Sierra Leone: the Citizenship Act of 1973
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Emperor Hirohito (1)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R
The original documents are located in Box 27, folder “State Visits - Emperor Hirohito (1)” of the Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Ron Nessen donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 27 of The Ron Nessen Papers at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN ~ . .,1. THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN A Profile On the Occasion of The Visit by The Emperor and Empress to the United States September 30th to October 13th, 1975 by Edwin 0. Reischauer The Emperor and Empress of japan on a quiet stroll in the gardens of the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. Few events in the long history of international relations carry the significance of the first visit to the United States of the Em peror and Empress of Japan. Only once before has the reigning Emperor of Japan ventured forth from his beautiful island realm to travel abroad. On that occasion, his visit to a number of Euro pean countries resulted in an immediate strengthening of the bonds linking Japan and Europe. -
Executive Detention
NYSBA REPORT ON EXECUTIVE DETENTION, HABEAS CORPUS AND THE MILITARY COMMISSIONS ACT OF 2006 NEW YORK STATE BAR ASSOCIATION’S COMMITTEE ON CIVIL RIGHTS MAY 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY.............................................................................. 1 A. The Guantanamo Detainees....................................................................... 2 B. Report Summary ........................................................................................ 7 I. HISTORY OF HABEAS CORPUS..................................................................... 12 A. The Origins of Habeas Corpus: England ................................................. 12 B. Extra-Territorial Application of Habeas Corpus at Common Law.......... 15 C. Early American Habeas Law ................................................................... 17 D. Early American Extension of Habeas Corpus to Aliens and Alien Enemy Combatants .................................................................................. 20 E. American Suspension of Habeas Corpus................................................. 23 F. World War II and the Extension of Habeas Corpus to Enemy Aliens ....................................................................................................... 28 G. Relevant Post-World War II Habeas Developments ............................... 33 H. Adequate and Effective Habeas Substitute.............................................. 37 II. LAWS OF WAR REGARDING ENEMY COMBATANTS PRE- SEPTEMBER 11TH ........................................................................................... -
Annex 2 Composition of Oral and Injectable Estrogen–Progestogen Contraceptives
ANNEX 2 COMPOSITION OF ORAL AND INJECTABLE ESTROGEN–PROGESTOGEN CONTRACEPTIVES Annex 2 lists the composition of brands of estrogen–progestogen preparations used in combined injectables (Table 1), combined oral (Table 2) and phasic oral (Table 3) contraceptives. The countries in which these formulations are used are noted. Are listed only those brands for which availability was reported. The source of these tables is the International Planned Parenthood Foundation (IPPF). Data have been taken from the IPPF 2002 website [http://contraceptive.ippf.org] at the time of the monograph meeting (June 2005). This online site is regularly updated. Table 1. Combined injectables Brand name Composition Countries of availability Acefil Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg Paraguay + estradiol enanthate 10 mg Agurin Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg Chile + estradiol enanthate 10 mg Anafertin Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 75 mg El Salvador, Mexico + estradiol enanthate 5 mg Ciclofem Medroxyprogesterone acetate 25 mg Guatemala + estradiol cypionate 5 mg Ciclofemina Medroxyprogesterone acetate 25 mg El Salvador + estradiol cypionate 5 mg Ciclomes Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg Paraguay + estradiol enanthate 10 mg Ciclovular Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg Brazil + estradiol enanthate 10 mg Clinomin Dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg Paraguay + estradiol enanthate 10 mg Cyclofem Medroxyprogesterone acetate 25 mg Chile, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, + estradiol cypionate 5 mg Panama, Zimbabwe Cyclofemina Medroxyprogesterone -
Crystal City Family Internment Camp Brochure
CRYSTAL CITY FAMILY INTERNMENT CAMP Enemy Alien Internment in Texas CRYSTAL CITY FAMILY during World War II INTERNMENT CAMP Enemy Alien Internment in Texas Acknowledgements during World War II The Texas Historical Commission (THC) would like to thank the City of Crystal City, the Crystal City Independent School District, former Japanese, German, and Italian American and Latin American internees and their families and friends, as well as a host of historians who have helped with the preparation of this project. For more information on how to support the THC’s military history program, visit thcfriends.org/donate. This project is assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Japanese American Confinement Sites Grant Program. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the THC and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior. TEXAS HISTORICAL COMMISSION 08/20 “Inevitably, war creates situations which Americans would not countenance in times of peace, such as the internment of men and women who were considered potentially dangerous to America’s national security.” —INS, Department of Justice, 1946 Report Shocked by the December 7, 1941, Empire came from United States Code, Title 50, Section 21, of Japan attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii that Restraint, Regulation, and Removal, which allowed propelled the United States into World War II, one for the arrest and detention of Enemy Aliens during government response to the war was the incarceration war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Proclamation of thousands No. 2525 on December 7, 1941 and Proclamations No. -
World Bank Document
WDP-89 Public Disclosure Authorized World Bank Discussion Papers AfricaTechnical Department Series Implementing Public Disclosure Authorized Educational Policies in Utganda Public Disclosure Authorized Cooper F. Odaet Public Disclosure Authorized V. & r ''k Recent World Bank Discussion Papers No. 32 Tenancy in South Asia. Inderjit Singh No. 33 Land and Labor in South Asia. lnderjit Singh No. 35 Global Trends in Real ExchiangeRates. Adrian Wood No. 36 Income Distribution and Economic Development in Malawi: Some Historical Perspectives.Frederic L. Pryor No. 37 Income Distribution and Economic Development in Madagascar:Some Historical Perspectives.Frederic L. Pryor No. 38 Quality Controls of Traded Commodities and Services in DevelopinigCountries. Simon Rottenberg and Bruce Yandle No. 39 Livestock Productionin North Africa and the 1MiddleEast: Problemsand Perspectives.John C. Glenn [Also available in French (39F)j No. 40 Nongovernmental Organizations and Local Development. Michael M. Cemea [Also available in Spanish (40S)] No. 41 Patterns of Development: 1950 to 1983. Moises Syrquin and Hollis Chenery No. 42 Voluntary Debt-Reduction Operations: Bolivia, iMexico, and Beyond... Ruben Lamdany No. 43 Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis and Explanation. Susan Cochranc and S.M. Farid No. 44 Adjustment Programsand Social We!fare. Elaine Zuckerman No. 45 Primary School Teachers' Salaries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Manuel Zymelman andJoseph DeStefano No. 46 Education and Its Relation to Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Distribution: Past Evidence and Further Analysis. Jandhyala B.G. Tilak No. 47 InternationalMacroeconomic Adjustment, 1987-1992. Robert E. King and Helena Tang No. 48 Contract Plans and Public Enterprise Performance.John Nellis [Also available in French (48F)] No. 49 Improving Nutrition in India: Policiesand Programsand Their 1imlpact. -
Country Coding Units
INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) . -
Expulsion of Aliens
United Nations A/CN.4/565 General Assembly Distr.: General 10 July 2006 Original: English International Law Commission Fifty-eighth session Geneva, 1 May-9 June and 3 July-11 August 2006 Expulsion of aliens Memorandum by the Secretariat Summary The present study was prepared to assist the International Law Commission in the consideration of the topic of the expulsion of aliens. The study endeavours to provide a comprehensive analysis of the possible issues which may require consideration in the context of the present topic. It further provides an analytical summary of the relevant legal materials contained in treaty law, international jurisprudence, other international documents, national legislation and national jurisprudence. It surveys relevant materials adopted at the international level, the regional level as well as the national level. It also reproduces the relevant extracts of the various legal materials for ease of reference. The study is based on the premise that every State has the right to expel aliens. However, this right is subject to general limitations as well as specific substantive and procedural requirements. Traditionally, the right of expulsion was subject to general limitations such as the prohibition of abuse of rights, the principle of good faith, the prohibition of arbitrariness and standards relating to the treatment of aliens. Contemporary international human rights law has had a significant impact on the law relating to the expulsion of aliens in terms of the development of more specific substantive and procedural requirements. Recent trends in national law and practice with respect to the expulsion of aliens suspected of involvement in international terrorism may raise issues with respect to compliance with these requirements. -
Statelesness
Ausgabe 1, Band 5 – November 2009 Statelesness Hannah Arendt Berkeley [pencilled] 4/22/55 Vorbemerkung der Redaktion: Unter dem Titel „Statelessness“ und dem Datum 22. April 1955 hat Hannah Arendt eine vierseitige Vortragsskizze hinterlassen, die unter den „Hannah Arendt Papers“ der Library of Congress eingesehen werden kann. Das Manuskript enthält ausserdem von Arendts Hand den Hinweis „Berkeley“, woraus zu schließen ist, dass es sich um einen Vortrag an der University of California at Berkeley handelt, wo Arendt im Frühjahrssemester 1955 lehrte. In einem Brief vom Dienstag, den 19. April 1955, schreibt Arendt an ihren Mann, Heinrich Blücher: „Morgen muß ich im Historiker-Club sprechen, Freitag bei den Vereinigten Soziologen und Political Science-Studenten [...]“. Der letztgenannten Vortragsverpflichtung ordnen wir das Manuskript „Statelessness“ zu. Wir haben es transkribiert, durchgesehen und reproduzieren es hier mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Hannah Arendt Bluecher Literary Trust. Zur Erläuterung sei noch angefügt: - John Hope Simpson veröffentlichte 1939 sein Buch The Refugee Problem, auf das sich Hannah Arendt offenbar bezieht. - Mit „Childs“ ist wahrscheinlich der folgende Titel gemeint, den Hannah Arendt mehrfach in Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft zitiert: Stephen Lawford Childs, „Refugees – A Permanent Problem in International Organization“, in: War Is Not Inevitable, Problems of Peace, 13th series published by the International Labor Office, London 1938. 1. Topical problem even in this country. 2. Recent phenomenon after WWI: Before this a freak: either de nationalité indeterminée or denaturalization by US. Both not important, except the only ones which are recognized. 3. Important after WWI. After WWI: Russia, Armenia, Hungary, Italy, Germany, the Balkans, Spanish Army. Spread after WWII. -
Italian Secrets: How Omertà Kept an Experience Quiet by Raul A
Italian Secrets: How Omertà Kept An Experience Quiet By Raul A. Rubio Fort Missoula, Montana. 1942. Courtesy of the K. Ross Toole Archives, University of Montana at Missoula (Number 84-295, Pierce Coll.) Densho ID: denshopd-i44-00003 “In silence and movement you can show the reflection of people.” – Marcel Marceau Upon hearing the word, internment, a slew of images and connotations materialize without control. These images are not fictitious. They are very real. A train station is pictured. A long line of men in suits and women in pearls stand on the platform for that train. The children cling to each other and to their mother’s coats. A lone suitcase, erect and still and as honorable as those whose lives are on the verge of uncertainty. Internment. The images are inescapable. The sad story of what Americans can do when gripped with fear to a people whose only crime was the possession of a last name, a language, and a culture. The Japanese were taken from their homes, their businesses destroyed, and their families shattered. These are the images that emerge when the word internment is spoken. Most of the narrative, scholarship, and history of internment, center on the Japanese and Japanese American experience. This is terribly incomplete. The U.S. had declared war on Japan. The enemies were the Japanese. There were, however, other enemies. These enemies were branded “enemy aliens.” The “enemy aliens” were not exclusively Japanese. The U.S. was entering a world war against not only the Japanse, but also the Axis Powers. The Axis Powers were our enemies. -
1966 No. 575 the Guyana Independence Order 1966
135 ST ATUTORY INSTRUMENTS 1966 No. 575 The Guyana Independence Order 1966 Made 16th May 1966 Laid before Parliament Coming into Operation Sections 4 and 13 16th May 1966 Remainder 26th May 1966 At the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 16th day of May 1966 Present, The Queen's Most Excellent Majesty in Council Her Majesty, by virtue and in exercise of the powers vested in Iler by sections 6 and 7 of the Guyana Independence Act 1966(a) and of all other powers enabling Her in that behalf, is pleased, by and with the advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it is hereby ordtred, as follows:- " 1.-(1) This Order may be cited as the Guyana Independence Citation, commenc:io- Order 1966. ment and (2) Subject to the provisions of sections 4 and 13 of thisOrder , canstructioo. 1 this Order shall l:Ome into operation on 26th May 1966 (in this Order - referred to as " the appointed day"). (3 ) Save where the context otherwise requires, expressions used in sections I to 19 (inclusive) of this Order have the same meanill:g as in the Constitution set out in Schedule 2 to this Order and the provisions of article 125 of that Constitution sha11 apply for the purpose of interpreting those sections as they apply for the purpose of inter preting that Constitution. (4) References in article 92 of the said Constitution to any question as to the interpretation of that Constitution shall be construed as in cluding references to any question as to the interpretation of any provision of this Order. -
ITALIANS in the UNITED STATES DURING WORLD WAR II Mary
LAW, SECURITY, AND ETHNIC PROFILING: ITALIANS IN THE UNITED STATES DURING WORLD WAR II Mary Elizabeth Basile Chopas A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2013 Approved by: Wayne E. Lee Richard H. Kohn Eric L. Muller Zaragosa Vargas Heather Williams ©2013 Mary Elizabeth Basile Chopas ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Mary Elizabeth Basile Chopas: Law, Security, and Ethnic Profiling: Italians in the United States During World War II (under the direction of Wayne E. Lee) The story of internment and other restrictions during World War II is about how the U.S. government categorized persons within the United States from belligerent nations based on citizenship and race and thereby made assumptions about their loyalty and the national security risk that they presented. This dissertation examines how agencies of the federal government interacted to create and enact various restrictions on close to 700,000 Italian aliens residing in the United States, including internment for certain individuals, and how and why those policies changed during the course of the war. Against the backdrop of wartime emergency, federal decision makers created policies of ethnic-based criteria in response to national security fears, but an analysis of the political maturity of Italian Americans and their assimilation into American society by World War II helps explain their community’s ability to avoid mass evacuation and internment. Based on the internment case files for 343 individuals, this dissertation provides the first social profile of the Italian civilian internees and explains the apparent basis for the government’s identification of certain aliens as “dangerous,” such as predilections for loyalty to Italy and Fascist beliefs, as opposed to the respectful demeanor and appreciation of American democracy characterizing potentially good citizens. -
Supreme Court of the United States
No. 16-136 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States GOVERNMENT OF BELIZE, Petitioner, v. BCB HOLDINGS LIMITED AND BELIZE BANK LIMITED, Respondents. On Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF OF THE GOVERNMENT OF GUYANA SUPPORTING THE GOVERNMENT OF BELIZE’S PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI BENJAMIN G. SHATZ Counsel of Record MANATT, PHELPS & PHILLIPS, LLP 11355 West Olympic Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90064 [email protected] (310) 312-4000 Counsel for Amicus Curiae The Government of Guyana i TABLE OF CONTENTS BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE ..........................1 INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE ...................1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ...........................5 REASONS FOR GRANTING THE PETITION .................................................7 I. The CCJ Is Vitally Important To The Caribbean Region’s Goals Of Independence And Solidarity .............7 II. The CCJ’s Opinion In This Case Is Of Utmost Importance Because It Addresses Foundational Issues Of Democratic Government .................. 11 CONCLUSION ................................................ 13 ii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES BCB Holdings Ltd. v. Attorney General of Belize, CCJ Appeal No. CV 7 of 2012 ............... 11–12 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, Article V(2)(b) .............................................. 12 1 BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE The Government of Guyana submits this brief in support of the Government of Belize’s petition for certiorari.1 INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE The Co-operative Republic of Guyana is a sovereign nation on the northern coast of South America, bordering Venezuela, Brazil, Suriname and the Caribbean Sea. Like Belize, Guyana is intimately tied geographically, culturally, historically, linguistically, and politically to the Caribbean region.2 1 Counsel for the Government of Guyana authored this brief in whole and no other person or entity made a monetary contribution to the preparation or submission of this brief.