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Microcebus Murinus) and the Golden-Brown Mouse Lemur (M Institute of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover __________________________________________________________ Comparative feeding ecology of two sympatric mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in northwestern Madagascar THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover by Sandra Ingrid Kristina Thorén Gothenburg, Sweden Hannover 2011 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ute Radespiel Institute of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany Advisory Commitee: Prof. Dr. Hansjoakim Hackbarth Institute of Animal Welfare and Behaviour University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover, Germany PD Dr. Björn Siemers Institute of Ornithology Max Planck Insitiute Seewiesen, Germany 1st Evaluation: Prof. Dr. Ute Radespiel Prof. Dr. Hansjoakim Hackbarth PhD Dr. Björn Siemers 2nd Evaluation: Prof. Dr. Jörg Ganzhorn Institute of Zoology University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany Date of final exam: 13th of May 2011 To my family Table of contents Table of contents Chapter 1. General introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Stable coexistence of species ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Biogeographic patterns in species .................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Local abundance .................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Body size................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.3 Climatic variability (“Rapoport’s rule”) ............................................................................................... 7 1.2.4 Biogeographic history ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.2.5 Ecological plasticity ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.6 Competitive ability ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Biogeographic rules in primates ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 The lemurs of Madagascar ............................................................................................................................. 11 1.5 Animal models: the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) and the golden-brown mouse lemur (M. ravelobensis) ........................................................................................................................................... 13 1.6 Aim of study .................................................................................................................................................. 17 1.6.1 Resource use & characterization of feeding niches (Chapter 2) .......................................................... 17 1.6.2 Interspecific food competition (Chapter 3) .......................................................................................... 18 1.7 References...................................................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2. First study Seasonal changes in feeding ecology and activity patterns of two sympatric mouse lemur species, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) and the golden-brown mouse lemur (M. ravelobensis), in northwestern Madagascar ........................................................................................................................ 29 2.1 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 3. Second study Different competitive potential in two coexisting mouse lemur species in northwestern Madagascar ................................................................................................................................................ 31 3.1 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 4. Third study Can the distribution of key food plants explain the varying abundance of two mouse lemur species (Microcebus spp.) in northwestern Madagascar? ................................................................................... 33 4.1 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 35 4.3 Methods ......................................................................................................................................................... 36 4.3.1 Study sites ............................................................................................................................................. 36 4.3.2 Feeding data ......................................................................................................................................... 38 4.3.3 Botanical data ...................................................................................................................................... 38 4.3.4 Identification of potential key resources .............................................................................................. 39 4.3.5 Linkage between key resources, presence and abundance of mouse lemurs ........................................ 40 4.4 Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.4.1 Potential key feeding plants ................................................................................................................. 40 4.4.2 Relationship between potential key resources, presence and relative abundance of mouse lemurs .... 42 4.5 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................... 47 4.5.1 Do mouse lemurs possess key food plants? .......................................................................................... 47 Table of contents 4.5.2 What other factors might influence the varying abundance of M. murinus and M. ravelobensis in northwestern Madagascar? .................................................................................................................. 49 4.5.3 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................... 50 4.6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ 50 4.7 References...................................................................................................................................................... 51 Chapter 5. General discussion .................................................................................................................. 55 5.1 Resource use (Chapter 2 & 4) ........................................................................................................................ 56 5.1.1 Implications for coexistence ................................................................................................................. 56 5.1.2 Implications for varying regional abundance & geographic range size .............................................. 58 5.2 Interspecific food competition (Chapter 3) .................................................................................................... 61 5.2.1 Implications for coexistence ................................................................................................................. 62 5.2.2 Implications for varying regional abundance & geographic range size .............................................. 63 5.3 Conclusions.................................................................................................................................................... 64 5.4 References...................................................................................................................................................... 65 Chapter 6. Summary ................................................................................................................................. 71 Chapter 7. Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................. 75 Declaration ................................................................................................................................................. 79 Chapter 8. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. 81 Chapter 9. Curriculum
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