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UC Merced Frontiers of Biogeography UC Merced Frontiers of Biogeography Title Community structure of woody plants on islands along a bioclimatic gradient Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/63b2p4bz Journal Frontiers of Biogeography, 10(3-4) Authors Borges, Paulo A.V. Cardoso, Pedro Fattorini, Simone et al. Publication Date 2018 DOI 10.21425/F5FBG40295 Supplemental Material https://escholarship.org/uc/item/63b2p4bz#supplemental License CC BY 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California a e-ISSN: 1948-6596 https://escholarship.org/uc/fb doi:10.21425/F5FBG40295 Research Article Community structure of woody plants on islands along a bioclimatic gradient Paulo A.V. Borges1* , Pedro Cardoso1,2* , Simone Fattorini3* , François Rigal1,4 , Thomas J. Matthews1,5,6 , Letizia Di Biase7, Isabel R. Amorim1 , Margarita Florencio1,8,9 , Luis Borda-de-Água10 , Carla Rego1 , Fernando Pereira1, Rui Nunes1, Rui Carvalho1, Maria Teresa Ferreira1, Heriberto López11, Antonio J. Pérez Delgado11,12, Rüdiger Otto13, Silvia Fernández Lugo13, Lea de Nascimento13, Juli Caujapé-Castells14, Juliane Casquet15, Samuel Danflous16, Jacques Fournel17, Anne-Marie Sadeyen17, Rui B. Elias1 , José María Fernández-Palacios13 , Pedro Oromí12 , Christophe Thébaud15 , Dominique Strasberg17 , Brent C. Emerson11,18 *These authors contributed equally to this paper Abstract. Understanding patterns of community structure and the causes for their variation can be furthered by comparative biogeographic 1 cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution analyses of island biotas. We used woody plant data at the local scale to and Environmental Changes / investigate variations in species rarity, alpha, beta, and gamma diversity Azorean Biodiversity Group and within and between three islands from the oceanic archipelagoes of Universidade dos Açores, Rua Azores, Canaries and Mascarene. We used standardized protocols to Capitão João d’Ávila, São Pedro, sample ten 50 m × 50 m forest plots in each of the three islands with 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, contrasting climate and regional species pools: Terceira (Azores), Terceira, Açores, Portugal. Tenerife (Canaries), and Reunion (Mascarene Islands). Occupancy 2 Finnish Museum of Natural History, frequency distributions and species abundance distributions were University of Helsinki, P.O.Box used to investigate rarity. The partitioning of beta diversity in a 17 (Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13), distance-decay framework was used to test for spatial patterns of 00014 Helsinki, Finland community composition. Rarity was much more pronounced in the highly diverse islands of Tenerife and Reunion than in the regionally 3 Department of Life, Health & poorer island of Terceira. The number of species rose faster with Environmental Sciences, University increasing sample area in both Tenerife and Reunion. The slope of of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy the species rank abundance curve was steeper in Terceira whereas 4 CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays the richer island assemblages approached a lognormal model. de l’Adour, Institut des Sciences Compositional changes according to spatial distance were mostly Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie due to replacement of species in Terceira and Reunion. Our results pour l’Environnement et les point to important differences in the community structure of Terceira, Materiaux, MIRA, Environment which is the less diverse and temperate region in comparison to and Microbiology Team, UMR Tenerife and Reunion which are highly diverse. 5254, BP 1155, 64013 Pau Cedex, Key words: Beta diversity partition, distance-decay, islands, rarity, France. species abundance distribution (SAD), species area relationship (SAR) 5 GEES (School of Geography, Earth 8 Departamento de Ecologia, em Biodiversidade e Recursos and Environmental Sciences), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, The University of Birmingham, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485- Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus 661 Vairão, Portugal. Samambaia, CEP 74690-900, 11 Island Ecology and Evolution 6 Birmingham Institute of Forest Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Research, University of Birmingham, Research Group, IPNA-CSIC, C/ 9 Department of Life Sciences, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, University of Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary UK de Henares, Madrid, Spain Islands, Spain. 7 Via Dante Alighieri 60, 00071, 10 REFER Biodiversity Chair, 12 Dept. of Animal Biology and Pomezia, Italy CIBIO - Centro de Investigação Edaphology and Geology, University Frontiers of Biogeography 2018, 10.3-4, e40295 © the authors, CC-BY 4.0 license 1 Borges et al. Tree communities in islands of La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La 15 Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Biologique, UMR 5174 CNRS- UK. Université Paul Sabatier-IRD, Spain. Corresponding author: Paulo A. V. 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 13 Island Ecology and Biogeography Borges, cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Toulouse Cedex 9, France. Group. Instituto Universitario de Evolution and Environmental Changes 16 Conservatoire d’espaces naturels Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud / Azorean Biodiversity Group and de Midi-Pyrénées, 75 Voie du Pública de Canarias, University of Universidade dos Açores - Faculty Toec, BP 57611, F-31076 Toulouse La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, cedex 3, France of Agriculture and Environment, Rua Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Capitão João d’Ávila, São Pedro, 9700- 17 UMR PVBMT, Université de La 14 Jardín Botánico Canario “Viera y Reunion, 15 avenue René Cassin 042 Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Clavijo” - Unidad Asociada CSIC, 97744 Saint Denis Cedex 9, Reunion, Azores, Portugal. Ph: +351.295. Cabildo de Gran Canaria. Camino France. 402200. Paulo A. V. Borges: http:// al Palmeral 15, 35017 Las Palmas 18 School of Biological Sciences, orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-7623 de Gran Canaria (Spain). University of East Anglia, Norwich Email: [email protected] Introduction settings with contrasting climates. Terceira is a young island (3.52 Ma) belonging to the Atlantic archipelago For a given taxonomic group, alpha diversity (i.e., of the Azores (max 8.12 Ma) with low habitat diversity the local species richness), beta diversity (i.e., the (Borges and Hortal 2009, Triantis et al. 2012). Tenerife spatial turnover in species composition), and gamma is an older island (11 Ma) also part of another Atlantic diversity (i.e., the overall diversity at the regional scale) archipelago (the Canaries) with a longer geological are different, albeit interrelated aspects of spatial history (max 21 Ma) and a high diversity of climate variation in species numbers and composition (Legendre classifications (see Montoya-Alonso et al. 2016); it has 2014). These measures of diversity, however, do not a high biological diversity and is a biodiversity hotspot consider different aspects of species rarity. It is often in the Macaronesian region (Fernández-Palacios and the case that researchers only focus on the spatial Whittaker 2008). Finally, Reunion (2.1 Ma) belongs distribution of species (presence-absence data) due to the Mascarene Islands (max 10 Ma), a tropical to the difficulty in obtaining standardized abundance archipelago located in the southwestern Indian Ocean data (Gaston 1994). In fact, studying the relationship known for its high level of diversity (Thébaud et al. between alpha, beta, and gamma diversity with species 2009, Baider et al. 2010). These three islands were abundance is only recently receiving attention (e.g., sampled using the same methods, giving us the unique Harte et al. 2009, Hubbell 2013, Xu et al. 2015). In this opportunity of investigating whether the observed context, due to their spatial isolation and simplified patterns in community structure are consistent with floras and faunas, oceanic islands offer the possibility global patterns of variation in plant diversity, i.e., of performing studies that simultaneously account for (1) that species assemblages increase in diversity from variations in several aspects of community structure, temperate to tropical regions (Brown 2014, Xu et al. namely the relationship between rarity (both in spatial 2015) and (2) that the influence of rare species on distribution and abundance), alpha, beta, and gamma taxonomic diversity increases from temperate to tropical diversity. regions (Hubbell 2013, Steege et al. 2013). To address With few exceptions, species assemblages in these questions, we analysed and compared several temperate regions are less diverse than assemblages important descriptors of community structure: (1) the in comparable tropical regions (Brown 2014) both occupancy-frequency distributions (OFDs) and (2) the in terms of local richness (alpha diversity) and beta species-abundance distribution (SAD) to investigate diversity (Xu et al. 2015). Differences in species two forms of rarity (i.e., incidence and abundance); community structure between species-poor temperate (3) the nested species-area relationship to investigate regions and species-rich tropical regions can arise from the spatial scaling of rarity; and (4) the partitioning multiple processes, including low vs. high incidence of beta diversity using a distance-decay framework to of interspecific interactions and speciation rates test for spatial patterns in community composition. (but see Schluter 2016) or recent climate history of glacial cycling (e.g., Hewitt 1999). A common observation is that taxonomic diversity
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