 acres of 6KRVKRQH%XVLQHVV&RXQFLOPDQ pristine roadless area in 1934, 30 years before the U.S. Congress passed the Wilderness Act. c. Trust land is essentially private property and is not open to visitors. d. The tribes continue to share the WRIR with their traditional neighbors, the Sheep Eater Indians. ´+HKDGWKHDELOLW\WRUHDFKLQWRWKH IXWXUHDQGVHHZKDWLW·VJRQQDEH%RE +DUULVZDVDVSHFLDONLQGRISHUVRQD YLVLRQDU\µ 5LFKDUG%DOGHVVSHDNLQJDERXWORQJWLPH (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH%XVLQHVV&RXQFLOPDQ 5REHUW+DUULV Baptiste Lake by Scott Copeland. 36 5. The WRIR and the surrounding country is 4. Native Americans have the highest record valued by the tribes, and certain sites have of U.S. military service per capita of any VSHFLDOVLJQLÀFDQFH0DQ\RIWKHVHVLWHVDUH ethnic group. not shared with outsiders. Known sites of 5. Today, “Sho-Rap” crews are known as cultural importance include: SRZHUIXOÀUHÀJKWHUVLQZLOGODQGÀUH a. Sinks Canyon agencies. b. Hot Springs of the Big Horn c. Wind River Canyon d. Jackson Hole ´$VZHFRQWLQXHWRGHIHQGRXUWUHDWLHV e. Greater Yellowstone, Grand Teton DQGH[HFXWLYHRUGHUVZHZLOODOVR National Park, National Elk Refuge FRQWLQXHWRGHIHQGWKLVJUHDWFRXQWU\ RIRXUVµ Subtheme 4: For Love of Nation: ,YDQ'3RVH\(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH Honoring the Warrior Tradition %XVLQHVV&RXQFLOPDQ Themes & Storylines The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho people continue to honor the warrior tradition by adapting traditional warrior traits of courage, strength, honor, 6LQFHWKHELUWKRI$PHULFD>$PHULFDQ pride, devotion, and wisdom to past and current military roles. ,QGLDQVDQG$ODVND1DWLYHV@ Storylines: KDYHFRQWULEXWHGLPPHDVXUDEO\ 1. Tribal members honor their tribe when they WRRXUFRXQWU\DQGRXUKHULWDJH y ÀJKWRQLWVEHKDOI0DQ\KLVWRULFFRQÁLFWV GLVWLQJXLVKLQJWKHPVHOYHVDVVFKRODUV shaped the people and perimeters of the DUWLVWVHQWUHSUHQHXUVDQGOHDGHUV Wind River Indian Reservation. LQDOODVSHFWVRIRXUVRFLHW\1DWLYH a. Bear River Massacre, 1863 $PHULFDQVKDYHDOVRVHUYHGLQWKH b. Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 8QLWHG6WDWHV$UPHG)RUFHVZLWK c. Battle of Crowheart Butte, 1866 KRQRUDQGGLVWLQFWLRQGHIHQGLQJ d. Fetterman Fight, 1866 e. Trout Creek Battle, 1872 WKHVHFXULW\RIRXU1DWLRQZLWKWKHLU f. Bates Battle, 1874 OLYHVµ g. Battle of Greasy Grass (Little $3URFODPDWLRQE\ 3UHVLGHQW%DUDFN2EDPD %LJKRUQ 2. :DUULRUVRFLHWLHVSOD\HGDVLJQLÀFDQWUROHLQ protecting the tribe. a. Eastern Shoshone Warrior Societies b. Northern Arapaho Warrior Societies 3. The Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868 called for a U.S. military fort to be established on the Shoshone Reservation. Fort Washakie served as a military post until 1913, when it became an Indian Agency. Fort Washakie continues to be a center of activity for the Eastern Shoshone. a. Camp Augur b. Camp Brown c. Fort Washakie d. Indian Agency headquarters e. Listing in National Register of Historic Places Image from National Museum of the American Indian: Codetalkers Exhibit. 37 Subtheme 5: Forces of Cultural Oppression 4. Under the terms of the 1868 Treaty of Fort The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho, Bridger, the Eastern Shoshone, and later the like other indigenous people in North America, Northern Arapaho, were expected to become were coerced and forced to adopt foreign farmers and ranchers. The forced adoption of practices, beliefs, and customs as the U.S. agriculture, along with a severely restricted land Government attempted to assimilate the tribes base, contributed to the end of the traditional into Euro-American culture. hunting and gathering lifestyle. Storylines 5. Native Americans gained citizenship 1. A series of treaties, land cessions, forced and the right to vote in 1924. DOORWPHQWVDQGODQGWKHIWVGHÀQHGWKH:5,5 a. Brunot Cession of 1874 b. 'DZHV$FW *HQHUDO$OORWPHQW$FW RI 1887 ´$WWKDWWLPHWKHIHGHUDO c. “Gift of the Waters” of 1896 JRYHUQPHQWHQFRXUDJHG d. Land Cession of 1905 PLVVLRQDU\VFKRROVZLWKJLIWVRI e. Reclamation Act of 1905 UHVHUYDWLRQODQGDQGPRQH\ 2. Missionaries worked with the U.S. Government VRPHWLPHVWDNHQIURPWKH to “civilize” the tribes and convert the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho to Christianity. ,QGLDQV·RZQIXQGVZKLFKWKH Many tribal people merged tenets of Christianity JRYHUQPHQWKHOGLQWUXVWµ with traditional beliefs and practices. *HRIIUH\2·*DUD a. 6W6WHSKHQV0LVVLRQ $UDSDKR&DWKROLF b. 6W0LFKDHO·V0LVVLRQ $UDSDKR(SLVFRSDO c. 5REHUWV0LVVLRQ 6KRVKRQH(SLVFRSDO 3. Boarding schools removed generations of children from their homes and immersed them in Euro-American culture. Isolation from Indian culture created major obstacles for children who wished to retain traditional language skills and lifeways. In the early years, many children died at school. a. Mission Schools b. Government Schools c. Boarding Schools Left: Pupils at Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Pennsylvania, ca. 1900. Image from home.epix.net. Above: Students in front of Roberts School for Girls. Image from Wyoming State Archives. ´$VDVKRZRISHDFHDQGJRRGZLOO ZHJDYHWKHJRYHUQPHQWRXUPRVW YDOXDEOHWUHDVXUH²RXUFKLOGUHQ «DQGPDQ\RIWKHPGLHGDWWKH JRYHUQPHQW·VKDQGµ *DU\&ROOLQVUHIHUULQJWRHDUO\ ERDUGLQJVFKRROVLQ1HEUDVNDDQG 3HQQV\OYDQLD 38 Subtheme 6: Traditions Build Strength: Love of Family and Community Long held cultural and spiritual values are a source of strength on the WRIR. The Eastern 2012 Wyoming Indian Boys’ High School State Shoshone and Northern Arapaho are Champions. Photo by Dan Cepeda, Casper Star-Tribune. distinct cultures, each carrying on their own traditions, with their own unique sense of humor. The tribes honor the elders, cherish children and embrace extended family members, as well as value traditional skills, practices, languages, and stories. Storylines 1. Elders convey the timeless heritage of the tribes and are a continuous source of T wisdom for younger tribal members. The hemes & Storylines tribes treat their elders with great respect. 2. The family unit is at the core of the social fabric of the tribes. The concept of family often includes tribal members who may not share a genetic relationship. 3. Children are precious and offer continuity to the tribes. Many tribal decisions consider how present actions will affect future generations. 4. Traditional languages are vital to the cultural ´:HGDQFHIRU identities of the tribes. KDSSLQHVV:HGDQFH 5. A long tradition of oral storytelling IRUVDGQHVV:H perpetuates knowledge and wisdom within GDQFHWRVXSSRUW individual tribes. The oral tradition is often RQHDQRWKHULQWU\LQJ given priority over the written word. WLPHV'DQFLQJLVD 6. During major life events, traditional customs and beliefs sustain and strengthen the ZD\RIOLIHµ Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho 5DSKDHOOD6WXPS cultures. (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH 7. Festivals, pow wows, special ceremonies, and community events are important means for perpetuating cultural traditions. a. Sun Dance b. Sweat lodge c. Songs and stories d. Regalia 8. Traditional foods such as berries and wild game are still used today, with little waste and much resourcefulness. a. Food gathering and hunting b. Food preparation 9. A keen sense of humor combined with sharp wit has long been part of the cultures of the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes as they recognize the importance of Indian Relay Race at Pioneer Days Rodeo. humor in managing various social settings. Photo by Claude Poulet. 39 Subtheme 7: Persistence and Patience The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho ZRUNWRZDUGVGHÀQLQJWKHLUIXWXUHRQWKHLURZQ terms. Storylines: 1. Tribal governments balance sovereignty and partnerships with federal, state, and county governments in order to meet the needs of tribal members. 2. Preservation of native languages is vital to both the Eastern Shoshone and the Northern Arapaho. 3. Formal education is encouraged through opportunities at local colleges and tribal education scholarships. 4. Athletic events, particularly basketball, are supported by much of the community and foster tribal pride and community ties. 5. Culturally responsible professional tribal members are a growing body of people who have Power lines transmit electrical power generated from the professional skills, training, and education and are waters of the Wind River. working to improve conditions and quality of life Subtheme 8: Adjusting to a Changing for their people. Economy The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho seek economic opportunities for the WRIR while sustaining the natural and cultural resources within its boundaries. Storylines: 1. The economy of the WRIR relies on oil, natural gas, and coal deposits found on the reservation ´7ULEDOLQFRPHLVGHULYHG as well as its grazing lands. The Eastern IURPRLODQGJDVUR\DOWLHVDQG Shoshone and Northern Arapaho hold all ERQXVHVWULEDOODQGOHDVHVDQG mineral rights on the reservation and can lease RWKHUUHVRXUFHVRQUHVHUYDWLRQ ODQGVIRUUHYHQXHEHQHÀWV ODQGVKDOIWRWKH$UDSDKRVDQG a. Mineral royalties b. Per capita payments KDOIWRWKH6KRVKRQHVthe c. Grazing leases per capita payment is not a 2. Native ranchers maintain herds of cattle and government handout EXW horses and manage the grasslands on the trust LQFRPHGHULYHGRIIUHVHUYDWLRQ lands. UHVRXUFHVµ a. Irrigation for agriculture 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEDO b. Arapaho Ranch +LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH c. Multi-generational ranches 3. Rich in natural resources, the reservation is involved in debates over current resource management issues and rights. a. Water rights b. Mineral rights c. Water quality d. Air quality 40 4. Tourism offers a potential source of revenue for tribal members and a chance to tell the tribes’ stories to visitors. Opportunities to increase tourist offerings exist. a. Casinos b. 2XWÀWWLQJDQGJXLGLQJ ÀVKLQJ DQGFDPSLQJ c. Pow wows d. Cultural centers, museums, special exhibits e. Creative economy * Native arts and crafts * Native events T 5. Since 2005, gaming has become a large hemes & Storylines part of the local economy. Casinos are major employers on the reservation and in Fremont County as a whole. Currently, the WRIR is home to four casinos, the only casinos in Wyoming. 6. The Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho work with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to manage, populate, and rehabilitate habitats for land species based on cooperative land management agreements. 7. The fostering of creative economies, by preserving cultural arts, language, and foods, is a an important part of preserving cultural heritage, encouraging local pride, and ensuring the education of future generations. Developing partnerships to increase opportunities will EULQJPXOWLSOHEHQHÀWV ´,KDYHQHYHUIRUJRWWHQZKDWKH WKH&KLHI XVHGWRVD\WRXV¶%H EUDYH·KHZRXOGWHOOXV¶7KDWLVWKH FKLHIWKLQJWROHDUQ WRGRZKDWHDFK RQHEHOLHYHVLVULJKWWRVSHDNIRU WKHULJKWHYHU\ZKHUHDOZD\V7REH IHDUOHVVRIWRQJXHVRISHUVHFXWLRQWR WDNHFRXQVHOZLWKRXURZQPLQGVDQG EHLQJVXUHWRVSHDNRXWVXUHO\·µ ,QGLDQPDQTXRWHGLQ 7HHSHH1HLJKERUV 41 Points of Interest Observations & Recommendations Shoshone Episcopal Mission (Roberts Mission) 42 RLQWVRILQWHUHVWZHUHLGHQWLÀHGGXULQJ PHHWLQJVZLWKWKHSXEOLFDQGLQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVP 7KHVHPHHWLQJVZHUHKHOGRQDQGQHDUWKH :LQG5LYHU,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQRQWKHIROORZLQJ GDWHV August 25 and 26, 2012 September 11 and 12, 2012 November 14 – 16, 2012 February 5 and 6, 2013 March 11 – 15, 2013 April 29 – May 4, 2013 7KHVHORFDWLRQVKDYHEHHQLGHQWLÀHGDV H[FHOOHQWSODFHVWRWHOOVRPHRIWKHVWRULHVRI WKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRULQWHUSUHWLYHPHGLDDQG RWKHUVLWHGHYHORSPHQWZHUHDOVREUDLQVWRUPHG P DQGDUHSURYLGHGKHUH3RVVLEOHJUDQWIXQGLQJ oints o RSSRUWXQLWLHVDUHSURYLGHGLQ$SSHQGL[' f Interest & Recommendations Dramatic landforms between Fort Washakie and Ethete. 43 Interpretive Sites/Points of Interest 44 P oints o f Interest & Recommendations Ma p 45 >ŽĐĂƟŽŶƐ (numbers correspond to map) Subtheme ĂŶĚ ^ƚŽƌLJůŝŶĞ ŶĚ ce of Ŷ t cy ƐƐ gth Ŷ Ŷ g to a g e Ŷ Ŷ of y g ilie ĚŶ ƐƟŶ Ɛ evera ƐƐ io ƌĂƟŽŶ a i Ŷ Ɛ ĚŝƟŽŶƐ t ĂƟŽŶ Ŷ ju Stre ƌĐĞƐ om Ŷ WĂƟĞŶĐĞ re o Ě Ě ŶŐ Re Ŷ Ɵ ŶĮŶ eme WĞƌƐŝƐƚĞŶĐĞ pp Cultural O 5. Fo Na Buil Eco 7. a ŶĚ 1. Mig Place 4. For Love of Orie 6. Tra 8. A Cha Co 2. Per a ŶĚ Map # 3. Sacre 1 ZĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ Entry Portal - South X 2 Shoshone Rose Casino XXX 3 Community Signs/Road Entrance to Ft Washakie X 4 Fort Washakie Area XXXXXXXXX 4a Fort Washakie Historic Area XXXXXXXXX 4b Chiefs Building and Post KĸĐĞ XX 4c Joint Tribal Building X X 4d Chief Washakie Grave Site X 4e Sacajawea Grave Site X 4f Shoshone Episcopal Mission/Roberts Mission x x 4g Block House xX 4h Fort Washakie Gas and Convenience Store X 5 Frank Wise Business Center (Wind River Development Fund) XXXXXXXXX 6 Fort Washakie and Sacajawea Wayside 7 Rupert Weeks Cultural Center (Shoshone Cultural Center) XXXXXXXXX 8 Diversion Dam Rest Area X XXX 9 Crowheart ƵƩĞ Wayside x X 10 Bull Lake and Dinwoody Lake X 11 ZĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ Entry Portal - West X 12 Ethete Gas and Convenience Store XX 13 Wind River Tribal College XXXXXXXXX 14 Arapaho Tribal Business KĸĐĞ X X 15 St Michael's Mission X 16 >ŝƩůĞ Wind Casino XXX 17 Arapahoe Depot Site X X 18 St. Stephens Mission X 19 Wind River Casino XXXXXXXXX 20 Arapaho Experience XXXXXXXXX 21 Veterans Memorial X X 22 Bonneville Cabins X 23 ZĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ Entry Portal - East X 24 Wind River Canyon XXXXXXXXX 25 Arapaho Ranch XXX 26 Boysen State Park 27 Riverton Community Sites 46 1 Reservation Entry Portal - South Interpretive Theme: 3RUWDOHQWU\ Current Condition: $VPDOOURDGVLJQFXUUHQWO\LGHQWLÀHVWKHHQWUDQFHWRWKHUHVHUYDWLRQ Existing Facilities and Status: 1RQH Recommendations: (VWDEOLVKDORFDWLRQQHDUWKHHQWU\ZLWKDSSURSULDWHHDVHPHQWV :<'27ULJKWRIZD\ DQG LQVWDOODZHOFRPHSRUWDOHQWU\DVUHIHUHQFHGLQWKHGHVLJQJXLGHOLQHV7KLVZLOOLQFUHDVH YLVLELOLW\IURPWKHURDGZD\DQGZLOOPDNHWKHUHVHUYDWLRQHQWUDQFHYHU\FOHDU $ODUJHUSXOORXWVLWHFRXOGEHGHYHORSHGZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQDQGRULHQWDWLRQVLJQSDQHOVEXW WKHUHDUHQHDUE\GHYHORSHGVLWHVWKDWFRXOGDOVRSURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQ 7KLVORFDWLRQRUDGMDFHQWSURSHUW\LVEHLQJSURSRVHGIRUWKH:<'27ULJKWRIZD\DQGLV P oints o DSSUR[LPDWH3ULRUWREHJLQQLQJWKHSURMHFW:<'27ZLOOQHHGWREHFRQVXOWHGWRGHWHUPLQH WKHH[DFWORFDWLRQ7KHH[DFWORFDWLRQZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHGEDVHGRQULJKWRIZD\VL]HFOHDU ]RQHZLGWKDQGRWKHUVDIHW\IDFWRUV f Interest & Recommendations Potential Partnerships: :\RPLQJ2IÀFHRI7RXULVP :27 :\RPLQJ'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ :<'27 :\RPLQJ$UWV&RXQFLO:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO)UHPRQW&RXQW\ 47 2 Shoshone Rose Casino and Parking Area Interpretive Themes: 2ULHQWDWLRQ7UDGLWLRQV%XLOG6WUHQJWK$GMXVWLQJWRD&KDQJLQJ(FRQRP\ Current Condition: $ODUJHVLJQZHOFRPHVSHRSOHWRWKHFDVLQR Existing Facilities and Status: 7KHHQWUDQFHLQWRWKHEXLOGLQJGLYLGHVLQWRDGLQLQJDUHDRQWKHULJKWDQGFDVLQRRQWKHOHIW Recommendations: 'LVFXVVLRQVDUHXQGHUZD\WRH[SDQGDPHQLWLHVDQGHQWHUWDLQPHQWYHQXHVIRUWKH6KRVKRQH 5RVH$VWKLVGLVFXVVLRQSURFHHGVORFDWLQJDSDQHO´Welcome to the Wind River Indian Reservation” NLRVNDWDQH[WHULRUORFDWLRQLQWKHSDUNLQJORWZLWKDQRULHQWDWLRQPDSWKLQJV WRGRDQGSODFHVWRYLVLWZRXOGSURPRWHDQGDGYHUWLVHWKH6KRVKRQH5RVH&DVLQRDQGRWKHU UHVHUYDWLRQDUHDVWRYLVLW :KHQDGGLWLRQDOYHQXHVDQGIDFLOLWLHVDUHFUHDWHGFRQVLGHUFUHDWLQJVLJQDJHWRLQWHUSUHWWKH WKHPHVOLVWHGDERYHWKDWUHODWHWRWKRVHIDFLOLWLHVDQGYLVLWRUH[SHULHQFHV Potential Partnership: :LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO Kiosk example: could include one, two, or three panels. 48 3 Road Entrance into Fort Washakie Interpretive Theme: &RPPXQLW\HQWU\ Current Condition: $ODUJHVLJQVLWVRQWKHHDVWVLGHRIWKHPDLQURDG DFURVVIURPJDVFRQYHQLHQFHVWRUH ZHOFRPLQJ WUDYHOHUVWRWKH:5,5 Existing Facilities and Status: 1RQH Recommendation: 5HSODFHWKHVLJQZLWKDVFDOHGGRZQSRUWDOFUHVFHQWGHVLJQWKDWZHOFRPHVWUDYHOHUVWRWKH FRPPXQLW\ Potential Partnerships: :27:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO P oints o f Interest & Recommendations 49 4 Fort Washakie Area 50 4a Fort Washakie Historic District Interpretive Themes: 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW3HUVHYHUDQFHDQG5HVLOLHQF\6DFUHGQHVVRI3ODFH)RU/RYHRI1DWLRQ )RUFHVRI&XOWXUDO2SSUHVVLRQ7UDGLWLRQV%XLOG6WUHQJWK3HUVLVWHQFHDQG3DWLHQFH$GMXVWLQJWRD &KDQJLQJ(FRQRP\2ULHQWDWLRQ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KH)RUW:DVKDNLH+LVWRULF'LVWULFWKDVEHHQOLVWHGLQWKH1DWLRQDO5HJLVWHURI+LVWRULF3ODFHV EDVHGRQLWVDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKVLJQLÀFDQWHYHQWVLQPLOLWDU\SROLWLFDODQGVRFLDOKLVWRU\GXULQJWKH ODWHQLQHWHHQWKDQGHDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXULHV7KHGLVWULFWLVDOVRUHFRJQL]HGDVKDYLQJDVLJQLÀFDQW FROOHFWLRQRIEXLOGLQJVWKDWLQFOXGHVODWHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGHDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\VWRQH DQGDGREHPLOLWDU\EXLOGLQJV HDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\,QGLDQ$JHQF\EXLOGLQJV DQGKRXVLQJ ZDUHKRXVHVDQGPDFKLQHVKRSVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&LYLOLDQ&RQVHUYDWLRQ&RUSVRIWKH V P oints o f Interest & Recommendations National Trust for Historic Preservation “This Place Matters” campaign. Eastern Shoshone tribal members and SHPO staff in front of Building 1. Image from WY SHPO. 51 4b &KLHIV%XLOGLQJDQG3RVW2IÀFH Recommendations: ,QVWDOOD²SDQHONLRVNVWUXFWXUHDWWKH&KLHIV%XLOGLQJDQG3RVW2IÀFH3URYLGHDQ RULHQWDWLRQPDSRIWKHDUHDDVZHOODVLQIRUPDWLRQRQVWHZDUGVKLSSUDFWLFHVRQWKH UHVHUYDWLRQ,GHQWLI\QHDUE\DPHQLWLHV,QWHUSUHWLYHPHVVDJHVFDQLQFOXGHDQ\RIWKH VXEWKHPHVZLWKWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIURWDWLQJVLJQDJH7UDYHOHUVXQIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHUHVHUYDWLRQ ZLOODOVRQHHGPRUHGLUHFWLRQDOURDGVLJQVWRORFDWHVSHFLÀFVLWHV 8SGDWHWKHZDONLQJWRXUPDSEURFKXUH7KHEURFKXUHQHHGVWRFRUUHVSRQGZLWKDQXPEHUHG SRVWDWHDFKVLWHWKDWFDQEHUHIHUHQFHGLQWKHEURFKXUH ,QFRUSRUDWHDOORIWKH)RUW:DVKDNLHDUHDZLWKLQDELNHDQGSDWKZD\WUDLOVSURMHFW&UHDWHD ORRSWUDLO Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:27:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO%XUHDXRI,QGLDQ$IIDLUV %,$ Kiosk example: could include one, two, or three panels. 52 4c Joint Tribal Building Interpretive Themes: 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW3HUVHYHUDQFHDQG5HVLOLHQF\3HUVLVWHQFHDQG3DWLHQFH$GMXVWLQJWRD &KDQJLQJ(FRQRP\ Current Condition: $ODUJHFDVWPHWDOVWDWXHRI&KLHI:DVKDNLHVWDQGVLQIURQWRIWKHEXLOGLQJ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KHHQWUDQFHWRWKHEXLOGLQJKDVDFRPIRUWDEOHUHFHSWLRQDUHDZLWKDUHFHSWLRQGHVNDQG UHVWURRPV9DULRXVWULEDORIÀFHVDUHORFDWHGKHUH7KHIDFLOLWLHVDUHXVHGIRUWULEDOEXVLQHVVDQGDUH QRWDGUDZIRUWRXULVPRUJHQHUDOYLVLWDWLRQSXUSRVHV Recommendations: &UHDWHDQLQWHULRUH[KLELWIRUWKHOREE\GHVFULELQJKRZWULEDOJRYHUQPHQWDQGVRYHUHLJQW\ ZRUNV3RUWDEOHWUDYHOLQJH[KLELWVFRXOGEHGHYHORSHGDQGURWDWHGWRYDULRXVVLWHVRQDQG RIIWKHUHVHUYDWLRQ P 3ODFHKLVWRULFSKRWRJUDSKVRUPRGHUQDUWH[KLELWVWKDWGHSLFWVHOHFWHGLQWHUSUHWLYHWKHPHVLQ oints o WKHVPDOOFRQIHUHQFHURRP 3URYLGH)RUW:DVKDNLH:DONLQJ7RXUEURFKXUHVLQDKLJKO\YLVLEOHORFDWLRQLQWKLVEXLOGLQJ f Interest & Recommendations Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:LQG5LYHU'HYHORSPHQW)XQG:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO 53 4d Chief Washakie Monument at Cemetery Interpretive Themes: 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW3HUVHYHUDQFHDQG5HVLOLHQF\ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KH&KLHI:DVKDNLHPRQXPHQWVLWVRQWKHVRXWKHQGRIWKH&KLHI:DVKDNLHFHPHWHU\VXUURXQGHG E\EDUULHUV7KHPRQXPHQWLVVHSDUDWHIURPWKHDFWXDOJUDYHWKDWLVORFDWHGRQWKHQRUWKHQGRIWKH FHPHWHU\ Recommendations: ,QVWDOODWZRSDQHOYHUWLFDONLRVNQHDUWKHHQWU\SDUNLQJDUHDWKDWH[SODLQVWKHVLJQLÀFDQFH RI&KLHI:DVKDNLHDQGKLVFRQWULEXWLRQVDVZHOODVWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRIWKLVFHPHWHU\DQG DSSURSULDWHEHKDYLRUDWWKHFHPHWHU\ 2QHSDQHOVKRXOGLQFOXGHDPHVVDJHRQWKHEHKDYLRUDQGHWKLFVH[SHFWHGRIDOOZKRYLVLW KHUH :KDWLVSHUPLVVLEOHEHKDYLRUIRUYLVLWRUV"&DQYLVLWRUVZDONLQWKHFHPHWHU\"&DQ YLVLWRUVWDNHSKRWRV" $QDO\]HWUDIÀFDQGXVHDQGGHWHUPLQHLIPRUHGHÀQHGSDUNLQJLVQHFHVVDU\ Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO:27 54 4e Sacajawea Cemetery Interpretive Theme: 3HUVHYHUDQFHDQG5HVLOLHQF\ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KHFHPHWHU\LVRQDTXLHWURDGRXWVLGHRI)RUW:DVKDNLH YHKLFOHVFDQHLWKHUSDUNLQDQHQWU\ SDUNLQJDUHDRUFRQWLQXHWRWKHZHVWVLGHRIWKHFHPHWHU\DQGGULYHFORVHUWRWKHVWDWXHLQWHUSUHWLYH VLJQDQGPDUNHUIRU6DFDMDZHD,QWHUSUHWLYHVLJQVWHOODERXWVRPHRI6DFDMDZHD·VWUDYHOVDQG 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oints o 5HVWRUHWKHERDUGLQJKRXVHDQGUHFUHDWHLWDV DVFKRRORIWKH V 2IIHUVFKHGXOHGLQWHUSUHWLYHWDONVDQGHYHQWV f Interest & Recommendations SURYLGHGE\WKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH/DQJXDJH DQG&XOWXUDO0XVHXPFRPPLWWHHV Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:27:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO $OOLDQFHIRU+LVWRULF:\RPLQJ(SLVFRSDO'LRFHVH Current Land Manager and Responsible Party for Maintenance of Site: (SLVFRSDO'LRFHVH 57 4g Block House Interpretive Themes: 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW)RU/RYHRI1DWLRQ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KLVVPDOOEXLOGLQJVLWVDWWKHFRUQHURI2OG:LQG5LYHU+LJKZD\5RDGDQG7URXW&UHHN5RDG7KH EXLOGLQJLVOLVWHGLQWKH1DWLRQDO5HJLVWHURI+LVWRULF3ODFHV Recommendations: ,QFOXGHWKLVVLWHRQWKHGULYLQJWRXU,QWHUSUHWLYHPHVVDJHVVKRXOGWHOOWKHKLVWRU\RI WKH%ORFN+RXVHDQGLWVYDULRXVXVHVGXULQJWKHHDUO\SHULRGRIWKH6KRVKRQH,QGLDQ 5HVHUYDWLRQ (YDOXDWHWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIDVPDOOSDUNZLWKUHVWURRPVDQGDVPDOOYLVLWRUFHQWHU7KHYLVLWRU FHQWHUZRXOGLQFOXGHVWRULHVDERXWWKH%ORFN+RXVHDQGSRVVLEO\WKH7URXW&UHHN%DWWOH Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:27 Built in 1871, the Block House is the oldest intact building that was constructed at the original Wind River Agency. Chief Washakie urged the construction of this defensive structure, and it provided a place of refuge to both Eastern Shoshone and non-Indians when Northern Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Sioux raiding parties attacked. The Block House was later used as a jail and then for storage. It currently stands empty. Image from the Wyoming State Archives. 58 4h Fort Washakie Gas and Convenience Store Interpretive Theme: 2ULHQWDWLRQ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KLVLVWKHSULPDU\JDVVWDWLRQDQGFRQYHQLHQFHVWRUHLQWKH)RUW:DVKDNLHDUHD7KLVLVDJRRG ORFDWLRQWRUHDFKDZLGHUDXGLHQFH Recommendation: ,QVWDOOH[WHULRUSDQHONLRVNZLWKDQRULHQWDWLRQPDSDQGJHQHUDOWUDYHOLQIRUPDWLRQ Potential Partnerships: :LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO:27:<6+32 P oints o f Interest & Recommendations Kiosk example could include one, two, or three panels. 59 5 Frank Wise Business Center Wind River Development Fund Building Interpretive Themes: 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW3HUVHYHUDQFHDQG5HVLOLHQF\6DFUHGQHVVRI3ODFH)RU/RYHRI1DWLRQ )RUFHVRI&XOWXUDO2SSUHVVLRQ7UDGLWLRQV%XLOG6WUHQJWK3HUVLVWHQFHDQG3DWLHQFH$GMXVWLQJWRD &KDQJLQJ(FRQRP\DQG2ULHQWDWLRQ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KHQHZEXLOGLQJLVDQDWWUDFWLYHDQGSURIHVVLRQDOEXVLQHVVIDFLOLW\ZLWKODUJHFRQIHUHQFHURRPV DQGPHHWLQJIDFLOLWLHV7KHUHLVDGHTXDWHSDUNLQJVDIHSHGHVWULDQDUHDVDQGUHVWURRPIDFLOLWLHV$ ODUJHHQWU\IR\HUKDVVHYHUDOEXOOHWLQERDUGVSRVWLQJQRWLFHVDQGEXVLQHVVFDUGV Recommendations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otential Partnerships: :<6+32:27:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO Kiosk example: could include one, two, or three panels. 60 6 Fort Washakie and Sacajawea Wayside Interpretive Themes: 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW3HUVLVWHQFHDQG3DWLHQFH Current Condition: ,QVWDOODWLRQSHQGLQJ Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:27 P oints o f Interest & Recommendations Image from the Wyoming State Archives. 61 7 Rupert Weeks Traditional Center: Shoshone Cultural Center and Fort Washakie Community Library Interpretive Themes: $OOWKHPHVLGHQWLÀHGLQWKLVSODQDUHSRVVLEOHKHUH5RWDWLQJH[KLELWVFDQIRFXVRQGLIIHUHQWWKHPHV GHYHORSHGDVWHPSRUDU\WUDYHOLQJH[KLELWV Current Condition: 7KHFXOWXUDOFHQWHULVIRFXVHGRQVKDULQJ(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHKHULWDJHFXOWXUHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQRQ WKHOHDGHUVRIWKHWULEH7KHSULPDU\IRFXVLVRQ&KLHI:DVKDNLH Existing Facilities and Status: $QXPEHURILQWHUSUHWLYHGLVSOD\VDQGRULJLQDODUWLIDFWVWUDFHWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHRQ WKH:LQG5LYHU,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQLQFOXGLQJWKHWUHDWLHVWKDWFUHDWHGWKHUHVHUYDWLRQ$JLIWVKRS VHOOVEHDGZRUNDQGVRPHERRNVDQGRWKHUSULQWHGPDWHULDOV Recommendations: 'HYHORSDQXSGDWHGLQWHUSUHWLYHH[KLELWSODQWKDWZLOOLGHQWLI\VSHFLÀFWKHPHVPHVVDJHV DQGRQJRLQJFXOWXUDOHGXFDWLRQIRUVWXGHQWV 'HYHORSPRUHYLVLEOHRULHQWDWLRQVLJQDJHDQGLQFOXGHEXLOGLQJKRXUVDQGVWDIISUHVHQFHLQ WKHEXLOGLQJ &RQVLGHUURWDWLQJDUWLIDFWVDYDLODEOHIRUYLHZLQJDQGWKHLUVSHFLÀFLQWHUSUHWLYHVWRULHV ,QFUHDVHGSURPRWLRQRIJLIWVDOHVFRXOGOHDGWRLQFUHDVHGVWDIÀQJDQGVKRXOGEHPRQLWRUHG 7KHSRWHQWLDOH[LVWVLQVLGHWKHUHFHSWLRQDUHDWRFUHDWHDWHPSRUDU\H[KLELWVKRZFDVLQJDUWLVWV RIWKHUHVHUYDWLRQRUFXUUHQWWULEDOLVVXHV ,QFOXGHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVWRULHVRIORFDODUWLVWVZKRVHLWHPVDUHIRUVDOH Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:27:<$UWV&RXQFLO 62 8 Diversion Dam Rest Area Interpretive Themes: 6DFUHGQHVVRI3ODFH3HUVLVWHQFHDQG3DWLHQFH$GMXVWLQJWRD&KDQJLQJ(FRQRP\2ULHQWDWLRQ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KLVVLWHLVD:<'27GHYHORSHGDQGPDLQWDLQHGUHVWDUHD Recommendation: 3XUVXHSODFLQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLQVLGHWKHUHVWDUHD7KLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVKRXOGEHLQWKHIRUPRI LQWHULRULQWHUSUHWLYHVLJQVRURWKHUVHPLSHUPDQHQWGLVSOD\V Potential Partnerships: :27:<'27:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO:<6+32 P oints o f Interest & Recommendations Diversion Dam Picnic and Rest Area 63 9 Crowheart Butte Wayside Interpretive Theme: )RU/RYHRI1DWLRQ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KHZRRGVLJQLVYHUWLFDOO\PRXQWHGEHWZHHQWZRODUJHWLPEHUV7KHVLJQFRQWDLQVDODUJHDPRXQW RIWH[WGRQHZLWKURXWHGOHWWHULQJ7KHLQWHUSUHWLYHPHVVDJHSUHVHQWVRQHYHUVLRQRIZK\&URZKHDUW %XWWHLVVLJQLÀFDQWWRWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHSHRSOH Recommendations: 5HSODFHWKLVVLJQEDVHGRQGHVLJQJXLGHOLQHVWDQGDUGVLGHQWLÀHGLQWKLVSODQDQGZLWKD PHVVDJHDSSURYHGE\WKH007& 7KLVORFDWLRQLVEHLQJSURSRVHGIRUWKH:<'27ULJKWRIZD\DQGLVDSSUR[LPDWH3ULRU WREHJLQQLQJWKHSURMHFW:<'27ZLOOQHHGWREHFRQVXOWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHH[DFW ORFDWLRQ7KHH[DFWORFDWLRQZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHGEDVHGRQULJKWRIZD\VL]HFOHDU]RQHZLGWK DQGRWKHUVDIHW\IDFWRUV Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:27:<'27 Current Land Manager and Responsible Party for Maintenance of Site: :<'27LVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHWXUQRXW:<6+32LVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHVLJQ Kiosk example: could include one, two, or three panels. Crowheart Butte. Image from Wind River Visitors Council. 64 10 Bull Lake and Dinwoody Lake Interpretive Theme: 6DFUHGQHVVRI3ODFH Existing Facilities and Status: 7KHJHQHUDOSXEOLFGHÀQHGDVDQ\RQHZKRLVQRWDQHQUROOHGPHPEHURIWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH RU1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRWULEHVPXVWKDYHDSHUPLWWRÀVKFDPSKLNHERDWDQGSLFQLFLQRSHQRU GHVLJQDWHGDUHDVRIWKH:LQG5LYHU,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQ Recommendation: ,QVWDOODNLRVNSRVWLQJÀVKLQJDQGWULEDOSHUPLWWHGXVHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGDSSOLFDEOHUHJXODWLRQVDV ZHOODVKLVWRULFDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ P oints o f Interest & Recommendations Kiosk example: could include one, two, or three panels. 65 11 Reservation Entry Portal - West Interpretive Theme: 3RUWDO(QWU\ Existing Facilities and Status: 1RQH Recommendation: $QHQWU\SRUWDOZRXOGKHOSWRDQQRXQFHWKHHQWUDQFHWRWKHUHVHUYDWLRQDQGWRVHQGDPHVVDJH DERXWWKHFRPPXQLW\7KHSRUWDOVKRXOGEHFRPPLVVLRQHGDUWZRUNSUHIHUDEO\E\DQ(DVWHUQ 6KRVKRQHRU1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRWULEDOPHPEHU 7KLVORFDWLRQRUDGMDFHQWSURSHUW\LVEHLQJSURSRVHGIRUWKH:<'27ULJKWRIZD\DQGLV 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WUDGLWLRQDOEDJVDEXFNVNLQGUHVVDQGRWKHULWHPV$ODUJHZDOOZLWKSKRWRH[KLELWVIURPDXWKRU DQGSKRWRJUDSKHU6DUD:LOHVGHSLFWVIDPLO\OLIHDQGDFWLYLWLHV7KHUHLVDOVRDQH[KLELWRQPLOLWDU\ f VHUYLFHDQGWKHZDUULRUVSLULWRIWKH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7KHUHLVDQH[KLELWFDVHIRUURWDWLQJ Interest & Recommendations GLVSOD\V 7KHVWDIIUHSRUWV ²YLVLWRUJURXSVGDLO\7KH\LQVWUXFWVFKRROJURXSVLQODQJXDJHDQGRU FXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHVDQGFUDIWV Recommendations: 7KHVWDIIUHFRPPHQGVDOHDUQLQJNLRVNWKDWFRXOGSURYLGHDIXQLQWHUDFWLYHZD\WROHDUQWR VSHDN$UDSDKR7KLVFRXOGEHDÁDWVFUHHQZLWKDFRPSXWHUSURJUDPGHVLJQHGWRLQWHUDFW ZLWKYLVLWRUVXVLQJOHDUQLQJJDPHVWKDWSUDFWLFHWKH$UDSDKRODQJXDJHZKLOHWHDFKLQJ FXOWXUDOFRQFHSWVUHODWHGWRWULEDOSUDFWLFHVDQGEHOLHIV7KHVDPHSURJUDPPLQJFRXOGEH GHYHORSHGLQWRDVPDUWSKRQHDSSOLFDWLRQIRUFHOOXVHUVZKRDUHQRWDWWKHFHQWHUEXWZKR FRXOGPDNHXVHRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ 7KHUHLVVSDFHWRRIIHUURWDWLQJWUDYHOLQJSRUWDEOHH[KLELWVDQGLQFOXGHPRUHLQGHSWK LQIRUPDWLRQRQRWKHUVLWHVOLNHWKH $UDSDKRH'HSRW 'HYHORSDQLQWHUSUHWLYHSODQWKDWLQFOXGHV FXOWXUDOHGXFDWLRQSURJUDPPLQJ Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:27:LQG5LYHU&DVLQR 75 21 Veterans Memorial (near the Wind River Casino) Interpretive Theme: )RU/RYHRI1DWLRQ Existing Facilities and Status: $GHGLFDWLRQIRUDQHZ9HWHUDQV0HPRULDO3DUNZDVKHOGLQ0D\3ODQVIRUWKHSDUNDUH QHDULQJFRPSOHWLRQDVRIVXPPHU Recommendations: ,QVWDOOLQWHUSUHWLYHVLJQDJHWRVXSSRUWWKHPHPRULDOVWDWXHDQGWKHJRDOVRIWKH9HWHUDQV 0HPRULDO&RPPLWWHH :RUNZLWKWKH:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLODQGRWKHUVWRSODFHWKHPHPRULDOSDUNLQYLVLWRUV JXLGHV Photo by Ernie Over, County10.com 76 22 Bonneville Cabins Wayside Exhibit Interpretive Theme: 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW Current Condition: 3RRUFRQGLWLRQZLWKRXWGDWHGWH[W Existing Facilities and Status: 7KHVLJQLVORFDWHGLQDVPDOOSXOORXWDUHDRII+LJKZD\ LQWKHFRPPXQLW\RI+XGVRQ7KHVLJQ WHOOVWKHVWRU\RI&DSWDLQ%RQQHYLOOHDQGWUDGHLQWKHDUHD Recommendations: 7KHUHLVQRWDFOHDUWKHPHWRWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQQRUDJRRGSODFHWRYLHZWKHVLJQ,WLV UHFRPPHQGHGWRUHPRYHWKLVSDUWLFXODUVLJQ :KHQWKHVLJQLVUHSODFHGLQFRUSRUDWHWKLVVWRU\DVLWUHODWHVWRWKHLGHQWLÀHGWKHPHRI 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW 7KLVORFDWLRQLVEHLQJSURSRVHGIRUWKH:<'27ULJKWRIZD\DQGLVDSSUR[LPDWH3ULRUWR P oints o EHJLQQLQJWKHSURMHFW:<'27ZLOOQHHGWREHFRQVXOWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHH[DFWORFDWLRQ 7KHH[DFWORFDWLRQZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHGEDVHGRQULJKWRIZD\VL]HFOHDU]RQHZLGWKDQG RWKHUVDIHW\IDFWRUV f Interest & Recommendations Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:<$UWV&RXQFLO:27)UHPRQW&RXQW\+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ&RPPLVVLRQ Current Land Manager and Responsible Party for Maintenance of Site: :<'27:<6+32 Kiosk example: could include one, two, or three panels. 77 23 Reservation Entry Portal - East Interpretive Theme: 3RUWDO(QWU\ Existing Facilities and Status: 1RQH Recommendations: $QHQWU\SRUWDOZRXOGKHOSWRDQQRXQFHWKHHQWUDQFHWRWKHUHVHUYDWLRQDQGWRVHQGD PHVVDJHDERXWWKHFRPPXQLW\ 7KHSRUWDOVKRXOGEHFRPPLVVLRQHGDUWZRUNSUHIHUDEO\E\DQ(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHRU 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRWULEDOPHPEHU 7KLVORFDWLRQLVEHLQJSURSRVHGIRUWKH:<'27ULJKWRIZD\RUDGMDFHQWSURSHUW\DQG LVDSSUR[LPDWH3ULRUWREHJLQQLQJWKHSURMHFW:<'27ZLOOQHHGWREHFRQVXOWHGWR GHWHUPLQHWKHH[DFWORFDWLRQ7KHH[DFWORFDWLRQZLOOEHGHWHUPLQHGEDVHGRQULJKWRIZD\ VL]HFOHDU]RQHZLGWKDQGRWKHUVDIHW\IDFWRUV Potential Partnerships: :<$UWV&RXQFLO:<6+32:27:<'27 78 24 Wind River Canyon Scenic Byway Interpretive Themes: 3HUVHYHUDQFHDQG5HVLOLHQF\$GMXVWLQJWRD&KDQJLQJ(FRQRP\ Existing Facilities and Status: $&RUULGRU0DQDJHPHQW3ODQ &03 LVLQGUDIWVWDJHVDWWKLVWLPHDQGVKRXOGEHFRQVXOWHGIRU VSHFLÀ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ecommendations: oints o &RPSOHWHWKH&038VLQJLQIRUPDWLRQLGHQWLÀHGLQWKH&03FRPSOHWHDQLQWHUSUHWLYHSODQ WKDWZLOOSURYLGHVSHFLÀFUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUZD\VLGHSXOORXWVRYHUORRNVDQGWKHPHVWKDW DUHLQFOXGHGZLWKLQWKLVLQWHUSUHWLYHSODQIRUWKHUHVHUYDWLRQ6FHQLFE\ZD\IXQGLQJPD\EH f Interest & Recommendations DYDLODEOHWRFRPSOHWHWKHLQWHUSUHWLYHSODQ 'HYHORSDVWDNHKROGHUVE\ZD\FRPPLWWHHWRSURYLGHRQJRLQJOHDGHUVKLSIXQGLQJDQG GHFLVLRQVDERXWKRZWRLQWHUSUHWDQGPDQDJHYDULRXVDVSHFWVRIWKH:LQG5LYHU&DQ\RQ·V QDWXUDODQGFXOWXUDOKLVWRU\ 0DLQWDLQFRQVLVWHQWGHVLJQVW\OHVDVSUHVHQWHGZLWKLQWKLVLQWHUSUHWLYHSODQ 5HYLHZWKHPHVLQWKHLQWHUSUHWLYHSODQDQGLGHQWLI\VSHFLÀFRQHVWRLQFOXGHZLWKLQWKH%\ZD\ ,QWHUSUHWLYH3ODQ River rafting in the canyon. Photo by Jennie Hutchinson. 79 25 Arapaho Ranch Interpretive Themes: 3HUVHYHUDQFHDQG5HVLOLHQF\$GMXVWLQJWRD&KDQJLQJ(FRQRP\ Existing Facilities and Status: 7KH$UDSDKR5DQFKLVDSULYDWHZRUNLQJFDWWOHUDQFKRZQHGE\WKH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEH7KHUH DUHDQXPEHURIEXLOGLQJVEXWFXUUHQWO\DOODUHFORVHGWRWKHSXEOLF7KHUHLVDSXOORXWZLWKDYLHZ RIWKHUDQFK Recommendations: ,QVWDOODORZSURÀOHVLJQVHULHVZLWKWKHDERYHWKHPHVLQDQDSSURSULDWHVLWHQHDUWKHUDQFK7KLV ORFDWLRQLVEHLQJSURSRVHGIRUWKH:<'27ULJKWRIZD\DQGLVDSSUR[LPDWH3ULRUWREHJLQQLQJWKH SURMHFW:<'27ZLOOQHHGWREHFRQVXOWHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHH[DFWORFDWLRQ7KHH[DFWORFDWLRQZLOO EHGHWHUPLQHGEDVHGRQULJKWRIZD\VL]HFOHDU]RQHZLGWKDQGRWKHUVDIHW\IDFWRUV 7KHUHLVSRWHQWLDOWRGHYHORSWRXULVPRQWKHUDQFKLQFOXGLQJSKRWRWRXUVZRUNVKRSVDQGGXGH UDQFKLQJDFWLYLWLHV%HIRUHXQGHUWDNLQJWKHVHDFWLYLWLHVEXVLQHVVDQGPDUNHWLQJSODQVQHHGWREH GHYHORSHGDQGDSSURYHG Kiosk example: could include one, two, or three panels. 80 26 Boysen State Park Interpretive Themes: 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW7UDGLWLRQV%XLOG6WUHQJWK$GMXVWLQJWRD&KDQJLQJ(FRQRP\ Existing Facilities and Status: %R\VHQ6WDWH3DUNLVRQHRIWKHODUJHUSDUNVLQWKH6WDWH3DUNV+LVWRULF6LWHVDQG7UDLOVV\VWHP ,WLVDODNHRULHQWDWHGSDUNDWWKHVRXWKHQGRIWKH2ZO&UHHN0RXQWDLQVDWWKHPRXWKRI:LQG 5LYHU&DQ\RQQRZSDUWRIWKH:LQG5LYHU&DQ\RQ6FHQLF%\ZD\,WRIIHUVDYDULHW\RIZDWHUUHODWHG UHFUHDWLRQW\SHV'D\DQGFDPSLQJIDFLOLWLHVDUHDYDLODEOH,WIHDWXUHVLQWHUHVWLQJJHRORJLFDO IRUPDWLRQV6HYHUDOVWDWHUHFRUGÀVKKDYHEHHQFDXJKWRXWRIWKHUHVHUYRLU %R\VHQ6WDWH3DUNEHJDQDPDVWHUSODQQLQJSURFHVVLQWKHVSULQJRI&RPSOHWLRQRI WKHSODQLVDQWLFLSDWHGWREHWKHHQGRI7KHGHYHORSPHQWRID\HDUPDVWHUSODQIRU %R\VHQ6WDWH3DUNZLOOSURYLGHDSODQQLQJDQGGHFLVLRQPDNLQJVWUXFWXUHWRDFFRPPRGDWHWKH GHYHORSPHQWDQGSUHVHUYDWLRQRIQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFHVDQGYLVLWRUDPHQLWLHV Recommendations: P &RPSOHWHWKHPDVWHUSODQDQGXVLQJLQIRUPDWLRQLGHQWLÀHGLQWKHPDVWHUSODQFRPSOHWH oints o DQLQWHUSUHWLYHSODQWKDWZLOOSURYLGHVSHFLÀFUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUZD\VLGHSXOORXWV RYHUORRNVDQGWKHPHVWKDWDUHLQFOXGHGZLWKLQWKLVLQWHUSUHWLYHSODQIRUWKHUHVHUYDWLRQ 6FHQLFE\ZD\IXQGLQJPD\EHDYDLODEOHWRFRPSOHWHWKHLQWHUSUHWLYHSODQ f Interest & Recommendations &RQVXOWWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRWULEHVZKHQGHYHORSLQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ EDVHGRQWKHWKHPHVLGHQWLÀHGLQWKLVSODQ ,QWHJUDWHWKHFRORUVFKHPHVDQGEHDGZRUNSDWWHUQVUHFRPPHQGHGLQWKLVSODQLQWRFXUUHQW GHVLJQHOHPHQWVDVIHDVLEOHDQGDSSURSULDWH Potential Partnerships: :<6+32:27:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO%XUHDXRI5HFODPDWLRQ Boysen Reservoir, right and below. Right, image from :\RPLQJ2IÀFHRI Tourism. Image from Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites, and Trails. 81 27 Riverton Community (3 sites) Interpretive Themes: 0LJUDWLRQDQG&RQÀQHPHQW6DFUHGQHVVRI3ODFH)RUFHVRI&XOWXUDO2SSUHVVLRQ7UDGLWLRQV%XLOG 6WUHQJWK3HUVLVWHQFHDQG3DWLHQFH Existing Facilities and Status: &HQWUDO:\RPLQJ&ROOHJH²,QWHUWULEDO(GXFDWLRQ&HQWHU 5LYHUWRQ0XVHXP :\RPLQJ+HULWDJH0XVHXP Recommendations: 7KHVLWHVVKRXOGZRUNWRJHWKHUWRGHYHORSH[KLELWVDQGHYHQWVWKDWIRFXVRQRQHRIWKH DERYHWKHPHV(DFKVLWHVKRXOGWHOOSDUWRIWKHVWRU\ &RQVXOWWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRWULEHVZKHQGHYHORSLQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ EDVHGRQWKHWKHPHVLGHQWLÀHGLQWKLVSODQ Potential Partnerships :<6+32:27:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO&HQWUDO:\RPLQJ&ROOHJH1DWLYH$PHULFDQ6WXGLHV $QWKURSRORJ\DQG+LVWRU\SURJUDPV:LQG5LYHU&DVLQR Intertribal Education Center, Central Wyoming College Riverton Museum 82 Window detail from St. Stephens Mission Wind River Casino dance troupe. Image from Wind River Casino. 83 Fort Laramie National Historic Site. Image from National Park Service. 84 Off-Reservation Points of Interest Criteria for Off-Reservation Points of Interest: ¹ :LWKLQ:\RPLQJ ¹ 3XEOLFO\$FFHVVLEOH ¹ /RFDWHGRQODQGPDQDJHG E\DSURMHFWSDUWQHU 63+67 %XUHDXRI/DQG0DQDJHPHQW )RUHVW6HUYLFH RULQD*DWHZD\ &RPPXQLW\ 'XERLV/DQGHU 6KRVKRQL7KHUPRSROLV ¹ 'LUHFWWLHWRRQHRIWKHVWRU\OLQHV LGHQWLÀHGLQWKHSODQ O ff Reservation Points o Petroglyphs from Legend Rock State Petroglyph Site. f Interest & Recommendations Ma Miner’s Delight. Image from Wyoming State Archives p 85 Off-Reservation Points of Interest Matrix Park State State State Site Site State State State State Site City Lodge Kearny Site Site Site Battlefield Reservoir Rock Pass Historic Park Canyon Bridger Phil Springs SubthemesandStorylines State Connor Archaeological Historic Medicine Historic Fort South State Boysen Historic Hot Petroglyph Fort Park Legend Sinks 1.MigrationandConfinement XX XXX 1)ShoshoneTerritory x x x 2)ArapahoTerritory x 3)ShoshoneHorseAcquisition 4)EuroͲAmericanExpansionandTreaties x x x x 5)ChiefWashakieandTreatyNegotiations x 6)ArapahoandthePlainsIndianWars x x 7)NorthernArapahoarePlacedontheWRIR 8)TrailsontheWRIR 9)NorthernArapahoconfirmedsettlementontheWRIR 2.PerseveranceandResiliency XX 1)ForcedAbandonmentofTraditionsandNewWaysofLife 2)Leadership xx 3)BalancingGovernmentRelationships 3.SacrednessofPlace XX XX X 1)ValuingtheEntireLandscape xX 2)SpiritualConnectionsandSacredPlaces x x x X 3)ResourcesforFutureGenerations 4)SitesofCulturalImportance xx 4.ForLoveofNation X 1)Battles x 2)WarriorSocieties x 3)FortWashakie 4)HighRecordofService 5)"ShoͲRap"firecrews 5.ForcesofCulturalOppression X 1)LandCessionsandAllotment x 2)MissionsandMissionaries 3)BoardingSchools 4)AnAgricultureReservation 5)CitizenshipandtheRighttoVote 6.TraditionsBuildStrength XXX X 1)Elders 2)Family 3)Children 4)Language 5)OralTradition 6)TraditionalCustomsandBeliefs 7)CeremoniesandBeliefs x x x 8)FoodandHunting/GatheringPractices 9)SenseofHumor 7.PersistenceandPatience X 1)WorkingtoMeetTribalMembers'Needs 2)LanguagePreservation 3)FormalEducationandHigherEducation 4)AthleticsandCommunityPride 5)CulturallyResponsibleProfessionalTribalMembers 8.AdjustingtoaChangingEconomy X 1)Economy 2)Ranching 3)NaturalResourceManagementIssuesandRights x 4)Tourism 5)Casinos 6)WildlifeandHabitatManagement 7)CreativeEconomies Orientation 86 Trail Rest Rock Area Site Laramie, National National Station Creek the Museum Massacre West Dam Rest of County Museum Site Delight Children's Teton Gardens Historic Washakie Creek (Casper, Area Area Laramie Caspar Rawlins Historic Park Fort Cheyenne) Grand Trail Sand at Chief Sweetwater Rest Fort Area Waltman Rest Diversion Gooseberry Castle Lander Museum Miner's American Museum Pioneer Fremont Independence State XXX X XXX X xx x xx x xx xx x x xxx x xxx x x x xx x xx x X x x x O XXX X X X xxx x x x ff xxx x x x Reservation Points o xxx x x x xxx x x X X x x x x x x X x x x x f Interest & Recommendations XX X xx x xx x xx x xx x xx x xx x xx x xx x XXX xxx xxx xxx xxx XXX xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx X XXX 87 Design Guidelines Teepee detail 88 D esign Guidelines 89 Figure 1 Figure 2 Signage Concepts Figure 1, general WRIR Template to be used at sites where the message is universal to both tribes. Orange title bar with WRIR logo, both tribal logos, and the same beadwork color scheme will be used. Figure 2ORZSURÀOHYHUVLRQRIWKHJHQHUDO:5,57HPSODWH to be used at sites where the message is universal to both tribes. Figure 3 & 4, keeping the look of the basic panel, the logo, beadwork, and accent color scheme will change by tribe for SDQHOORFDWLRQVZLWKPHVVDJHVVSHFLÀFWRDQLQGLYLGXDOWULEH Figure 3 Figure 4 90 D Signage and Portal Entry esign Guidelines Design Concepts igns and the messages they convey will affect Site Approach Markers – These signs Stravelers passing through as well as residents indicate that there is a landmark or point of and nearby community members. Signs greatly interest ahead. They may include directional affect local economies, as they can assist in information such as an arrow. ZD\ÀQGLQJHQOLYHQFRPPHUFLDODUHDVDQG highlight important historic or cultural sites. A Wayside Exhibits – These signs are where XQLÀHGDSSURDFKWRVLJQDJHKHOSVWRGHYHORS stories are told. These exhibits are located a memory of a place. Accordingly, the design at sites and include interpretive panels that of signs for the Wind River Indian Reservation SUHVHQWWKHPHVDQGVWRU\OLQHVDVLGHQWLÀHGLQ should draw the attention of viewers, this plan. complement the text or message of the sign, and help to tell the story visually. Through selection of a theme and materials, all signage can be designed to reinforce the message that the reservation is a special place with a distinct identity. Signage types include: regulatory and directional signs, portal entry markers, portal kiosks, kiosks and wayside exhibits, and site approach markers. 6LJQ'HÀQLWLRQV Regulatory and Directional Signs – These are basic informational signs such as those that give road names or speed limits, or directional signs Site Approach Marker such as “Picnic Area X miles.” Portal Entry – These are sites where travelers UHFHLYHWKHLUÀUVWLPSUHVVLRQVRIWKH:LQG5LYHU Indian Reservation. The sign panel and structure convey that travelers are arriving in a special place. Portal structures suggest what travelers can expect and should make a dramatic statement. Current Portal Entry Portal Kiosks – These may be located in conjunction with portal entry signs, or nearby. They welcome visitors and provide information and orientation to visitors. Portal kiosks include maps, identify amenities, and introduce major interpretive themes. Kiosks – These are smaller in scale than portal NLRVNVDQGDUHPRUHVXLWDEOHIRUORZHUWUDIÀF Current Portal Entry areas or for sites that have fewer stories to tell. 91 Portal Entry Concepts Crescent Family These designs take the form of an arc or a semi- circle. The curves suggests welcome and openness with the arc representing stability and simplicity. Portal options suggest a simple welcome or could showcase original sculpture by a commissioned artist. The designs feature local materials such as boulders, stones, and native rock. Stones similar to the Small entry portal marker featuring inlaid masonry on local buildings or recycled stonework mosaics with Eastern Shoshone and Northern from decommissioned buildings on the reservation $UDSDKRGHVLJQVDQGZLWKÁDJVWRQHOD\HUV can provide the basis for sign structures on the WRIR. above depicting the Wind River Canyon. Accents can be done with pine timbers and metal brackets. Larger entry portal with Wind River Range silhouette on top. The back layer depicts a distant view of high peaks; the middle layer, a view of the valley carved by the Wind River as it drops into the reservation; and the front layer, the uplifted layers prevalent on the reservation. Conceptual Kiosk Conceptual Wayside Exhibit Local stone masonry example 92 D Signage and Structure Concepts esign Guidelines Conceptual Portal Kiosks Conceptual Wayside Exhibit 93 Cost Estimates St. Michael’s Mission 94 Interpretive Media Estimated Costs Comments Interpretive sign panel Design/research/ Fabrication, basic Custom design Costs vary widely standard size and square writing framing/delivery size and cut depending on size, cut and custom material, level of detail. 24” X 36” $700 - $1,500 framing 1HHGVSHFLÀFTXRWHV $3,500 for custom work. Varies $$ Large mural/exhibits Varies $$ Visitor center interpretive/ $5,000 - $30,000 Depends on size and exhibit plans scope of plan Visitor center exhibit /RZWHFKÁDW Medium tech, High tech/ design/fabrication & panel mixed media moving parts installation $300/sf $400 - $600/sf $700 - $900/sf Audio visual products $3,000/ (video) per minute of ÀQLVKHGSURGXFW Brochures/publications #Printed Estimated Design Cost Per Copy Cost Per Page #Pages: 16 175,000 $11,000 0.23 0.01 #Pages: 12 80,000 $10,000 0.24 0.02 Crescent portal entry $20,000- Costs may vary widely $30,000 depending on actual C size and material ost Estimates selection. Portal entry -- original art $50,000- Costs vary widely sculpture $100,000 depending on actual size, artist bid, and material selection. Crescent 2-3 panel kiosk $10,000- Costs may vary $15,000 depending on design and research, actual size and material selection. Crescent wayside exhibit, $5,000 - Costs may vary ERXOGHUORZSURÀOH $8,000 depending on design and research, actual size and material selection. Photo by UgputuLfSS© 95 “The American Indians occupied this continent and subsisted on its resources without apparently depleting or diminishing them for many centuries. Let us hope we may be able to do the same.” - Dr. John R. Nichols, Former U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1958 Recommendations Review General Signage Design Character Economic Development Staff Position Fostering Creative Economies and Artistry Heritage Programming Interpretive Resource Manual Education Website Development Visitor Information Centers 2XWÀWWHU*XLGH,QWHUSUHWLYH Training Publications Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites and Trails Sunset over the Wind River Indian Reservation. 96 he following recommendations serve to $UDSDKR7ULEDO+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFHUV meetT the goals of the interpretive plan: to DQGWKH2IÀFHRI7RXULVP6LJQ*UDQW3URJUDP promote education and cultural awareness. The Manager. Necessary updates will be discussed recommendations are a combination of ideas and addressed during these periodic reviews. expressed during public meetings and the result General Signage of analysis by the interpretive planning team. %DVLFZD\ÀQGLQJUHJXODWRU\DQGGLUHFWLRQDO signs need to be improved or updated. Many Components of this section include: roads are not marked making navigation Review, General Signage, Design Character, GLIÀFXOWIRUWUDYHOHUV Economic Development, Staff Position, Fostering Creative Economies and Artistry, Design Character Heritage Programming, Interpretive Resource Design guidelines for exterior interpretive signs Manual, Education, Website Development, are located on page 89 of this document. 9LVLWRU,QIRUPDWLRQ&HQWHUV2XWÀWWHU*XLGH Interpretive Training, Publications, and Wyoming Consistency in the design of interpretive State Parks, Historic Sites and Trails. elements should be seamless, allowing travelers Review to enter the WRIR from various portals, but still experience a “Welcome to the Wind River All federal and state agencies should utilize the Indian Reservation” in a consistent way. Monuments and Markers Tribal Committee as a review body for interpretive media. Publications and other materials developed, such as brochures, websites, and maps, SHPO Review Policy R need to be designed with a look that is :\RPLQJ2IÀFHRI7RXULVP6LJQ*UDQW3URJUDP ecommendations complementary to the design guidelines. This SHPO will consider projects recommended in includes existing signs and publications that are this interpretive plan to be approved at the local due for replacement or reprint. level and will recommend them for funding WRWKH:\RPLQJ2IÀFHRI7RXULVPVLJQJUDQW There may be some exceptions for adherence program. to design templates on interpretive signs and other media such as those located in state park 0RQXPHQWVDQG0DUNHUV6LJQDJH units that follow Wyoming State Parks, Historic 6+32ZLOOXVHWKHÁRZFKDUWSURFHVVLQ Sites and Trails (SPHST) approved templates. Appendix D to review SHPO related interpretive There may be room to incorporate elements materials. from the interpretive plan design guidelines such as color schemes and beadwork patterns. Review of the interpretive plan will take place Graphic elements appropriate for those every 10 years. Reviewers will include the SHPO messages related to Eastern Shoshone and Monuments and Markers Program Coordinator, Northern Arapaho storylines should be used. Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribal Liaisons, the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Economic Development When feasible, employ tribal members, artisans, contractors, and youth to implement SURMHFWVLGHQWLÀHGZLWKLQWKLVSODQ Staff Position Hire an Interpretive Specialist for the Wind River Indian Reservation. This position might be part-time and/or contract while an interpretive program is in the beginning stages. Shoshone Indian Days. Photo by Jennie Hutchinson. 97 This position would serve in a capacity to expand Eastern Shoshone artist, Codsiogo (Cadzi Cody). and develop appropriate tourism opportunities on Image from Wyoming State Archives. WKHUHVHUYDWLRQ6SHFLÀFGXWLHVZRXOGEHSULRULWL]HG by the business councils. Additionally, this position could: 1. Implement or coordinate with other entities on interpretive signage, programming, and events. 2. Seek funding sources through grants and partners. 3. Serve on state and county committees involving state heritage, tourism, interpretive experiences, or other related activities. 4. Coordinate the WRIR Interpretive Plan 10 year review with the SHPO, Monuments and Markers Tribal Committee, Tribal Liaisons, Tribal Historic 3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFHUVDQGWKH2IÀFHRI7RXULVP Sign Grant Program Manager. 5. Update the interpretive plan as determined appropriate. 6. Develop an ongoing archive of heritage resources and stories for each tribe that is accessible to tribal members for educational purposes. 7. Conduct ongoing interviews and recordings with tribal elders from both tribes and manage these as part of the archival records. The position may be developed to meet mutual partner goals and could qualify for co-funding between various entities. Position duty station FRXOGEHÁH[LEOHDVZHOODQGPD\UHVLGHDW&HQWUDO Wyoming College or the Wind River Tribal College. Fostering Creative Economies and Artistry Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho artwork evolved over the centuries with regard to aesthetics, materials, and symbolism. The opportunity to develop a strong artisans’ community on the reservation exists. This development should be strategic and involve business planning, loan availability, and marketing assistance. Efforts to develop this economy should consider the following recommendations. 1. Develop several locations where Wind River KHULWDJHPDWHULDOV ERRNVFUDIWVÀQHDUW foods, pamphlets, maps, etc.) are available for sale. Current locations include the casinos, Alley’s Indian Territory, the Northern Arapaho Heritage Center, the Shoshone Cultural Center, and Hines Trading Post, among others. 98 2. Create a WRIR tag for sale items that and Works of Wyoming to learn how they includes the artist’s name, biography, and manage quality assurance. a photograph. See Twin Rocks Trading 7. Consider bringing the current sale sites Post for an example (http://www.twinrocks. staff together to discuss issues of quality com/products/8416-southwest-baskets- and volume and create a common navajo-native-american-art-jewelry- interest in featuring local products. Other pottery-weaving-rug-blanket-manta- sites developing hand craft markets often necklace-turquoise-twin-rocks-zuni-santo- do testing with local community members, domingo-fetish-hopi.html). then request feedback on the quality of 3. Heritage products increase in monetary the item and whether consumers would and cultural value when the maker’s purchase it again, at various costs. story and image are included. This can 8. Currently, all of the stores listed provide be as simple as an interpretive sign with other tribal crafts with little to no tie to a photograph of and quotation by select WRIR history or contemporary culture. artisans, or individual cards containing a To change this, develop a criteria list message from the artist. Information on the for sales items that supports local artists materials and the traditional skills used to and reservation residents. Establish an make items adds to the interpretive story annual gathering that is a marketplace and appreciation of the art. Heritage for artisans and business owners to meet, products can be undervalued by buyers discuss items and sales potential, and ZKRDUHQRWIDPLOLDUZLWKWKHGLIÀFXOW\ establish fair pricing. of gathering and preparing materials 9. The use of a consistent sales kiosk/sign/ or the specialization required to make poster at stores that advertise items as the product. For example, a basket may made on the WRIR by local artisans R ecommendations require gathering hand cut grasses in will help visitors identify local products VSHFLÀFVL]HV VRDNLQJJUDVVHVLQZDWHU while browsing. This template should VROXWLRQV DQGZHDYLQJJUDVVHVLQ be consistent with design guidelines in intricate patterns. Educating the consumer signage, portals, or other media materials increases the value of the item. on the reservation and outlined in the 4. An interpretive staff position could oversee design guidelines of this plan. sales on a website and at locations 10. Commit to tribal heritage and product that host a website for online items. quality by supporting workshops and Items could be purchased, bartered, or teaching opportunities led by elders for consigned, depending on the location. younger generations. Also, provide artist See HandcraftedArtTraditions.com for business education. (The NEAT program examples. out of the Lander Arts Center is a good 5. Develop a central location for artist booths model.) Offer workshops or sessions that in which the artists are the vendors. Prices EHQHÀWDUWLVWVLQWHUPVRITXDOLW\SULFLQJ should match store and web prices. Often business practices, customer service, etc. having an artist on site who can talk to visitors, answer questions, and interpret the products increases interest, education, and DZDUHQHVVRIWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRIWKHLWHPV 6. To encourage consistent quality, items could be vetted before receiving the brand tag. Currently, stores are doing a good job of promoting quality handmade products, but individual artists may not be as critical. Without establishing consistent product quality, the brand tag is not as effective. Hoof bag by Check with the Wyoming First Program Pauline Lincoln. 99 11. 3DUWQHUZLWKWKH:\RPLQJ2IÀFHRI 8. Identify strategic locations to provide Tourism to attend and showcase the information related to other cultural sites that WRIR at the International Pow Wow, communicate tribal heritage off the WRIR. an annual trade show for travel 9. Work in conjunction with the Wind River professionals to market special places Scenic Byway and Wyoming Centennial and vacation tours. Be prepared with Scenic Byway committees to determine VSHFLÀFWRXUVSURGXFWVDQGH[SHULHQFHV PXWXDOO\EHQHÀFLDOSURMHFWV to market. 10. The SHPO Historic Mine Trail and Byway 12. Coordinate with the Wyoming Arts Program recognizes historic mining areas Council to establish a WRIR Arts and Fair across the state. SHPO requires interpretive Trade Council with regular meetings to plans for each trail or byway before it is maintain momentum and support. developed. Include a brief history of the 13. Work with the Wyoming Arts Council to Native American inhabitants of the area prior have public art added to the Public Art to its mining development. Archive to help drive cultural tourism to 11. Identify key locations for points of interest off these sites (e.g., Chief Washakie Statue). the reservation where WRIR information is or could be provided. Heritage Programming 12. Create a Chiefs Memorial in a highly visible Heritage interpretation is already a large location on the WRIR. This memorial could part of many visitors’ experiences throughout be designed to complement the Northern Wyoming and the Greater Yellowstone Area. Arapaho Veterans Memorial. Potential opportunities to incorporate Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho heritage into Interpretive Resource Manual the visitors’ experiences could include: A critical element for a successful ongoing public 1. 0DUNHWVSHFLÀFLGHQWLÀHGKHULWDJH contact program is an Interpretive Resource Manual. experiences for tour groups (e.g., The manual will lay the foundation for conducting traditional arts and uses of bison, or and evaluating all public contact activities on the festivals and events open to public reservation. It sets forth high quality standards for participation). interpreters’ performances, establishes standard 2. Develop a walking tour or bicycle operating procedures, and provides for consistency tours that connect groups of points of in communicating cultural resource information, interest. The Historic Fort Washakie WULEDOSKLORVRSK\DQGVSHFLÀFPHVVDJHV,WFRXOG area would be a natural tour spot. serve as a supplement to oral storytelling for younger 3. Host special events in collaboration generations, as well as specify sites closed to the with tribal cultural centers, colleges, public. and museums. 4. Cultivate partnerships with surrounding The manual serves as a dynamic tool for identifying land management agencies to host the messages, themes, and stories to be used and storytelling events for the public. addressed in programming, products, and delivery. 5. Create scrapbooks that provide site It provides important background and reference VSHFLÀFKLVWRULFLQIRUPDWLRQDQG information of which a beginning interpreter photos, historic artifacts, and exterior might not be aware. For example, the manual exhibits information. could include some of the basic information that 6. Add logo and contact information to is important to share with visitors regarding tribal interpretive products. customs or a brief history of beadwork designs for 7. 3URPRWHVSHFLÀFDUHDVRSHQWRWKH each tribe, or the traditional preparation of skins for public, intentionally deemphasizing teepees. The manual can regularly be edited and other areas where public visitation is updated as needed. not desired. 100 Education (GXFDWLRQ8QLWIRU:\RPLQJ2IÀFLDOV State Education Curriculum Develop an education unit for Wyoming State leaders should consider implementing a HOHFWHGRIÀFLDOVDQGVWDWHDQGIHGHUDODJHQF\ unit on WRIR history as part of the state-required personnel. Include a brief history of how curriculum. the WRIR was established, how the WRIR 1. Pursue with the State Board of Education government works and interfaces with state expanding the history curriculum to include government, how the economic structure of the more tribal history. WRIR is set up, and current contacts for both 2. Reference the State of Montana Council the tribal and state governments. for Indian Education (http://opi.mt.gov/ programsindianed/) for ideas. Website Development A collaborative effort incorporating links or Conservation Education sharing resources and information would Conservation education (CE) programs are EHQHÀWSRWHQWLDOYLVLWRUVDQGUHVLGHQWVVHHNLQJ closely related to interpretive programs as they information. Websites could provide virtual too provide relevant information about natural tours for people who might not have an and cultural resources and rely on interpretive opportunity to travel to the WRIR. One website techniques that help the audience relate to the with information for both the Eastern Shoshone topic. Conservation education can be taught and Northern Arapaho would simplify access within a classroom or in an informal setting and to information for travelers and reduce LVW\SLFDOO\JHDUHGWRDVSHFLÀFDXGLHQFHVXFK duplication of services while providing high as a school age group. quality and current visitor information. Traveling Trunks R Other non-WRIR websites should be ecommendations The creation of traveling CE trunks (or kits) monitored to ensure consistent and accurate to be used by educators would serve local information is displayed. Outside websites schools and others interested in the West. These should provide a link to the WRIR website. would be used as educational tools and have WRIR staff maintenance for website efforts a check-out procedure. Trunks could be free is essential. Such maintenance may also be or a small rental fee could be charged with possible through the help of either contractors monies collected used for update, renovation, or partners such as Wyoming’s Wind River or replacement needs. Country, www.windriver.org. Trunks might be a way to partner with small Future web updates could include: museums around the state. For example, the 1. Trip planning advice (sample itineraries Dubois Museum includes information about and audio/video podcasts, contact how their trunks meet state standards, which points for visitor participation, makes it easy for educators to use them. Several location of amenities, and/or points WUXQNVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGZLWKVSHFLÀFWKHPHV of cultural interest). Tour schedules, in mind. Examples include: special programs, and events could be 1. The importance of bison to western tribal advertised. people 2. An interactive Internet map that displays 2. Pow wows sites on the reservation that are open 3. Chiefs and tribal leadership to the public with brief descriptions of 4. Tribal arts the sites. These sites are considered 5. Beadwork WKHSRLQWVRILQWHUHVWLGHQWLÀHGLQWKLV document. This could be developed Traveling Exhibits using the current Wind River Country Partner with local museums or the Wyoming Vacation Guides found online at www. State Museum to create traveling exhibits for windriver.org. display around the WRIR and across Wyoming. 101 3. Current weather and road conditions and events and serve as a place to connect with tour road construction schedules. guides and to purchase items. Computer kiosk 4. Events calendar with pow wows, community VWDWLRQVFDQDGGDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQEHQHÀWV activities, and casino events that are open to the public. 2XWÀWWHU*XLGH,QWHUSUHWLYH7UDLQLQJ 5. Mobile apps created and made available to Guide services are generally arranged through local download information onto smartphones, businesses, tourism operators, or local museum and iPods, and tablets to assist visitors in planning historical societies. Guide training and reference their trip to the WRIR. Apps can also provide materials help build guide skills and services, tidbits of themes and storylines that are not enhancing visitor experiences. One potential provided in exhibitry. tourism service could be having guides available to 6. Links to local chambers, museums, visitor give presentations for bus tours or even on buses centers, and other partner organizations in traveling to WRIR casinos. the region. 7. A partnership newsletter featuring places to Potential trainers and materials could include: visit, routes to take, events to attend, etc. 1. Tribal elders, Tribal Historic Preservation 8. A link for “tribal members only” access where 2IÀFHUVDQG/DQJXDJH&RPPLWWHHV members can exchange information not 2. Resource specialists. available to the general public. 3. Hospitality training through partnerships with chambers of commerce and other tourism &RPSXWHUNLRVNVZLWKZLÀFDSDELOLWLHVFRXOGEH partners. installed at interior locations in order to provide 4. The National Association of Interpretation access to information. An example is the “Lived 1$, SURYLGHVFHUWLÀHGLQWHUSUHWLYHJXLGH History” kiosk publicly located to provide access to (CIG) and interpretive host training. More a new national digital archive. (The “Lived History” information can be found at http://www. kiosk is a product of Wyoming public television that interpnet.com. includes an online archive of WRIR artifacts curated 5. Interpretive staff from various public and stored in museums outside of Wyoming.) Kiosks agencies. can provide downloadable resources about the 6. Casino marketing or tourism staff. WRIR. Topics may include history, wildlife, recreation 7. Colleges, especially local colleges. information, road/travel conditions, activities and events within the reservation, maps, photos, short Publications audio/video podcasts, audio essays, and music. All reservation brochures, maps, and tour guides should follow publication design guidelines. A Publications Review Committee should be composed of tribal members and represent major tourism entities on the reservation, such as the casinos. The Wind River Visitors Council could serve in an “invited” capacity to help ensure consistency and accuracy for tourism publications across the region. Visitor Information Center conceptual Wind River Country Travel Guide Visitor Information Centers This (existing) user friendly publication serves to These sites are locations open to the public and can provide orientation, recreation information, and be staffed or available for self service. There should stories tied to the WRIR themes and storylines be orientation information, a large map, places to LGHQWLÀHGLQWKLVSODQQLQJGRFXPHQW)XWXUH go, and things to do. The center can provide self publications should be compatible with this family guided driving tour maps and schedules of current of brochures while keeping elements of the unique WRIR design guides in newly developed products. 102 Special care should be taken in the inclusion or exclusion of ceremonies in publications, as well as including appropriate behavior for the visiting public at open ceremonies. Tourism Map A map clearly identifying interpretive, cultural, and recreation sites would better serve visitors and better manage public access use on reservation land. Boundaries and closed areas ZRXOGEHLGHQWLÀHGDVZHOODVVLWHVDQGFXOWXUDO centers open to the public. The map would serve to provide orientation both on and near the WRIR as well as to promote tours, support interpretive themes, and provide general visitor service information. Map distribution could be through cooperating agencies, tourism partners, and local businesses. A tourism mailing package could be created and would include a map, a travel guide book of the WRIR, and other local, regional, or state tourism information as appropriate. Re c The maps will require commitment to an ommendations ongoing printing schedule and a budget to be successful. The tribes can identify sustainable products to market on the WRIR using advertising, visitor sales, and community and agency partnerships. Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites and Trails 1. All interpretive signage on SPHST managed lands will follow the SPHST approved template. 2. SPHST sites will integrate the color schemes and beadwork patterns recommended in this plan into current design elements as feasible and appropriate. 3. For interpretive media with Eastern Shoshone and/or Northern Arapaho messages, SPHST will implement recommended themes and storylines developed in this plan. Wind River Visitors Council publications 103 Prioritization & Implementation Photo by Larry Jacobsen© 104 he WRIR Interpretive Plan comes with many The following criteria can be used to prioritize recommendations.T Looking at the plan and those projects that occur at off-reservation desired products in segments can help make points of interest. implementation manageable. Determining staff availability, funding, and timing can assist in the 1. Topic/Site Design. Does the project use process of implementing this plan. WKHPHVDQGVWRU\OLQHVLGHQWLÀHGLQWKLV plan? The following criteria can be used to prioritize 2. Is the project located in Wyoming? those projects that occur on the WRIR. 3. Access. Is the project located on public land? If located on private land, does the 1. Topic/Site Design. Does the project use project have public access and permission WKHPHVDQGVWRU\OLQHVLGHQWLÀHGLQWKLV for public use? plan? 4. Project Location. Is the project located on 2. Budget. Are funds available to support this land managed by a project partner such as project? Is it cost-effective? SPHST, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. 3. Partners. Does your project have partners Forest Service, or in a gateway community that share in the expense? such as Dubois, Lander, Shoshoni, or 4. Can the project be maintained? Does the Thermopolis? project have an appropriate lifespan? 5. Audience. Does the project reach your target audience? How many people may visit your site in a year? Big Fox, Arapaho, 1898. 6. Planning. Is the proposed project located 3KRWRIURPZZZÀUVWSHRSOHXV on a site that requires environmental and cultural clearances? If so, have these P clearances been obtained? rioritization / Implementation 7. Access. Is the project located on public land? If located on private land, does the project have public access and permission for public use? 8. Site Location. Does the distribution of sites and proximity to other sites make sense for the storyline, users, travelers, and the target audience? 105 Proposed projects within this interpretive plan satisfy various LGHQWLÀHGQHHGVDQGRSSRUWXQLWLHV PortalEntries Viewing proposed projects in Ȃ comparison to one another in a Ǧ table may help decision makers Ȃ choose those projects to implement CommunityEntranceMonuments ÀUVW3URMHFWVDUHOLVWHGLQRUGHUIURP average highest cost to lowest cost. Project implementation should take criteria into account. Possible grant funding opportunities are provided StaffPosition–InterpretiveSpecialistfortheWRIR in Appendix D. SitePlanandTrafficorVisitorAnalysis VisitorCenterFeasibilityStudies InterpretiveExhibitPlan(neworupdate) FortWashakieBikeandPathwaysTrailsProject ChiefsMemorial MuralArtwork DigitalKiosks ExteriorInterpretiveSignageKiosks ȋȌ ȋ Ȍ 106 InteriorExhibits Ȁ OrientationKiosksandTravelInformation Education Website P rioritization / Implementation Outfitter/GuideInterpretiveTraining Publications ArapahoeDepot ȋ ǤȌ WalkingTours Ǥ ̵ 107 Appendices Contents Glossary Bibliography $QQXDO(FRQRPLF,PSDFW5HSRUWIURPWKH2IÀFHRI7RXULVP 6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH3URFHVVIRU$SSURYDO&KDUW &RQWDFW/LVW Grant Opportunities State Education Standards 7ULEDO6RYHUHLJQW\ (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH7UDGLWLRQDO8VH6WXG\ (DUO\3RUWDO&RQFHSWV $FNQRZOHGJPHQWRI7KDQNV Boy dancer at the Wind River Casino by Jennie Hutchinson. 108 Appendices IQWHUSUHWLYH&HQWHU Appendix A An interpretive center is a facility where Glossary opportunities are provided for people to forge emotional and intellectual connections between their interests and the meanings that 7HUPLQRORJ\DQG'HÀQLWLRQV DULVHIURPOHDUQLQJDERXWWKHUHVRXUFH7KH facility may or may not be staffed, and can In 2006, representatives from over two dozen range in scale from a kiosk to a complex IHGHUDODJHQFLHVQRQSURÀWSURIHVVLRQDO of buildings and natural sites, but always RUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGQRWIRUSURÀWRUJDQL]DWLRQV provides information about the natural and FDPHWRJHWKHUWRDJUHHRQWKHGHÀQLWLRQVRI cultural resources. common terminology used by interpreters, environmental educators, historians, and others in informal settings such as parks, ,QWHUSUHWLYH(TXDWLRQ aquariums, zoos, nature centers, historic sites, .5.$ [$7 ,2 DQGPXVHXPV7HUPVDSSOLFDEOHWRWKLVSODQDUH KR — Knowledge of the Resource included below. Additional terminology can be KA — Knowledge of the Audience located at: $7³$SSURSULDWH7HFKQLTXHV ZZZGHÀQLWLRQVSURMHFWFRPGHÀQLWLRQVLQGH[ IO — Interpretive Opportunity cfm 7KLVLVDYLVXDODQGYHUEDOPHWDSKRUIRU demonstrating the dynamic relationship &XOWXUDO/DQGVFDSH between the knowledge of heritage resources, A traditionally or historically used and/or modi- knowledge of audiences, and use of ÀHGJHRJUDSKLFDUHD8VHRUPRGLÀFDWLRQPD\ appropriate interpretive techniques to create be physical, spiritual, or cosmological. interpretive opportunities. ,QIRUPDO,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ ,QWHUSUHWLYH2EMHFWLYHV Spontaneous personal interpretive contacts with Desired measurable outputs, outcomes, and audiences within a variety of settings. impacts of interpretive services. Informal Learning Environments ,QWHUSUHWLYH2SSRUWXQLW\ 7KHSODFHVYHQXHVDQGVHWWLQJVZKHUHLQIRUPDO A place, time, and experience when learning opportunities are intentionally made interpretation may occur. available to visitors, such as in parks or museums. ,QWHUSUHWLYH3ODQQLQJ 7KHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJSURFHVVWKDWEOHQGV ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ management needs and resource A mission-based communication process that considerations with visitor desire and ability forges emotional and intellectual connections to pay to determine the most effective between the interests of the audience and way to communicate the message to meanings inherent in the resource. (National targeted markets. (National Association for Association for Interpretation) Interpretation) ,QWHUSUHWHU ,QWHUSUHWLYH3URJUDP A person who employs a mission-based Activities, presentations, publications, communication process that forges emotional audiovisual media, signs, and exhibits that and intellectual connections between the convey key heritage resource messages to interests of the audience and meanings inherent DXGLHQFHV $GDSWHGIURP86)LVK :LOGOLIH in the resource. Service) ,QWHUSUHWLYH ,QWHUSUHWLYH6HUYLFHV 7HFKQLTXHWKDWDVVLVWVDXGLHQFHVWKURXJK Any personal or non-personal media delivered communication media in making both to audiences. emotional and intellectual connections with heritage resources. 109 ,QWHUSUHWLYH7KHPH A succinct, central message about a topic of interest title by actual, continuous, and exclusive use and a communicator wants to get across to an audience. occupancy for a “long time.” Individuals may also establish aboriginal title, if their ancestors held Nature Center WLWOHDVLQGLYLGXDOV8QOLNHRWKHUMXULVGLFWLRQVWKH A facility that brings environments and people content of aboriginal title is not limited to historical together under the guidance of trained professionals or traditional land uses. Aboriginal title may not be to experience and develop relationships with nature. DOLHQDWHGH[FHSWWRWKH)HGHUDO*RYHUQPHQWRUZLWK A nature center serves its community and fosters WKHDSSURYDORI&RQJUHVV$ERULJLQDOWLWOHLVGLVWLQFW sustainable connections between people and from the lands Native Americans own in fee simple WKHLUHQYLURQPHQW $VVRFLDWLRQRI1DWXUH&HQWHU and occupy under federal trust. Administrators) 7KHSRZHURI&RQJUHVVWRH[WLQJXLVKDERULJLQDO title — by “purchase or conquest,” or with a clear 1RQSHUVRQDO,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ statement — is plenary and exclusive. Such actions Interpretive media that do not require a person to DUHQRWFRPSHQVDEOHXQGHUWKH)LIWK$PHQGPHQW deliver a message (i.e. exhibits, waysides, brochures, although various statutes provide for compensation. signs, magazines, books, etc.). 8QH[WLQJXLVKHGDERULJLQDOWLWOHSURYLGHVDIHGHUDO FRPPRQODZFDXVHRIDFWLRQIRUHMHFWPHQWRU )LUVWSHUVRQ/LYLQJ+LVWRU\,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ WUHVSDVVIRUZKLFKWKHUHLVIHGHUDOVXEMHFWPDWWHU 7KHDFWRISRUWUD\LQJDSHUVRQIURPWKHSDVW UHDO MXULVGLFWLRQ0DQ\SRWHQWLDOO\PHULWRULRXVWULEDO RUFRPSRVLWH 7KHLQWHQWRIWKLVVW\OHLVWRSUHVHQW ODZVXLWVKDYHEHHQVHWWOHGE\&RQJUHVVLRQDO the attitudes, briefs, viewpoints, language, and legislation providing for the extinguishment of mannerisms of another period in history in a way that aboriginal title as well as monetary compensation or is immediate, entertaining, and thought-provoking. the approval of gaming enterprises. 7KURXJKWKHSRUWUD\DORIDFKDUDFWHUWKH\FUHDWHIRU the visitor the illusion that their historic personage /DUJHVFDOHFRPSHQVDWRU\OLWLJDWLRQÀUVWDURVHLQ has returned to life. Also known as “character the 1940s, and possessory litigation in the 1970s. LQWHUSUHWDWLRQµRU´ÀUVWSHUVRQLQWHUSUHWDWLRQµ )HGHUDOVRYHUHLJQLPPXQLW\EDUVSRVVHVVRU\ $VVRFLDWLRQIRU/LYLQJ+LVWRU\)DUPV$QG0XVHXPV FODLPVDJDLQVWWKH)HGHUDO*RYHUQPHQWDOWKRXJK FRPSHQVDWRU\FODLPVDUHSRVVLEOHE\VWDWXWH7KH )RUPDO(GXFDWLRQ/HDUQLQJ Eleventh Amendment bars both possessory and 7KHKLHUDUFKLFDOO\VWUXFWXUHGFKURQRORJLFDOO\JUDGHG compensatory claims against states, unless the ‘education system,’ running from primary school )HGHUDO*RYHUQPHQWLQWHUYHQHV7KH866XSUHPH through the university and including, in addition to &RXUWUHMHFWHGQHDUO\DOOOHJDODQGHTXLWDEOH general academic studies, a variety of specialized DIÀUPDWLYHGHIHQVHVLQ +RZHYHUWKH6HFRQG programs and institutions for full-time technical &LUFXLW³ZKHUHPRVWUHPDLQLQJSRVVHVVRU\FODLPV DQGSURIHVVLRQDOWUDLQLQJ $GDSWHGIURP7KH are pending—has held that laches bars all claims that are “disruptive.” Encyclopedia of Informal Education, 2006) 'HÀQLWLRQVVSHFLÀFWRWKH:LQG5LYHU,QGLDQ %DWWOH)LJKW Reservation and tribes: DFRPEDWEHWZHHQWZRSHUVRQV H[%DWWOHRI&URZ- heart Butte) : a general encounter between armies, VKLSVRIZDURUDLUFUDIW H[)HWWHUPDQ)LJKW%DWWOHRI Indian Tribes WKH/LWWOH%LJ+RUQ ,QWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVD1DWLYH$PHULFDQWULEHLVDQ\ extant or historical tribe, band, nation, or other Massacre group or community of indigenous peoples in the 7KHDFWRUDQLQVWDQFHRINLOOLQJDQXPEHURI 8QLWHG6WDWHV7ULEHVDUHRIWHQDVVRFLDWHGZLWK usually helpless or unresisting human beings under WHUULWRU\LQWKHIRUPRIDUHVHUYDWLRQ :HEVWHU·V circumstances of atrocity or cruelty. Dictionary) $ERULJLQDOWHUULWRU\7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVZDVWKH ÀUVWMXULVGLFWLRQWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKHFRPPRQODZ doctrine of aboriginal title (also known as “original Indian title” or “Indian right of occupancy”). Indian tribes and nations establish aboriginal 110 Appendices Appendix B Bibliography 3HWURJO\SKV,PDJHIURP:LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO 111 Conversations held with tribal elders from *RYHUQPHQW'RFXPHQWV August 2012 through August 2013 )RUW/DUDPLH7UHDW\RI KWWS WUHDW\RIIRUWODUDPLHXQOHGX Eastern Shoshone Elders 6WDUU:HHG6U )RUW%ULGJHU7UHDW\RI Ralphaelita Stump www.windriverhistory.org/archives/treaty_docs/ &XUWLV%DUQH\ GRFVWUHDW\SGI 3DQVH\6W&ODLU $XGUH\:DUG )RUW%ULGJHU7UHDW\RI Renee Enos www.windriverhistory.org/archives/treaty_docs/ Helene Oldman docs/1868-treaty.pdf Robert Engavo June Boyd Sales )RUW/DUDPLH7UHDW\RI (XOD7\OHU www.windriverhistory.org/archives/treaty_docs/treaty- Beatrice Haukaas 1868comm.html#pdf Ivora Hill )ORUHQFH0F/HRG %UXQRW&HVVLRQRI Joyce Posey http://www.windriverhistory.org/archives/treaty_docs/ docs/1868-treaty.pdf 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEDO(OGHUV 0DUN6ROGLHU:ROI General Allotment Act of 1887. 3DXOLQH/LQFROQ http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc. Dorothy Gambler $O:LOORZ %LJ+RUQ+RW6SULQJV/DQG&HVVLRQRI Alfred Burson www.windriverhistory.org/archives/treaty_docs/ Alfred Redman docs/1896-cession.pdf 9HUQD7KXQGHU +XEHUW)ULGD\ /DQG&HVVLRQRI %HWW\)ULGD\ www.windriverhistory.org/archives/treaty_docs/ docs/1904-agreement.pdf :HEVLWHV &KLHI:DVKDNLH)RXQGDWLRQ 3XEOLVKHG:RUNV www.windriverhistory.org Anderson, Jeffrey D. Ethnolinguistic Dimensions of 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEH 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR/DQJXDJH6KLIWAnthropological www.northernarapaho.com /LQJXLVWLFV9ROQR :\RPLQJ6WDWH+LVWRULFDO6RFLHW\ www.wyshs.org - 7KH)RXU+LOOVRI/LIH 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR.QRZO- :\RPLQJ6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH HGJHDQG/LIH0RYHPHQW/LQFROQ 8QLYHUVLW\RI wyoshpo.state.wy.us Nebraska Press, 2008. :\RPLQJ6WDWH$UFKLYHVZHEVLWH GLJLWDOLPDJHV wyoarchives.state.wy.us $UDJRQ'RQ7KH:LQG5LYHU,QGLDQ7ULEHVInterna- www.army.mil/nativeamericans WLRQDO-RXUQDORI:LOGHUQHVV9ROQR www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq61-1.htm 14-17. www.windriver.org/info/reservation/shoshone.php www.mtwytlc.org/tribes/eastern-shoshone.html $UL]RQD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\7ULEDO*RYHUQPHQW/HDGHU- www.facebook.com/eastern.shoshone VKLS)RUXP´6XPPDU\RI,QGLDQ&LYLO5LJKWV$FWRI ZZZVLHGX0XVHXPVDPHULFDQLQGLDQPXVHXP 1968.” http://outreach.asu.edu/tglf/book/statutes/ www.arapahoeducationaltrust.com/wind-river- VXPPDU\LQGLDQFLYLOULJKWVDFW XVF indian-reservation/ $FFHVVHG0D\ 112 Appendices $UL]RQD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\7ULEDO*RYHUQPHQW (ONLQ+HQU\´7KH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRRI:\- /HDGHUVKLS)RUXP´6XPPDU\RIWKH6HOI'HWHU- oming.” In Acculturation in Seven American mination and Indian Education Assistance Act.” ,QGLDQ7ULEHVHGLWHGE\5DOSK/LQWRQ1HZ $UL]RQD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\7ULEDO*RYHUQPHQW )RZOHU/RUHWWD$UDSDKRH3ROLWLFV /HDGHUVKLS)RUXP´6XPPDU\RIWKH,QGLDQ 6\PEROVLQ&ULVHVRI$XWKRULW\/LQFROQ 8QLYHUVL- Gaming Regulatory Act.” http://outreach.asu. ty of Nebraska Press, 1982. edu/tglf/book/summary-indian-gaming-regula- WRU\DFWXVFHWVHT$FFHVVHG0D\ )URVW1HGZDUG0:\RPLQJ5HFUHDWLRQ&RP- mission. National Register of Historic Places 1RPLQDWLRQ 6W0LFKDHOV0LVVLRQ, 1971. Brown, Dee. %XU\0\+HDUWDW:RXQGHG.QHH $Q,QGLDQ+LVWRU\RIWKH$PHULFDQ:HVW. New +LJOHU0,QH]$UDSDKR&KLOG/LIHDQG,WV&XO- York: Bantam Books, 1970. tural Background. Smithsonian Institution Bu- reau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 148. &DOORZD\&ROLQ*)LUVW3HRSOHV $'RFXPHQ- :DVKLQJWRQ 86*RYHUQPHQW3ULQWLQJ2IÀFH tary Survey of American Indian History. Boston: %HGIRUG6W0DUWLQ·V +LOWRQ+DJHPDQQ%UDQGL/´1DWXUDO%RUQ &KHQHU\-DFN´5LYHUWRQ·V)LUVW'D\Vµ,QRiver- Enemies?: Arapaho and Shoshone Political WRQ 7KH(DUO\ &RROLGJH*UDFH7HHSHH1HLJKERUV. Norman: -DFREV-DPHV-DQG*RUGRQ)DVVHWWDQG'RQ- 8QLYHUVLW\RI2NODKRPD3UHVV DOG-%URV]´:\RPLQJ:DWHU/DZ $6XPPD- U\µ:\RPLQJ:DWHU5HVHDUFK&HQWHU8QLYHUVLW\ 'H0DOOLH5D\PRQG-HG´$UDSDKRµ,QHand- RI:\RPLQJ http://library.wrds.uwyo. book of North American Indians: Plains, Part 2. edu/wrp/90-17/90-17.html.$FFHVVHG0D\ 9RO :DVKLQJWRQ 6PLWKVRQLDQ Institution, 2001. .HRZQ/DUU\':RUNLQJLQ,QGLDQ&RXQWU\ 'RUVH\*HRUJH$DQG$OIUHG/.URHEHU7UDGL- Building Successful Business Relationships with tions of the Arapaho.&KLFDJR )LHOG&ROXPELDQ $PHULFDQ,QGLDQ7ULEHV$XVWLQ7; +XJR+RXVH 0XVHXP3XEOLFDWLRQV Publishers, 2010. 'RUVW-RKQ'7KHUHVD/.D\0DUN.XFHUD .URHEHU$OIUHG/´7KH$UDSDKRµ,QBulletin of and James J. Stewart. National Register of WKH$PHULFDQ0XVHXPRI1DWXUDO+LVWRU\, Vol- +LVWRULF3ODFHV1RPLQDWLRQ :LQG5LYHU$JHQF\ ume 18, edited by Joel Asaph Allen. New York: Blockhouse, 2000. $PHULFDQ0XVHXPRI1DWXUDO+LVWRU\ /\RQV2UHQHWDO([LOHGLQWKH/DQGRIWKH)UHH 'H- 6FRWW+XJK/´7KH(DUO\+LVWRU\DQGWKH1DPHVRI PRFUDF\,QGLDQ1DWLRQVDQGWKH86&RQVWLWXWLRQ. the Arapaho.” American Anthropologist, Vol. 9, no. 6DQWD)H &OHDU/LJKW3XEOLVKHUV 0DUNOH\(OLQRU5DQG%HDWULFH&URIWV:DON6RIWO\ Seger, John H. (DUO\'D\V$PRQJWKH&KH\HQQHDQG 7KLVLV*RG·V&RXQWU\ 6L[W\6L[ National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park and 7UHQKROP9LUJLQLD&ROH7KH$UDSDKRHV2XU *UDQG7HWRQ1DWLRQDO3DUNDQGWKH86)LVKDQG People. 1RUPDQ 8QLYHUVLW\RI2NODKRPD3UHVV :LOGOLIH6HUYLFH´(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH7UDGLWLRQDO8VH 6WXG\IRU Appendix C Annual Economic Impact Report from WKH2IÀFHRI7RXULVP 6RXWKHUQHQGRI%R\VHQ5HVHUYRLU THE IMPACT OF TRAVEL ON WYOMING’S ECONOMY BY THE NUMBERS 2012 TRAVEL-GENERATED IMPACTS (Based on 2012) (Year to year comparison: 2012 to 2011 Travel Impacts) $3.1 Billion: VISITOR $3.1 Billion Direct Expenditures Ï7.6% Economic output SPENDING generated by domestic and international 7.8% visitors. TAXES $128 Million in State and Local Taxes Ï 30,500: Jobs supported by the travel expenditures. JOBS 30,500 jobs supported Ï2% $761 Million: Wages shared by Each Wyoming household would pay $540 more in taxes without the Wyoming workers tax revenue generated by tourism industry in Wyoming. directly employed by travel. Source: Dean Runyan & Associates =10,000 jobs $128 Million: Tax revenue generated OVERNIGHT VISITORS COMMODITIES PURCHASED by travel spending (Million) 8.67 ($Million) for state and local 8.34 Ground Transportation 8.0 governments. 7.3 7.3 7.31 7.33 $811 6.9 Food & Beverage 3%: Percentage $799 of Wyoming’s Lodging domestic product $579 (GDP) attributed Entertainment/Rec. to travel and $424 tourism. Shopping $411 8% of all Wyoming jobs depend upon 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Air Transportation travel and tourism. Source: Strategic Marketing & Research, Inc., Visitor Profile 2012 $44 Source: Dean Runyan & Associates TRAVEL INCREASED MARKETING VISITOR TRIPS & PROMOTION 8.67 million $12.5 million Ï4% (WOT Budget) TAX REVENUES ADDITIONAL $128 Million in Taxes VISITOR SPENDING Ï7.8% $3.1 Billion Ï7.6% 116 Appendices DRIVING TRAVEL DEMAND How the Marketing Chain Succeeds BRAND USA (International) Budget: $60 million • Create awareness about the U.S. • Emerging Markets: China, India & Brazil V • Position U.S. as destination of choice • Competitors: Canada, Mexico & other • Primary Markets: U.K., Japan, Canada, Mexico, international destinations Germany, France & South Korea WYOMING OFFICE OF TOURISM (International & Domestic) Budget: $12.5 million V • Create awareness about Wyoming as a vacation destination • Provide compelling content for trip decision consideration • Primary MKTs: Midwest (Chicago, Minneapolis, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Kansas City, Oklahoma City, Omaha); Seattle; Portland; and Regional (Denver and Salt Lake City) • Competitors: Other Rocky Mountain States (i.e. MT, CO) and other U.S. destinations LODGING TAX BOARDS (Regional/Local) Budget: $13.5 million V • Create awareness about local areas/regions • Provide information about local attractions, events and scenic routes • Primary Markets: Adjacent (Denver, Salt Lake City, Billings, Bozeman, Butte, Rapid City, Idaho Falls, Pocatello, Boise); and Wyoming communities • Competitors: Other locales/routes (i.e. Cheyenne Frontier Days vs. Greeley Stampede or Hwy 14-14A vs. Hwy 16) PRIVATE-SECTOR BUSINESSES INCREASED TRIGGERS INFLUENCE TRIP DECISIONS V Budget: $10.3 million • Create awareness about product MULTITUDE • Drive sales transaction/purchase • Competitors: Other suppliers in OF CHANNELS the same sector (i.e. Best FEED MORE Western vs. Holiday Inn) CONSUMERS TRAVELER Consumer Travels- Drives tourism economy Shares Information- Influences future travelers V Note: Based on FY12 Expenditures 117 Appendix D State Historic Preservation 2IÀFH3URFHVVIRU$SSURYDO&KDUW Contact List Grant Opportunities 7HHSHHGHWDLO 118 Appendices 6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH3URFHVVIRU$SSURYDO&KDUW State Historic Preservation Office Process for Approval of Interpretive Media on the Wind River Indian Reservation Monuments and Markers Tribal Committee Eastern Shoshone Northern Arapaho Tribal Historic Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Preservation Officer Monuments and Markers Advisory Committee Eastern Shoshone Northern Arapaho Business Council (or Business Council (or designee) designee) The approval process is coordinated by the Monuments and Markers Program Manager for the State Historic Preservation Office. Monuments and Markers Tribal Committee %HJLQQLQJLQWKH0RQXPHQWVDQG0DUNHUV7ULEDO&RPPLWWHHZLOOEHFRPHDIRUPDOL]HG FRPPLWWHHRUJDQL]HGXQGHUE\ODZVDQGRSHUDWLQJXVLQJ5REHUW·V5XOHVRI2UGHU&RPPLWWHH PHPEHUVZLOOEHUHFRPPHQGHGWRWKH'LUHFWRURI6WDWH3DUNVDQG&XOWXUDO5HVRXUFHVE\WKH (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH7ULEDO/LDLVRQDQGWKH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEDO/LDLVRQ,IWKH/LDLVRQVDUH XQDEOHWRPDNHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVWKH7ULEDO+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFHUIURPWKHDSSUR- SULDWHWULEHZLOOPDNHWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQ0HPEHUVKLSRIWKHFRPPLWWHHZLOOFRQVLVWRI (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRZLWKWKH7ULEDO/LDLVRQVVHUYLQJDVFRFKDLUV7KH 6+320RQXPHQWVDQG0DUNHUV3URJUDP&RRUGLQDWRUZLOOVHUYHDVVWDIIVXSSRUWWRWKHFRP- PLWWHH7ULEDOPHPEHUVDVZHOODVDQ\PHPEHURIWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFPD\EULQJWRSLFVWRWKH &RPPLWWHHIRUGLVFXVVLRQ)LQDOGHFLVLRQVRIWKH&RPPLWWHHZLOOEHGHFLGHGE\PDMRULW\YRWH 119 Contact List :\RPLQJ6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH &HQWUDO$YHQXH &KH\HQQH:< 6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFHU² 0RQXPHQWVDQG0DUNHUV3URJUDP&RRUGLQDWRU² :\RPLQJ2IÀFHRI7RXULVP +LJK3ODLQV5RDG &KH\HQQH:< 6LJQ*UDQW3URJUDP0DQDJHU² &HQWHUIRU'HVLJQDQG,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ 86)RUHVW6HUYLFH 5RFN\0RXQWDLQ5HJLRQ 740 Simms Street *ROGHQ&2 6WDWH3DUNV+LVWRULF6LWHV 7UDLOV &HQWUDO$YHQXH &KH\HQQH:< ,QWHUSUHWLYH3ODQQHU² (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH7ULEDO+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH 32%R[ )RUW:DVKDNLH:< 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEDO+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH 32%R[ )RUW:DVKDNLH:< :LQG5LYHU9LVLWRUV&RXQFLO 1WK6WUHHW /DQGHU:< )XWXUH3DUWQHUVKLSV $PHULFDQ,QGLDQ$ODVND1DWLYH7RXULVP$VVRFLDWLRQ Bureau of Indian Affairs %XUHDXRI/DQG0DQDJHPHQW Bureau of Reclamation *UHDWHU Headdress detail 120 Appendices *UDQW2SSRUWXQLWLHVIRU,QWHUSUHWLYH 1DWLRQDO7UXVWIRU+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ 3URMHFWVIRUWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG 0DVVDFKXVHWWV$YHQXH1: 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEHV :DVKLQJWRQ'& 800-944-6847 :\RPLQJ2IÀFHRI7RXULVP6LJQ*UDQW http://www.preservationnation.org/resources/ Program ÀQGIXQGLQJVSHFLDOIXQGV8D= :\RPLQJ&XOWXUDO7UXVW)XQG :\RPLQJ$UWV&RXQFLO &HQWUDO$YHQXH &DSLWRO$YHQXH &KH\HQQH:< &KH\HQQH:< &XOWXUDO7UXVW)XQG$GPLQLVWUDWRU² http://wyoarts.state.wy.us/grants/ KWWS Z\RVSFUVWDWHZ\XV&7) Award amount varies $ZDUGDPRXQWQRWWRH[FHHG In addition to the above grant programs, 6+32&HUWLÀHG/RFDO*RYHUQPHQW*UDQWV opportunities exist to partner with federal, IRUSURMHFWVEHLQJQRPLQDWHGE\WKH)UHPRQW state, and local agencies, as well as private &RXQW\+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ&RPPLVVLRQ organizations. &HQWUDO$YHQXH &KH\HQQH:< &HUWLÀHG/RFDO*RYHUQPHQW3URJUDP0DQDJHU ² +HUPDQ6W&ODLU(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH KWWS Z\RVKSRVWDWHZ\XV&/*,QGH[DVS[ $ZDUGDPRXQWJUHDWHUWKDQ :\RPLQJ+XPDQLWLHV&RXQFLO (/HZLV6WUHHW /DUDPLH:< http://wyominghumanitiescouncil.com/ Award amount $2,000 - $10,000 National Endowment for the Humanities Division of Public Programs National Endowment for the Humanities Room 426 3HQQV\OYDQLD$YHQXH1: :DVKLQJWRQ'& 202-606-8269 http://www.neh.gov/grants/public/americas- historical-and-cultural-organizations- implementation-grants Award amount not to exceed $400,000 121 Appendix E Conservation Education and Wyoming State Standards Project Wild Example &HQWUDO:\RPLQJ&ROOHJHGLVSOD\ 122 Appendices Conservation Education on the Wind River Indian Reservation Any programs or interpretive experiences for younger audiences can be coordinated to meet HGXFDWLRQVWDWHVWDQGDUGVIRUWKH6WDWHRI:\RPLQJ7KHVHVWDQGDUGVJHQHUDOO\IDOOZLWKLQWKH Science and or Performing Arts standards. State standards can be accessed at these website locations. Science standards: KWWS HGXZ\RPLQJJRYVIGRFVSXEOLFDWLRQV6WDQGDUGVBB6FLHQFHB3') Performing Arts standards: KWWS HGXZ\RPLQJJRYVIGRFVVWDQGDUGVÀQHSHUIRUPLQJDUWVVWDQGDUGVGUDIWSGI 7KHIROORZLQJDFWLYLW\LVDQH[DPSOHRIFRQVHUYDWLRQDFWLYLWLHVWKDWFRXOGEHLPSOHPHQWHGDQGWKDW PHHWVWDWHHGXFDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGV7KLVH[DPSOHLVWDNHQIURPWKH3URMHFW:LOGFXUULFXOXPGHYHO- RSHGE\WKH&RORUDGR'LYLVLRQRI:LOGOLIHXVHGIRURYHU\HDUVWRSURPRWHZLOGOLIHFRQVHUYDWLRQ )RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQVHHKWWS SURMHFWZLOGRUJ (WKHWH3RZ:RZ3KRWRE\-HQQLH+XWFKLQVRQ 3DJHRIWKH3URMHFW:LOG FXUULFXOXP´2K'HHUµ Oh Deer! Objectives Background Students will (1) identify and describe food, Carrying capacity refers to the dynamic balance water, and shelter as three essential components between the availability of habitat components of habitat; (2) describe factors that influence and the number of animals the habitat can sup- carrying capacity; (3) define “limiting factors” port. A variety of factors related to carrying and give examples; and (4) recognize that some capacity affect the ability of wildlife species to fluctuations in wildlife populations are natural successfully reproduce and to maintain their as ecological systems undergo constant change. populations over time. The most fundamental of life’s necessities for any animal are food, Method water, shelter, and space in a suitable arrange- Students portray deer and habitat components ment. Without these essential components, in a physical activity. animals cannot survive. Materials However, some naturally caused and culturally induced limiting factors serve to prevent wildlife An area—either indoors or outdoors—large populations from reproducing in numbers enough for students to run (e.g., playing field), greater than their habitat can support. Disease, chalkboard or flip chart, writing materials predator and prey relationships, varying impacts of weather conditions from season to season (e.g., early freezing, heavy snows, flooding, drought), accidents, environmental pollution, and habitat destruction and degradation are among these factors. An excess of such limiting Grade Level: 5–8 factors leads to threatening, endangering, and Subject Areas: Science, Environmental eliminating whole species of animals. Education, Mathematics, Expressive Arts This activity illustrates that Duration: one 30- to 45-minute session • good habitat is the key to wildlife survival, Group Size: 15 and larger recommended • a population will continue to increase in size Setting: indoors or outdoors; large area for until some limiting factors are imposed, running needed • limiting factors contribute to fluctuations in Conceptual Framework Topic Reference: WPIIA,WPIIA2,WPIIA2a,WPIIA2a1, wildlife populations, and WPIIA2a2b,WPIIA2a2ci,WPIIA2a2cii • nature is never in “balance,” but is constantly Key Terms: habitat, limiting factors, predator, is changing. prey, population, balance of nature, ecosystem Wildlife populations are not static. They contin- uously fluctuate in response to a variety of stim- Appendices: Simulations, Ecosystem, ulating and limiting factors. We tend to speak of Early Childhood limiting factors as applying to a single species, although one factor may affect many species. ...... 36 Project WILD K–12 Curriculum and Activity Guide 124 Appendices Appendix F 7ULEDO6RYHUHLJQW\ &KLHI:DVKDNLHVWDWXHLQIURQWRIWKH:\RPLQJ6WDWH &DSLWRO%XLOGLQJ3KRWRE\5LFKDUG&ROOLHU 7ULEDO6RYHUHLJQW\ 3HU&DSLWD3D\PHQWV 7ULEDOVRYHUHLJQW\LVDQLQKHUHQWSRZHU,QKHUHQW 0RQWKO\SD\PHQWVUHFHLYHGE\HDFKHQUROOHG means “essential character/belongs by nature.” member of both the Shoshone and Arapaho tribes. 7KURXJKRXW1RUWKDQG6RXWK$PHULFDWKHFUHDWLRQ 7KHPRQH\FRPHVIURPRLODQGJDVOHDVHVJUD]LQJ stories of tribal nations tell of our existence since “time immemorial.” Before Europeans/Spaniards leases, and other income-producing activities on ever set foot on this continent, every indigenous UHVHUYDWLRQODQG7KHSD\PHQWVDUHVSOLWLQKDOI nation had land, inventions, language, music, with each tribe receiving half. Each tribe then religion, family, and a social structure, and a provides its members with the monthly payment functioning, viable government. Every individual while also reserving some with which to run the tribal ZLWKLQWKHWULEHKHOGDVSHFLÀFSRVLWLRQRUMREIURP government. WKH\RXQJHVWFKLOGWRWKHROGHVWWULEDOPHPEHU7KH 6DUD:LOHVArapaho Journeys, p. 8, 241. GRFWULQHRIWULEDOVRYHUHLJQW\ZDVDUWLFXODWHGE\&KLHI -XVWLFH-RKQ0DUVKDOOLQWKHHDUO\V “It is important to recall that per capita payments are 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHIHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQW not a ‘government dole’ but are monies from tribal and Indian Nation was initially formulated in three income distributed to individual tribal members, VXSUHPHFRXUWFDVHVNQRZQDVWKH0DUVKDOO7ULORJ\ analogous to stock dividends from the tribe to its &KLHI-XVWLFH-RKQ0DUVKDOODXWKRUHGWKH2SLQLRQV ¶VWRFNKROGHUV·WKHLQGLYLGXDOWULEDOPHPEHUVµ7KH Shoshone and Arapaho received authorization from 7KLVLVWKHV\VWHPRIJRYHUQPHQWWKDWH[LVWVLQWKH &RQJUHVVIRUUR\DOW\SD\PHQWVRQUHVHUYDWLRQOHDVHV 8QLWHG6WDWHV,QGLDQ1DWLRQVZRUNZLWKWKHIHGHUDO in 1924 and 1927; however, the mechanism for government on a government to government basis – at the same level. distributing the money as per capita payments was not approved until 1947. Indian tribes “have always been considered as )O\QQ7ULEDO*RYHUQPHQWS distinct, independent, political communities, retaining their original natural rights … the settled doctrine of the law of nations is, that a weaker power does not surrender its independence – its right to self- government – by associating with a stronger, and WDNLQJLWVSURWHFWLRQµ²&KLHI-XVWLFH-RKQ0DUVKDOO in Worcester v. Georgia )XQGDPHQWDO3RZHUVRI,QGLDQ7ULEHV 1. *RYHUQPHQW)RUPDWLRQ 2. 0HPEHUVKLS Police Power 4. Administer Justice Exclusions 6. &KDUWHU%XVLQHVV2UJDQL]DWLRQV 7. Sovereign Immunity )URP6DUD5RELQVRQ(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH7ULEDO /LDLVRQWRWKH6WDWHRI:\RPLQJ0D\ /LWWOHVKLHOGIDPLO\GDQFHUV3KRWRE\-HQQLH+XWFKLQVRQ +RUVHVQHDU(WKHWH:\RPLQJ 126 Appendices Appendix G Early Portal Concepts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ppendix H (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH7UDGLWLRQDO8VH6WXG\ &OLFNRQWKHOLYHOLQNEHORZWRSXOOXSWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH7UDGLWLRQDO8VH 6WXG\3') http://wyoshpo.state.wy.us/pdf/NPSCulturecenterFinalReportPDF.pdf 128 /XSLQHÁRZHUVE\$OHNVH\6WHPPHU/L/XSLQH ÁRZHUV E$ONE\$OHNVH\ 6W Appendix I Council November 2013. the Northern ArapahoBusiness Shoshone Business Counciland Accepted bytheEastern T $FNQRZOHGJPHQWRI7KDQNVWR$OO3DUWLFLSDQWV W during openhousesandreviewsessions. for assistinginprovidingmeetingspaceandassistancewithfood 7KDQNVDOVRWRWKH:LQG5LYHU&DVLQRDQGWKH6KRVKRQH5RVH&DVLQR federal, state,andcountyagencies,localcommunitymembers. SODQ:HDOVRDSSUHFLDWHWKHFRQWULEXWLRQVIURPDQGFRRUGLQDWLRQZLWK committee memberswhogaveinputandassistanceinreviewsofthis of thisinterpretiveplan.Appreciationisalsoexpressedtothestaffand employees fordonatingtheirtime,energy, andefforttothecreation and NorthernArapahotribes,tribalgovernmentleaders Indian Reservation residents,eldersfromboththeEasternShoshone to theStateofWyoming 2005– 2012. Wadda,In memoryofEdwardL. EasternShoshoneTribal Liaison StarrWeed, Sr. SergioMaldonado Ralphaelita andRaphaella Stump John Mark andYufna SoldierWolf Darlene Conrad Washakie Sara Robinson, (DVWHUQ6KRVKRQH7ULEDO/LDLVRQ Gary Collins Howard a success: Brown WREHPHQWLRQHGIRUWKHFRXQWOHVVKRXUVWKH\VSHQWPDNLQJWKLVSURMHFW KHSODQQLQJWHDPJUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHVDOOWKH:LQG5LYHU KLOHPDQ\FRQWULEXWHGWRWKLVSURMHFWDIHZVSHFLÀFLQGLYLGXDOVQHHG , 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEDO/LDLVRQ , 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKR7ULEDO+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFHU respectful.” mindful and awareness, be “Walk with Northern ArapahoElder Al Burson 129 Appendices