Wind River Indian Reservation Interpretive Plan for the Eastern Shoshone and the Northern Arapaho photo by Skylight Pictures © Preface This interpretive planning project was initiated through the desire of many to hear, sometimes for the ÀUVWWLPHWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRSHRSOHRIWKH:LQG5LYHU,QGLDQ 5HVHUYDWLRQ7KLVSODQDWWHPSWVWRVKDUHDQLPSRUWDQWKLVWRU\LQRUGHUWRJDLQDEURDGHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI WKHSDVWDQGSUHVHQWRIWKHVWDWH:LWKWKLVPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKRVHZKRFRQWULEXWHGWR WKLVSURMHFWKRSHWKDWDJUHDWHUKLVWRULFDODQGFXOWXUDODZDUHQHVVFDQEHJDLQHG 7KLVSODQUHÁHFWVWKHHIIRUWVRIWKH:\RPLQJ6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH:\RPLQJ2IÀFHRI7RXULVP DQGWKH:LQG5LYHU,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQ7KH86'$)RUHVW6HUYLFH&HQWHUIRU'HVLJQDQG,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ KHOSHGJXLGHWKHSODQQLQJSURFHVVE\WDNLQJLGHDVDQGVWRULHVDQGWXUQLQJWKHPLQWRZRUGVDQGJUDSKLFV 1875 map portion of Wyoming Territory. Image from the Wyoming State Archives. 7KLVSURMHFWZDVIXQGHGE\JHQHURXVJUDQWVIURPWKH:\RPLQJ&XOWXUDO7UXVW)XQGDQG WKH:\RPLQJ'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ7($/*UDQWSURJUDPDVZHOODVIXQGVIURPWKH :\RPLQJ2IÀFHRI7RXULVPDQGWKH:\RPLQJ6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀ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ÀFDQWO\UHGXFHGLWVVL]HWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\ PLOOLRQDFUHV ,QWKH86*RYHUQPHQWSODFHGWKH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRRQWKH6KRVKRQH,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQ IRU´WHPSRUDU\NHHSLQJµ7KHJRYHUQPHQWIDLOHGWRPRYHWKH1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRWRDUHVHUYDWLRQ RIWKHLURZQDQGLQWKH6KRVKRQH,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQEHFDPHNQRZQDVWKH:LQG5LYHU ,QGLDQ5HVHUYDWLRQ7RGD\WKH:LQG5LYHU&RXQWU\LVKRPHWRERWKWKH(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG 1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRWULEHV “It has always been my fervent hope and policy through these long years to maintain peace and harmony – it is my earnest prayer that you will follow the footsteps which I have made for you.” Chief Washakie Chief Washakie. Image from the Wyoming State Archives. “I want the public to know that the Wind Wind River Range by Shawn Ware River Indian Reservation is a beautiful land with so much to offer and it is home to many families.” All uncredited photos within this plan WRIR Interpretive Plan were taken by staff members of the Center for Design and Interpretation. Survey Respondent 3 Table of Contents Wind River Agency Block House. The Wind River Agency Block House has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places for its association with VLJQLÀFDQWSDWWHUQVLQ(DVWHUQ6KRVKRQHDQG1RUWKHUQ$UDSDKRHWKQRKLVWRU\ and Wind River Indian Reservation development and history. ,PDJHIURP:\RPLQJ6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH Table of Contents Background .......................................................................................................................................6 Monuments and Markers Tribal Committee -------------------------------------------------------------------7 Purpose of Interpretation -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 Purpose of this Interpretive Plan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 The Challenges of Oral History ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 History ............................................................................................................................................10 Introduction to the Wind River Indian Reservation ---------------------------------------------------------11 Timeline ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Audience ........................................................................................................................................22 National and International Audiences ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 Visitor Analysis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 Pow Wows -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 Planning Assumptions .....................................................................................................................26 Interpretive Goals ...........................................................................................................................28 Interpretive Outcomes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 Points of Interest..............................................................................................................................42 Observations & Recommendations ...................................................................................................42 Interpretive Sites/Points of Interest ----------------------------------------------------------------------------44 Off-Reservation Points of Interest ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 85 Design Guidelines ...........................................................................................................................88 Signage and Portal Entry Design Concepts ------------------------------------------------------------------ 91 Cost Estimates .................................................................................................................................94 Recommendations ...........................................................................................................................96 Review ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 SHPO Review Policy --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 General Signage -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------97 Design Character ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 97 Economic Development ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 Staff Position ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 97 Fostering Creative Economies and Artistry -------------------------------------------------------------------98 Heritage Programming ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100 Interpretive Resource Manual ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------100 Education --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101 Website Development ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101 Visitor Information Centers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------102 2XWÀWWHU*XLGH,QWHUSUHWLYH7UDLQLQJ ------------------------------------------------------------------------102 Publications -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------102 Wyoming State Parks, Historic Sites and Trails -------------------------------------------------------------103 Prioritization & Implementation ......................................................................................................104 Appendices ...................................................................................................................................108 Appendix A ..................................................................................................................................109 Glossary ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------109 Appendix B ..................................................................................................................................111 Bibliography -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------111 Appendix C ...................................................................................................................................115 $QQXDO(FRQRPLF,PSDFW5HSRUWIURPWKH2IÀFHRI7RXULVP ---------------------------------------------115 Appendix D ..................................................................................................................................118 6WDWH+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ2IÀFH3URFHVVIRU$SSURYDO&KDUW -------------------------------------------119 Contact List ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------120 Grant Opportunities for Interpretive Projects for the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribes--121 Appendix E ...................................................................................................................................122