DOCSLIB.ORG

The Growth and Rebranding of the Olympic Winter Games: 1908 to 2022*

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Growth and Rebranding of the Olympic Winter Games: 1908 to 2022* The Growth and Rebranding of the Olympic Winter Games: 1908 to 2022* By Richard Baka "The Seed is Sown”: 1908 to 1921» - Winter Sports in the Summer Games and the Emergence of a Stand-Alone Event Suppltm -nfo della Gazzctta del Popolo A ~ - IV N . f m , .* IV H..- l»M From 1896 to 1904 the Olympic Games were solely the domain of summer sports, with no winter sports included in the programme. Shortly after this, figure skating was included in the 1908 London Summer Games and the 1920 Antwerp Summer Games. Likewise, ice hockey was added as an event at the 1920 Summer Olympics. Since both of these sports could be played indoors and did not rely on winter weather conditions it was obvious as to why they were the first winter sports chosen to be in the Summer Games fixture. There is reasonably strong support for the Winter A successful trial: the Olympic Games having their origins in the Nordic International Winter Games, a regional event that preceded the Winter Sport Week 1921, in Games. As Ron Edgeworth pointed out: Chamonix was recog­ The Nordic Games took place between 1901 and 1926, nised retrospectively mostly in Stockholm, Sweden. They began, and were two years later as the perpetuated, largely by the work of the influential first Olympic Winter Swedish sports administrator, Viktor Gustaf Balck. The Games. Left: the Italian Nordic Games were not without political problems, team in a romanticised nor were they originally planned as precursors to representation. It was the Olympic Winter Games, as often stated. In fact, customary that the despite Balck's influential status on the IOC, he and athletes carried their Introduction other Swedish and Norwegian sporting leaders sports equipment with opposed early suggestions to start Olympic Winter them at the Opening As the Summer Olympic Games have expanded and Games. The Olympic Winter Games themselves began Ceremony. grown to the point of earning the label of the world’s only after several heated IOC debates concerning their Photos: Vulker Kluge Archive number one sporting event, obviously an enormous merits. The Nordic Games ended after 1926, partly body of knowledge hcs accumulated. In contrast, there because of the growth of the Olympic Winter Games, have been more limited investigations and research on partly because of Balck's death and the loss of his the Winter Games - as a type of poor relation. However, leadership, and partly because of the growth of the with the growing popularity of the Winter Games, an Fédération Internationale de Ski.h increasing number of investigations have emerged. One of the classics in tnis category is The Complete Book on the Winter Olympic Games' - a type of reference R ich ard B ak a *1951. BPE, BA, MA, Ph.D. He has been encyclopaedia covering many facets of this multi-sport employed at Victoria University in Melbourne, Australia. event. Research specific to analyzing the growth and Dr. Baka teaches a number of subjects in the College of Sport and Exercise Science including 'Olympic Studies' and expansion of the Wint?r Games is limited but studies by supervises postgraduate students. His main area of research Baka", Winterton and Hess3 illustrate that information is the Olympic Movement. He has written numerous research in this field is expanding. Three time periods were papers. An Olympic-themed book which he co-edited with Dr. Robert Hess titled On the Periphery: New Perspectives on identified after reviewing the Winter Olympic Games the Olympic Movement (2013). and how they have grown in scope over their history. The American Jennison Due to ongoing lobbying by winter sports federations Heaton was victorious and a desire to placate Olympic nations with a winter ontheCresta Run in sports culture, the IOC reacted by staging the 1924 the skeleton at the International Winter Sports Week in Chamonix, France 1928 Games. At this with six sports comprising nine sports disciplines-figure time there was only a skating, speed skating, curling, ice hockey, cross-country piste in St. Moritz, so skiing, ski jumping, nordic combined, military patrol this sport disappeared and bobsleigh. This first event proved to be successful from the Olympic enough that during the IOC's 1926 Congress it retroactively programme only to renamed this event the First Winter Olympic Games. From return in 2002. then on, the Winter Games became entrenched as a permanent fixture in the Olympic Games schedule. Photo. Volker Kluge Archive medals and 258 athletes. But this quadrennial event "Stabilization and Slow Steady Growth": grew steadily overthenexteightdecades with only WW2 The Winter Olympic Games from 1928 to 1992 causing a disruption as the 1940 and 1944 events were cancelled alongwith the summer version. Bythe 1992 This era was characterized by a period of steady growth Albertville Winter Games the steady expansion saw an in the number of participating nations, the number increase in this sporting event to include 64 nations, of sports and events and the number of athletes. For 57 sports events, 171 medals and 1801 athletes a very example, at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Games there substantial growth when compared to the first Winter were 16 nations represented with 16 sports events, 49 Games (See Ta b le . Table 1: Olympic Winter Year of Games/Host City No. of NOCs/No. of Sports No. of athletes No. print media/ No. of Games Statistics and No. of Disciplines/ (males/females) No. broadcast volunteers Figures1 No. of Events staff No.of Medals 1924 Chamonix 16/6/9/16/49 258 (11F, 247M) 1928 St. Moritz 25/4 /8 /14/3 9 * 464 (26F, 438M) 1932 Lake Placid 17/I+/7/1I+/4 2 252 (21F, 231M) 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 2 8/4 /8 /17/51 6i+6 (80F, 566M) 1948 St. Moritz 28U+/9/22/66 6 6 9 (77F, 592M) 1952 Oslo 30rl+/8/22/66 694 O09F, 585M) 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 32/4 /8 /24 /72 821 (i3i+F, 687M) 1960 Squaw Valley 30.4/8/27/81 665 (li+i+F, 521M) 1964 Innsbruck 36.6/10/34/104 1091 (149F, 892M) 1968 Grenoble 37/6 /10/35/117* 1158 (211F, 947M) 1972 Sapporo 35'6 /io /35/io 5 1006 (205F, 801M) 1976 Innsbruck 37/6/10/37/111 1123 (231F, 892M) 1980 Lake Placid 37/6/10/38/114 1072 (232F, 840M) 1984 Sarajevo 4 9 /6 /10/39/117 1272 (274 F, 9 9 8 M) 2363/5630 10,450 1988 Calgary 57/6 /10/4 6/138 1423 (301F.1122M) 2477/4361 9.498 1992 Albertville 6 4 /6 /12/57/171 1801 (i+28F, 1313M) 2271'3623 6,647 1994 Lillehammer 67/6/12/61/183 1737 (522F, 1215M) 2615/4018 9.054 1998 Nagano 72/7/14 /6 8 /20I+ 2176 (522F, 1215M) 2856/5743 32,000 2002 Salt Lake City 77*7/15/78/236 2398 (8 8 6 F, 1513M 266/6069 22,000 2006 Turin 8 C/7/15/8 4 /252 2508 <96oF,15l*8M) 268 3/6720 18,000 2010 Vancouver 82/7/15/86/258 2566 (lOi+t+F, 1522M) 2803/8000 18,500 2014 Sochi 88/7/15/98/295* 2873 (1120F, 1753M) 13,477 25,000 2018 PyeongChang ?/7/l5/l02/306 2900 (Estimate) •sometimes extra medals were awarded due to a tie in one of the top three placings Year of Games/ Demonstration Sport(s) Addition of NevTSports & Dropping of Sports Host City Disciplines 1908 London figure skating 1920 Antwerp figure skating, ice hockey 1924 Chamonix bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, figure skating speed skating, military patrol, nordicskiing, ski jurrping, nordic combined, skeleton 1928 St. Moritz military patrol curling skijoring 1932 Lake Placid sled dog racing, speed skating - military patrol women, curling skijoring, skeleton 1936 Garmisch­ military patrol alpineskiing curling, s ed dog racing Partenkirchen ice stock sport speed skating - women 1948 St. Moritz military patrol, winter pentathlon skeleton 1952 Oslo bandy skeleton, military patrol, winter pentathlon 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo bandy 1960 Squaw Valley biathlon, speed skating - women bobsleigh 1964 Innsbruck ice stock sport luge, bobsleigh 1968 Grenoble Ice dancing ice stock sport 1972 Sapporo ice dancing 1976 Innsbruck Ice dancing 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo disabled alpine skiing - men 1988 Calgary freestyle, short trace, curling disabled alpine & nordic skiing 1992 Albertville speed skiing freestyle - moguls, short track disabled alpine & nordic skiing 1994 Lillehammer freestyle skiing - aerials curling, freestyle - moguls, speed skiing 1998 Nagano freestyle - moguls, curling, snowtoarding, ice lockey - women 2002 Salt Lake City skeleton, bobsleigh - women 2006/10 Turin/VancoL ver 2014 Sochi added 12 new events (refer to text) 2018 PyeongChang added four newevents (referto text) snowboard parallel slalom What about alterations to the sports events on the ate.) added overthe ensuing years. Skeleton appeared on Table 2: Adding/ programme? Over the course of the Winter Games there the programme in 1928 and 1948 and then was off the Dropping of Winter have been as few as four sports, seven disciplines and 14 schedule for 54 yea ts before reappearing in 2202. Finally, Games' Demonstration events up to as many as nine sports, 15 discipli ne sand bobsleigh was in eve'y Winter Games apart from 1960 in Sports, Sports & 102 events (See Table 1). Curling which appeared in 1924 Squaw Valley5 (SeeTab e2). Disciplines." was dropped from the programme in 1928, and then During this era, tie host cities for Winter-Games also had demonstration status for the 1932, 1988 and 1992 eventually moved away from the dominant European Games. The popular sport of alpine skiing made its first theatre w th the event held in 1932 and -980 in Lake appearance in 1936 and has remained one of the key Placid (USA), 1960 in Squaw Valley (USA), 19): in Sapporo fixtures of every Winter Games since that t me.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Commodification Process of Extreme Sports: The
    THE COMMODIFICATION PROCESS OF uncertainty. He also defined the risk sports "as a variety of EXTREME SPORTS: THE DIFFUSION OF THE self-initiated activities that generally occur in natural­ X-GAMES BY ESPN environment settings and that, due to their always uncertain and potentially harmful nature, provide the opportunity for Chang Huh intense cognitive and affective involvement" (p. 53). The origin of using the word "extreme" in those activities goes Ph.D. Candidate in Park, Recreation, and Tourism back to the 1970s in France-when two Frenchmen referred Resources, Michigan State University, 172 Natural to their conquest of Chamonix couloirs as "ski extreme" Resources Building, East Lansing, MI 48824 (Youngblut, 1998). Youngblut described the word "extreme" as "far beyond the bounds of moderation; Byoung Kwan Lee exceeding what is considered reasonable; radical" (p. 24). Pedersen and Kelly (2000) contended that the term Ph.D. Candidate in Journalism and Communications, "extreme" was used in the context of sports to describe any University of Florida, 2096 Weimer Hall, Gainesville, FL sporting activity that was taken to "the edge." Then, they 32611 defined it as "a variety of sporting activities that have almost nothing in common except for high risk and an EuidongYoo appeal to females and males from the ages of 12_to_34" (p. 1). Synthesizing the definitions of Robinson and Pedersen Ph.D. Candidate in Physical Education, Florida State and Kelly, extreme sports are defined as a variety of University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 individual sporting activities that challenge against uncertain and harmful nature to achieve the enjoyment itself, especially, among the young generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Rules for Orienteering USA Sanctioned Events March, 2018
    March 16, 2018 Rules for Orienteering USA Sanctioned Events March, 2018 Table of Contents A Rules for Foot Orienteering Events ................................................................................................... 5 A.1 Application and Enforcement of the Rules .............................................................................................. 5 A.2 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................ 5 A.3 Classification of Competitions ................................................................................................................. 5 A.4 Sanctioning .............................................................................................................................................. 6 A.5 Key Personnel .......................................................................................................................................... 7 A.6 Reports and Fees ..................................................................................................................................... 8 A.7 Secrecy and Embargo ............................................................................................................................... 8 A.8 Event Announcements ............................................................................................................................. 8 A.9 Orienteering USA Calendar .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Canada Trivia Questions
    Canada Trivia Questions WHICH CANADIAN CITY IS CONSIDERED “HOLLYWOOD NORTH”? Vancouver. The city is second in TV production and third for feature film production in North America (behind Los Angeles and New York). HOW MANY POINTS DOES THE MAPLE LEAF ON THE FLAG HAVE? It’s got 11 points in all. WHICH CITY IS HOME TO NORTH AMERICA’S LARGEST MALL? Edmonton, Alberta. Home to the West Edmonton Mall, this massive shopping center has an entire waterpark within its walls! WHICH CANADIAN CHAIN FIRST OPENED IN HAMILTON IN 1964 It’s the Canadian classic, Tim Hortons. And has it ever grown. As of December 2018, the coffee chain had over 4,846 restaurants in 14 countries. HOW MANY OLYMPIC GAMES HAVE BEEN HOSTED IN CANADA? Canada has hosted the Olympics games three times; the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. WHAT IS CANADA’S NATIONAL SPORT? Trick question – We’ve got two! Hockey and Lacrosse are our national sports, as declared by the “National Sports of Canada Act”. WHICH CITY HAS THE MOST RESTAURANTS PER CAPITA IN CANADA? Montreal. While reports vary, most studies find that the Quebec City leads the pack with nearly 27 restaurants per 10,000 people. WHICH CANADIAN CITY RANKS AS THE MOST EDUCATED IN THE COUNTRY? It’s the nation’s capital, Ottawa with just over 1/3 of their adult population having a university degree. WHAT IS THE MOST PURCHASED GROCERY ITEM IN CANADA? It’s the Canadian classic, Kraft Dinner. Surveys show it is our nation’s go-to pick when we go shopping.
    [Show full text]
  • From Brighton to Helsinki
    From Brighton to Helsinki Women and Sport Progress Report 1994-2014 Kari Fasting Trond Svela Sand Elizabeth Pike Jordan Matthews 1 ISSN: 2341-5754 Publication of the Finnish Sports Confederation Valo 6/2014 ISBN 978-952-297-021-3 2 From Brighton to Helsinki Women and Sport Progress Report 1994-2014 Kari Fasting, Trond Svela Sand, Elizabeth Pike, Jordan Matthews IWG Helsinki 2014 1 Foreword: Address from the IWG Co-Chair 2010 – 2014 in sport at all levels and in all functions and roles. The variety and number of organisations engaged in this work is remarkable, and the number con- tinues to grow. Twenty years marks a point in the history of the Brighton Declaration, where we can and must review the implementation of this document. The ‘From Brighton to Helsinki’ IWG Progress Report provides examples of initiatives that have been undertaken by Brighton Declaration signatories and Catalyst-subscribers to empower women. In spite of these efforts, the latest data shows that in some areas progress has been limited. The IWG Progress Report offers a chance to evaluate the Dear friends, measures already taken and sheds light on the Twenty years have passed quickly. I wonder if new goals and actions that we must adopt in order to take further steps toward our mission: ‘Empow- Women and Sport in 1994 in Brighton, UK, ever ering women – advancing sport’. imagined how things would have developed by 2014. The Brighton Declaration on Women and On behalf of the International Working Group on Sport has been endorsed by more than 400 or- Women and Sport (IWG) I would like to express ganisations worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Sports and Your Feet
    Winter Sports And Your Feet Winter's Own Sports Under the pastoral beauty of a blanket of fresh-fallen snow, the outdoors beckons. For a while, winter doesn't feel quite so cold, and people of all ages feel a sense of youthful excitement about bundling up and getting outside. From the downhill rush of snow skiing or sledding, to rough-and-tumble ice hockey or placid casual skating, winter provides a fast track for fun and cardiovascular health. In the absence of long, sunny days, winter sports provide the exercise active Americans otherwise couldn't get without being cooped up in a gym. High speeds attained on skis and skates make for exhilarating sports but expose the body to injuries. Healthy feet and ankles, which act together as accelerators, steering, brakes, and shock absorbers in winter sports, are not only crucial to success in competition but also help keep the body upright and out of the emergency room. Any problems with the foot or ankle could have serious repercussions for winter sports participants. Preventing Cold Feet Without warm, dry clothes, any wintertime outdoor activity is a potential health risk. Proper footwear--insulated, waterproof boots or shoes--is as important as coats, hats, or gloves in the outdoors during the winter. Socks are also important. Podiatric physicians recommend a single pair of thick socks made of acrylic fibers, or a blend including them, that "wick" away moisture caused by perspiration in the boot. Feet soaked in snow should get back indoors quickly. In sub-freezing temperatures, soaked feet are in immediate danger of frostbite, a serious, painful condition that can result in loss of toes.
    [Show full text]
  • Finland in the Olympic Games Medals Won in the Olympics
    Finland in the Olympic Games Medals won in the Olympics Medals by winter sport Medals by summer sport Sport Gold Silver Bronz Total e Sport Gol Silv Bron Total Athletics 48 35 31 114 d er ze Wrestling 26 28 29 83 Cross-country skiing 20 24 32 76 Gymnastics 8 5 12 25 Ski jumping 10 8 4 22 Canoeing 5 2 3 10 Speed skating 7 8 9 24 Shooting 4 7 10 21 Nordic combined 4 8 2 14 Rowing 3 1 3 7 Freestyle skiing 1 2 1 4 Boxing 2 1 11 14 Figure skating 1 1 0 2 Sailing 2 2 7 11 Biathlon 0 5 2 7 Archery 1 1 2 4 Weightlifting 1 0 2 3 Ice hockey 0 2 6 8 Modern pentathlon 0 1 4 5 Snowboarding 0 2 1 3 Alpine skiing 0 1 0 1 Swimming 0 1 3 4 Curling 0 1 0 1 Total* 100 84 116 300 Total* 43 62 57 162 Paavo Nurmi • Paavo Johannes Nurmi born in 13th June 1897 • Was a Finnish middle-long-distance runner. • Nurmi set 22 official world records at distance between 1500 metres and 20 kilometres • He won a total of nine gold and three silver medals in his twelve events in the Olympic Games. • 1924 Olympics, Paris Lasse Virén • Lasse Arttu Virén was born in 22th July 1949. • He is a Finnish former long-distance runner • Winner of four gold medals at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics. • München 10 000m Turin Olympics 2006 Ice Hockey • In the winter Olymipcs year 2006 in Turin, the Finnish ice hockey team won Russia 4-0 in the semifinal.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Sport Competitions
    APES 1(2011) 2:225-227 Šiljak, V and Boškan, V. : MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ... MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS UDC: 796.09 (100) (091) (Professional peper ) Violeta Šiljak and Vesna Boškan Alfa University, Faculty of Management in Sport, Belgrade, Serbia Abstract Apart from the Olympic games, world championships, the university students games – The Universiade, there are many other regional sport movements organized as well. The World Games, the Asian Games, the Panamerican Games, the Commonwealth Games, the Balkan Games and so on, are some of multi-sport competitions all having the mutual features of competitions in numerous sports which last for several days. Some sports which are not a part of the Olympic Games programme are included into these world/regional games. These games are organized with the intention of impro- ving international sport/competitions. Keywords: Olympic games, World Games, students games, regional sports Introduction Games Association under the patronage of the Multi-sports competitions are organized sports International Olympic Committee. Some of the events that last several days and include competi- sports that were in the program of the World tion in great number of sports/events. The Olympic Games have become the Olympic disciplines (such Games as the first modern multi-sport event serve as triathlon), while some of them used to Olympic as a model for organizing all other major multi- sports in the past, but not any more (such as rope sports competitions. These several-day events are pulling). The selection of sports at the last World held in a host city, where the winners are awarded Games was done based on the criterion adopted by medals and competitions are mostly organized the IOC on August 12, 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • Special-Sessions-1998-37941-600-21
    INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY 6th INTERNATIONAL POST GRADUATE SEMINAR 1/5-12/6/1998 4th JOINT INTERNATIONAL SESSION FOR DIRECTORS OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMIES, MEMBERS AND STAFF OF NATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEES AND INTERNATIONAL SPORTS FEDERATIONS 7-14/5/1998 ANCIENT OLYMPIA ISBN: 960-8144-04-3 ISSN: 1108-6831 Published and edited by the International Olympic Academy. Scientific supervisor: Dr. Konstantinos Georgiadis/IOA Dean. Athens 2000 EPHORIA OF THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY President Nikos FILARETOS (I.O.C. Member) 1st Vice-President Sotiris YAGAS t 2nd Vice-President Georgios MOISSIDIS Dean Konstantinos GEORGIADIS Member ex-officio Lambis NIKOLAOU (I.O.C. Member) Members Dimitris DIATHESSOPOULOS Georgios GEROLIMBOS Ioannis THEODORAKOPOULOS Epaminondas KIRIAZIS Cultural Consultant Panayiotis GRAVALOS Honorary President Juan Antonio SAMARANCH Honorary Vice-President Nikolaos YALOURIS 3 I.O.C. COMMISSION FOR THE INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY AND OLYMPIC EDUCATION President Nikos FILARETOS IOC Member in Greece Vice-President Carol Ann LETHEREN IOC Member in Canada Members Fernando Ferreira Lima BELLO IOC Member in Portugal Valeriy BORZOV IOC Member in Ukraine Ivan DIBOS IOC Member in Peru Francis NYANGWESO IOC Member in Uganda Mohamed ZERGUINI IOC Member in Algeria Representatives George MOISSIDIS Fern. BELTRANENA VALLARADES Rene ROCH Representative of IFs Dieter LANDSBERG-VELEN Representative of IFs Philippe RIBOUD Representative of Athletes Individual Members Helen BROWNLEE (Australia) Conrado DURANTEZ (Spain) Yoon-bang KWON (Korea) Marc MAES (Belgium) Prof. Norbert MUELLER (Germany) 4 PROLOGUE The publication of the proceedings of the IOA's special ses- sions, for the second consecutive year, is one more contribution of the Ephoria of the Academy and the Hellenic Olympic Com- mittee to Olympism and Olympic Education.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginning of the Winter Olympics
    The beginning of the Winter Olympics Artificial ice rinks around Europe lead to figure skating being adopted into the Olympic program as early as the first Olympic congress in Paris in 1894. Even so, skating was not included in the games themselves until 1908 in London. Members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) worked to ensure that Sweden would include winter sports in a program in conjunction with the Olympic summer games in Stockholm in 1912. The Swedes were strongly opposed to this as they had organized the Nordic Games every fourth year since 1901. These games were constituted a set of winter sports, both on skis and skates, and in addition they had skijoring after reindeer and various exercises involving the kick sled. The Nordic Games never achieved the popularity either home or abroad that the Swedes dreamed about. Nevertheless, they fought tooth and nail against the various attempts to include winter sports in the Olympic program. A key player in this opposition movement was Victor Balck, a man who was the driving force behind the Nordic Games at the same time that he was Vice President of the IOC. In 1914, the Norwegian Ski Federation (NSF) had a different perspective on the question of winter Olympic Games. Following a request from Germany, the NSF supported the idea of an Olympic winter event in conjunction with the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1916. At the Olympic Congress in Paris in June of 1914, it was Norway that formally proposed that winter Olympic Games be held in Feldberg in the Black Forest (Schwarzwald) the winter before the Berlin games.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio – Political Participation of Youth in North Macedonia: Apathy, Optimism Or Disappointment?
    Socio – Political Participation of Youth in North Macedonia: Apathy, Optimism or Disappointment? Study 2019 Western Balkans Democracy Initiative Western Balkans Democracy Initiative 1 Project: Western Balkans Democracy Initiative Publisher: Westminster Foundation for Democracy, North Macedonia For the publisher: Damir Neziri, Country Representative Author: Martin Galevski Assistant researcher: Borjan Eftimov Editors: Damir Neziri, Dona Kosturanova Telephone polling: Tim Institut Design: KOMA Language editing: Arben Imeri Year of publishing: 2019 Skopje, December 2019 The preparation of this analysis was supported by the Western Balkans Democracy Initiative, a programme of the Westminster Foundation for Democracy. The content of this analysis does not necessarily reflect the position or the opinions of Westminster Foundation for Democracy or the British Government. Socio – Political Participation of Youth in North Macedonia: Apathy, Optimism or Disappointment? Study 2019 Western Balkans Democracy Initiative Contents 006 008 010 INTRODUCTION KEY FINDINGS FROM METHODOLOGY THE SURVEY 14 Limitations of the study 016 MAPPING THE YOUTH SITUATION IN NORTH MACEDONIA: A DESKTOP ANALYSIS 17 Historical overview of the situation with youth in North Macedonia 23 Institutional framework: actors and structures 26 Youth Organizations: current situation and challenges 28 Challenges facing youth in North Macedonia Unemployment Migration Education Youth Engagement in Politics Western Balkans Democracy Initiative 4 038 108 112 FINDINGS FROM THE CONCLUSIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Sport, Science, Knowledge December 2008
    the Meddalistsport, science,a knowledgelist December 2008 Feature Sports Law 6 High performance centres, Institutes, 40 Match-fixing in sport Academies…. are they actually effective…. Is there an alternative? TuksSport Combined School 42 Smart, Resilient, Competitive People 10 Hellebaut: An unlikely champion TuksSport 12 Kanter takes gold in Olympics discus throw 44 TuksSport News14 14 Just Chillin 16 Legend: Professor Ernst Kruger 46 Inside News 20 Retiring with gold 54 On The Sideline High Performance Services 22 Psychology: Self awareness: An interview with your body 26 Visual Skills: Training the eyes that are on the prize 30 Nutrition: Fat as fuel for physical performance 32 G4 National Selections 36 Physiotherapy: Get your cylinder to fire 38 Sport Science and Coaching: Golden thoughts... from Wayne Goldsmith Cover Image: Susan du Toit December 2008 3 Publisher: hpc, PO Box 14622, Hatfield, 0028 The Medalist is published by the hpc. Opinions Tel: +27 12 362 9800, Fax: +27 12 362 9890 expressed in this publication are not neces- Executive Editor: sary those of the hpc and the University of Toby Sutcliffe, [email protected] Pretoria and are believed to be correct at the Managing Editor: time of going to print. No responsibility can be accepted for errors and omissions. Copyright Leonore Jordaan, [email protected] 2005 hpc. All rights reserved. No articles or Layout: photographs may be reproduced, in whole or Maunée Meiring, [email protected] in part, without specific written permission from Printing: the editor. Business Print Centre, Building 29, CSIR TuksSport (Pty) Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of the University of Pretoria and is trading as hpc University of Pretoria 4 December 2008 from the CEO’S OFFICE ow that the euphoria of what was arguably that the 2012 Games will not only be a home games the best ever Olympic Games has died for Team Great Britain, but also for all the European down it is time to ask where to from now.
    [Show full text]
  • Olympic Games Day 1 Olympics Summer Winter Aniket Pawar Special/Paralympics Youth the Original Greek Games
    Olympic Games Day 1 Olympics Summer Winter Aniket Pawar Special/Paralympics Youth The Original Greek Games began in ancient Greece took place every fourth year for several hundred years. The earliest record of the Olympic Games goes back to776 BC. The Original Olympics The only event was a foot race of about 183 meters. They also included competitions in music, oratory and theatre performances. The 18-th Olympics Included wrestling and pentathlon, later Games – chariot races and other sports. In 394 A.D. the games were ended by the Roman emperor Theodosius. Pierre de Coubertin Brought the Olympic Games back to life in 1896. SPORTS IN SUMMER OLYMPICS • The current categories are: ▫ Category A: athletics, aquatics, gymnastics.3 ▫ Category B: basketball, cycling, football, tennis, and volleyball.5 ▫ Category C: archery, badminton, boxing, judo, rowing, shooting, table tennis, and weightlifting.8 ▫ Category D: canoe/kayaking, equestrian, fencing, handball, field hockey, sailing, taekwondo, triathlon, and wrestling.9 ▫ Category E: modern pentathlon, golf, and rugby.3 WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES • held every four years. • The athletes compete in 20 different disciplines (including 5 Paralympics' disciplines). Founder & Beginning • The foundation for the Winter Olympics are Nordic games. • Gustav Viktor Balck - organizer of the Nordic games and a member of the IOC. • The first Summer Olympics with winter sport were in London, in 1908. The first ‘winter sports week’ was planned in 1916, in Berlin, but the Olympics were cancelled because of the outbreak of the World War I. The first true Winter Olympics were in 1924, in Chamonix, France. • In 1986, the IOC decided to separate the Summer and Winter Games on separate years.
    [Show full text]