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Organising Against All Odds: Precarious Workers As ‘Actors and Authors of Their Own Drama’

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Organising Against All Odds: Precarious Workers As ‘Actors and Authors of Their Own Drama’ Working Paper No. 55 May 2019 ORGANISING AGAINST ALL ODDS: PRECARIOUS WORKERS AS ‘ACTORS AND AUTHORS OF THEIR OWN DRAMA’ Edlira Xhafa GLOBAL LABOUR UNIVERSITY The Global Labour University (GLU) www.global-labour-university.org is an international network of universities, trade unions, research institutes, think tanks and the International Labour Organisation that ! develops and implements university post graduate programmes on labour and globalization for trade unionists and other labour experts; ! undertakes joint research and organizes international discussion fora on global labour issues; ! publishes textbooks, research and discussion papers on labour and globalization issues. Editorial Board Patrick Belser (International Labour Organisation) Hansjörg Herr (Berlin School of Economics and Law, Germany) Frank Hoffer (Action, Collaboration, Transformation) Seeraj Mohamed (University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa) Rafael Peels (International Labour Organisation) Archana Prasad (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) Helen Schwenken (University of Osnabrück, Germany) Michael Watt (International Labour Organisation) Marcelo Weishaupt Proni (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil) Contact Address Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Recht Berlin IMB - Prof. Hansjörg Herr Badensche Str. 52 D-10825 Berlin E-mail: [email protected] http://www.global-labour-university.org Layout: Harald Kröck ORGANISING AGAINST ALL ODDS: PRECARIOUS WORKERS AS ‘ACTORS AND AUTHORS OF * THEIR OWN DRAMA’ A Global Labour University research project Project coordinator and author of the integrative report: Edlira Xhafa Case study writers: Euan Gibb (Brazil) Patricia Chong, Michele LeBlanc and Anna Liu (Canada) Hui Xu (China) Wezi Galera Shaba and Hamilton Deleza (Malawi) Muttaqa Yusha’u Abdulra’uf and Moradeke Abiodun Badru (Nigeria) Melisa R. Serrano (Philippines) Janet Munakamwe and Lisema Lekhooana (South Africa) The responsibility for opinions expressed in the GLU working papers rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. * The title borrows from Nilsen, A. G. (2009) ‘The authors and actors of their own drama’: Towards a Marxist theory of social movements. Capital & Class, 99, 109-179 The author gratefully acknowledges the constructive comments on this paper from Michael Fichter (Global Labour University), Euan Gibb (PSI Regional Office for Inter-Americas), Melisa Serrano (School of Labor and Industrial Relations, University of the Philippines) and an anonymous reviewer. The paper also benefited from feedback received during a presentation at the Global Labour University Conference “Reflecting 100 years of ILO – Shaping the rules for a new century of labour”, Berlin, 27-29 March 2019. GLU | Precarious workers organising against all odds Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 First published 2019 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ISSN: 1866-0541 (print) ; 2194-7465 (PDF) The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: www.ilo.org/publns. Printed in Switzerland II GLU | Precarious workers organising against all odds ABSTRACT The insecurity and instability experienced by precarious workers, and their ‘disconnect’ from the established groups, are often intertwined in the perception that these workers are unorganisable. This paper challenges this perception through seven stories of collective organising, which show that pockets of collective resistance can emerge amongst various group of precarious workers, from both traditional and non-traditional sectors of the working class, despite the level of precarity and the level of repression and hostility in the context where collective organising takes place. Building on Kelly’s mobilisation theory, this paper suggests four factors which facilitate the emergence of collective acts of (transformative) organising: a) an employer’s concrete act of worsening working conditions which are experienced by workers as an infringement of their dignity; (b) a context of successful organising stories and/or visible trade unions/workers’ organisations; (c) an organisation engaging in an empowering repertoire of collective action; and (d) a transformational leadership framing workers’ struggles in broader class-societal terms. Generally speaking, in the presence of some sort of structures, the first two conditions are sufficient to facilitate the emergence of temporary acts of collective resistance by precarious workers. The other two conditions, however, are fundamental to transformative organising. They involve a shift from organising as a temporary strategy of addressing grievances and winning recognition for collective bargaining to organising as a long-term intentional political project of building independent worker power to advance a vision of social justice. By developing precarious workers into organic leaders and by constructing axes of solidarity across the highly mobile and fragmented precariat and beyond, transformative organising provides the space for empowering these workers to become not only actors, but potentially also authors of their own drama. III GLU | Precarious workers organising against all odds TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1! 1.! THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................. 3! 2.! THE CASE STUDIES ................................................................................................... 6! 2.1! The protest of migrant workers in the Johannesburg farm, Lephalale, South Africa ................................................................................ 6! 2.2! The strikes of footwear workers, at the Leader factory in Panyu, China ................................................................................................................. 11! 2.3! Union organising of casual workers in the Nigerian telecommunication sector ........................................................................ 13! 2.4! The strike of call center workers at Tech Mahindra, Malawi .............. 16! 2.5! The union organising of call center workers in Cebu, the Philippines .............................................................................................. 20! 2.6! The union campaign of Legal Aid lawyers in Ontario, Canada ......... 24! 2.7! The project of revitalizing the union of contract workers in São Paulo, Brazil .................................................................................................... 28! 3.! MAIN FINDINGS FROM THE CASE STUDIES .................................................. 30! 3.1! Mobilising approach to organising ............................................................. 33! 3.2! Deep organising approach to organising ................................................ 35! 3.3! From Mobilising to Deep organising: Theoretical insights from the case studies .................................................................................. 37! CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 40! BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 42! LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1:! Mobilising vs. Deep organising: Features of each approach (Holgate and other authors) ............................................................................................... 6! Table 2:! Mobilising vs. Deep organising: Features of each approach (Insights from the case studies) ...................................................................................... 38! Figure 1:! From Mobilising to Transformative organising ..................................... 39! IV GLU | Precarious workers organising against
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