THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron: H.M. THE KING “ LUDWIG MOND, F.R.S.: 1839-1909” a Lecture by Professor F. G. DONNAN, D.Sc., F.R.S. given before the Royal Institution of Great Britain on 15th March, 1939, and redelivered (1with the con- currence of the Managers of the Institution) before the Institute of Chemistry, on 12th May, 1939. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON, W.C.l 1939 J m . ■< the INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED, 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. Patron: H.M. THE KING 66LUDWIG MOND, F.R.S.: 1839-1909” a Lecture by Professor F. G. DONNAN, G.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. given before the Royal Institution of Great Britain on 15th March, 1939, and redelivered (with the con¬ currence of the Managers of the Institution) before the Institute of Chemistry, on 1.2th May, 1939. 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, LONDON, W.G.l 1939 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Wellcome Library https://archive.org/details/b30631385 This Lecture—-first given before the Royal Institution of Great Britain on 15th March, 1939, was repeated [with the concurrence of the Managers of the Institution) before the Institute of Chemistry at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, on 12th May, 1935—Mr. W. A. S. Colder, President, in the chair. LUDWIG MOND MEMORIAL LECTURE By F. G. Donnan, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S. We meet here this evening to commemorate, on the occasion of the centenary of his birth, the life and work of Dr. Ludwig Mond, F.R.S., eminent investigator, creator of great industries, princely benefactor of Science, great patron and lover of Art. To him the Royal Institution owes a debt of gratitude that cannot be measured in words or counted in gold. Ludwig Mond cared little for words or gold but much for deeds, and I rejoice to think that, if he were alive to-day, he would regard some part of that debt as repaid by the deeds of the famous Davy-Faraday Laboratory which he founded and endowed with such magnificent generosity in 1896. For many years the Davy-Faraday Laboratory has been a component and essential part of the Royal Institution, the home of its researches, and the nucleus of its creative activities. Under the leadership of Sir William Bragg it has raised the fame of the Royal Institution to the heights attained by Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday. The Davy-Faraday Laboratory can be compared only with the great research institutes founded by Carnegie and by Rockefeller in the United States, and with the equally great ones of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft in Germany. In consonance with the fundamental idea of Ludwig Mond, the Davy-Faraday Laboratory embodies the truest spirit of a free democracy, inasmuch as it opens its doors to any competent and earnest investigator, and gives him every possible aid and facility in the pursuit of his researches. More than a score of the men who have worked within its walls have subsequently made a name for themselves in science. In the mind and in the action of Ludwig Mond the dream of Francis Bacon came true. As in the case of Benjamin Disraeli, it required a great Jew, with the divine fire burning brightly in his spirit, to express and to embody in action the somewhat vague hopes and aspirations of the British race. If Ludwig Mond had done nothing more than this, his name would ever be remembered with honour and respect in the annals of science. But he did much more, and in the temple of scientific fame he occupies a distinguished personal place. 6 Picture to yourselves Friday evening, 3rd June, of 1892. In the famous Lecture Theatre of the Royal Institution stood Ludwig Mond, describing his famous discoveries of the metal carbonyls, and, with the aid of his friend and assistant, Carl Langer, demonstrating their formation and their remarkable properties. He had now made an important discovery in pure science,—something worthy of his famous teachers, Kolbe and Bunsen. He, Ludwig Mond, already the creator of a great indus¬ try and immersed in affairs of great complexity and importance, had now contributed in an important way to the advance of pure chemical science. To him, the man of science, this was a great joy. Let us rejoice this evening that the elusive goddess had deigned to smile, and bestow on him the key to one of her secrets. For he was worthy of this good fortune and counted it for much. Moritz Baer Mond, the father of Ludwig, was born in the village of Ziegenhain in Germany. At the age of 17 he went as an apprentice to the silk mercer of Cassel, Aaron Levinsohn, who had married Eva Muller. Moritz Mond, a young man of great energy and strength of character, soon won the favour of his employer and went to live with the family. In time he took charge of the business and married Henriette, one of the three daughters of old Levinsohn. Mr. Hector Bolitho, in his very interesting Life of Alfred Mond, first Baron Melchett, has painted a charming picture of the cultivated life in the big, old gabled house in Cassel. Eva Levinsohn spoke Italian and French and wrote poetry. Of an evening Moritz Mond would sit with the family, listening to Eva playing the violin, or her husband reading Goethe aloud. Frequently friends would come in, new duets would be tried on the piano, and fine literature read aloud and studied. It was in this happy and cultured home that Ludwig Mond was born, on 7th March, 1839, the second son of Henriette and Moritz, their first son having died at an early age. The boy Ludwig inherited determination and strength of character from his strong-willed and forceful father, whilst from the gentle Henriette, who loved to read Rousseau and Goethe, he derived that fineness and imaginative delicacy of mind that characterise the artist and the investigator. When his schooldays were over, he went in 1855 to study chemistry under Hermann Kolbe at the University of Marburg, proceeding in the following year to the University of Heidelberg, where he spent three years studying chemistry under the great Robert Bunsen. This was a rare piece 7 of good fortune for young Ludwig, for under the training and influence of Bunsen, who took a great interest in him, he gained that love of chemical science and that habit of precise quantita¬ tive investigation and disciplined logical thought which were to characterise him throughout his life. Though devoted to his chemical work, the young Ludwig was full of the joyous spirit of youth. As Hector Bolitho relates, he climbed the hills and explored the woods of the beautiful Neckartal. He hunted and he danced, and as an honoured member of the famous fighting corps, Rhenania, took a successful part in the duels of the Mensur. No doubt he held his own at the Kneipe, and took a lusty part in singing the fine old part-songs of the Kommersbuch. Ludwig Mond did not take his Doctor’s Degree at Heidelberg, probably or possibly for want of money. Many years afterwards, when he was 55 years old, he was destined to return to his Alma Mater to receive from her the Doctorate honoris causa. Faced with the necessity of earning his living, nothing is more remarkable in his career than the early and successful appearance of his pre-eminent ability in applying scientific principles to the solution of technical problems. Already in 1857 he had paid a visit to his uncle, Adolf Lowenthal, in Cologne. Lowenthal was a pioneer of German electro-plating and galvano- plastic work, and had a good business. But in a few days young Ludwig Mond had found a way of increasing the profits, by utilising to good account certain discarded by-products, namely, zinc sulphate and nitric acid. When, in i860, his last semester at Heidelberg was finished, he went to live with his uncle at Cologne. For a number of years this hospitable house became his head-quarters, and in many respects a second home. Here he met his young cousin, Frida Lowenthal, whom he married in 1866. It seems that Ludwig Mond’s first post was as a chemist in a factory at Mombach, near Mainz, where acetic acid was manufactured by the dry distillation of wood. He was very soon successful in working out a profitable process for the manufacture of verdigris, and, as Mombach was not very far from Cologne, he was able to visit his aunt and uncle and his cousin Frida almost every Sunday. Happy is he who can combine verdigris with romance, for the affection between Ludwig Mond and his young schoolgirl cousin steadily grew during these happy months. 8 Then he went for a time to work at a Leblanc soda works at Ringenkuhl. This was an important step in his career, for it led him to study the problem of recovering sulphur from the calcium sulphide in the alkali waste of the Leblanc process. Returning to Cologne in May, 1861, he went to a works at Ehrenfeld (a suburb of Cologne) to assist in the process of manu¬ facturing ammonia from waste organic matter, especially leather. As Ehrenfeld was near his uncle’s home, Ludwig Mond continued his investigation of the sulphur-recovery problem, in a room fitted up as a laboratory. Sulphur, not verdigris, was now mingled with romance, for soon he and Frida Lowenthal became secretly betrothed.