Manny Farber Critique Termite BRICE MATTHIEUSSENT

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Manny Farber Critique Termite BRICE MATTHIEUSSENT art press 300 livres Manny Farber critique termite BRICE MATTHIEUSSENT Espace négatif, le recueil d’essais de Manny Farber publié par les éditions P.O.L, est un événement : non seulement parce que Farber a sans doute été – et demeure – le plus grand critique de cinéma américain, mais aussi parce que cet ami de Pollock, de Walker Evans ou encore de Clement Greenberg est avant tout un peintre qui écrit : entre l’acte de la critique, celui de la peinture et le cinéma il instaure des correspondances inédites, une approche all over, une «technique du désordre» qui, entre autres effets, constituent la critique en art à part entière. Entre le début des années 1940 et 1977, Manny Farber publia des centaines de textes critiques sur le cinéma dans de nombreux journaux et revues américains, dont The Nation – où il succéda à James Agee –, The New Republic, The New Leader, Commentary ou encore Artforum. Le choix, ici proposé par Patrice Rollet, nous donne une bonne idée du «continent» Farber, quasiment inconnu en France (1). Espace négatif offre un premier repérage du paysage farbérien, où nous manquent encore la traduction française des essais de Farber sur l’art ainsi qu’une vision globale de sa production plastique (2). Pourtant, à la lecture des textes de ce recueil, on est frappé par les «décadrages» radicaux, les «décentrements» constants opérés par Farber, 1/ dans ses choix critiques, 2/ dans sa conception même de la critique en tant que «continuation», 3/ dans son approche de l’espace de l’image, cinématographique ou picturale. L’art termite et l’art éléphant Sans provocation outrancière et en justifiant à chaque fois ses choix, Farber minimise volontiers l’importance de grands réalisateurs «canonisés» du panthéon cinéphile – Huston, Hitchcock, Welles, Antonioni, Truffaut, etc. – au profit de cinéastes en leur temps beaucoup moins adulés, sinon inconnus, comme Hawks, Walsh, Samuel Fuller ou Anthony Mann. Moyennant quoi certains en font à tort un inconditionnel de la série B ou encore le héraut du film d’action viril. L’un de ses textes les plus connus, «L’art termite et l’art éléphant blanc», met les choses au point : alors que l’art éléphant blanc se complaît dans la glorification de son auteur, l’exaltation de la signification, la profondeur de la psychologie ou la virtuosité de la mise en scène, «l’art style termite, ver solitaire, mousse ou champignon, a la particularité de progresser en s’attaquant à ses propres contraintes, pour ne laisser d’ordinaire sur son passage que des signes d’activité dévorante, industrieuse et désordonnée». Selon Farber, «l’art éléphant blanc souffre de trois tares : 1/ faire rentrer de force toute action dans un modèle globalisant, 2/ insérer tout événement, personnage et situation dans un ensemble d’éléments formant série, et 3/ traiter chaque centimètre carré d’écran et de pellicule comme champ d’expression d’une louable créativité.» À ce cadrage forcené des énergies multiples du cinéma, à ce centrage centripète et obsessionnel de l’espace et du temps cinématographiques, à cette focalisation autour du Nom (celui du réalisateur, de l’acteur vedette, du studio) et du Grand Tout du film, Farber oppose un art termite qui, tel le rhizome deleuzien, «pousse par le milieu», ronge périphéries et limites, s’immisce dans les fissures pour apparaître là où on ne l’attendait pas : c’est-à-dire là où Farber le débusque admirablement, ainsi dans un second rôle explosif qui le temps d’un plan vole la vedette à la star du film, dans l’habillement ou la démarche d’un acteur, dans un cadrage ou un éclairage détonnant. L’exemple même de l’art termite selon Farber est le cinéma de Howard Hawks qui, écrit-il dans «Films souterrains», avec «l’ingéniosité du pauvre, crée des éclairs féroces et aveuglants, une violence authentique et blagueuse… et un chaos qui défie l’entendement», tous ces éléments s’opposant au «lauréat de l’année… un film parfait, uniquement constitué de trous et d’évitements, capitonné de toutes sortes de bourres et de fanfreluches». Espèces d’espaces D’Orson Welles, autre éléphant blanc, Farber l’iconoclaste défend la Soif du mal, mais étrille le sacro-saint Citizen Kane, qualifié de «film iceberg» : en effet, presque tout y demeurerait invisible, dissimulé sous le constant maniérisme du scénario et d’une esthétique répétitive, derrière la prétendue profondeur psychologique des personnages et la virtuosité d’un opérateur multipliant les espaces raccourcis, cloisonnés, d’où les personnages condamnés au statisme ne peuvent sortir. À ce film faussement profond dans tous les sens du terme, j’opposerai volontiers «Quiche sans kitsch», le texte minutieusement enthousiaste de Farber sur Jeanne Dielman de Chantal Ackerman où le travail de l’opératrice consiste à définir en permanence une frontalité quasi picturale, à décrire longuement les surfaces d’un appartement bruxellois. Il s’agit là, écrit Farber, d’un «espace confiné, sans profondeur», qui, ajoute-t-il plus loin, évoque «un tableau de genre par un Chardin des années 1970.» Jeanne Dielman contre Citizen Kane : David contre Goliath. L’éloge de la surface – «l’aveu immédiat des moyens de production», le goût de la trivialité à la Warhol, du «bas de casse» termite, la rigueur d’un filmage et d’une réalisation à la Ozu – contre la profondeur –, l’Art et la Culture avec majuscules, les abysses psychologiques, les scénarios alambiqués, les trucs à la Hitchcock, la grandiloquence de Welles, les effets de manche et la rhétorique creuse. Mais ne nous y trompons pas : certains films d’un même auteur, voire certains éléments d’un même film peuvent appartenir à l’art termite, et d’autres à l’art éléphant blanc. Ainsi, dans «Gore et âme», son analyse splendide de Taxi Driver de Scorsese, Farber pointe à la fois l’espace confiné, voire «utérin», du film, les audaces vertigineuses des couleurs, de la prise de vues, de la réalisation et du jeu de De Niro, mais aussi la soumission servile aux clichés éléphant blanc relatifs aux armes, aux Noirs, aux femmes, à la virilité – bref, les petits et les grands compromis de Scorsese avec l’humble audace des termites... «Je ne peux imaginer une forme artistique plus parfaite, une carrière plus parfaite que la critique», dit Farber en 1977. De fait, il est surtout célèbre pour la vitesse de son écriture, sa spontanéité (apparente), le côté fragmentaire de ses notations, son hybridation systématique de plusieurs types de culture, ainsi la première phrase de son introduction à Espace négatif : «L’espace est l’entité stylistique la plus saisissante – de Giotto à Noland, d’Intolérance à Week-end.» Un va-et-vient qui fait coexister écriture, cinéma et peinture ; mais aussi, au sein même de la production critique, voire dans la même phrase, la description d’un visage d’acteur, celle d’un personnage de bande dessinée, l’analyse d’un plan de film, un aparté sur un tableau moderne, une analyse sociologique, l’évocation d’une salle de cinéma underground, une parenthèse sur les objets fétiches de tel réalisateur, avant de conclure, ou plutôt de ne pas conclure, sur une remarque perfide ou enthousiaste. «Et… et puis… et encore», écrivait Deleuze pour caractériser l’écriture américaine, à l’opposé du ou/ou plus typique des Européens. À ce compte, Farber est l’archétype même de cette écriture américaine juxtaposée, car, lui-même termite dans la termitière, il creuse ses galeries au sein du texte, préférant saper et effondrer plutôt que déconstruire, selon un processus qu’il a baptisé «continuation», c’est-à-dire, même s’il n’en donne jamais une définition définitive, un enchaînement de significations qui tend à couvrir le maximum de terrain. Dans cette avancée, chaque notation, chaque touche, loin de fossiliser une prise de position qui deviendrait alors centre organisateur, forteresse conceptuelle, bastion théorique, territorialisation éléphant blanc –, chaque «petite sensation» (pour reprendre l’expression de Cézanne) est un campement provisoire, à partir duquel, comme chez Beckett, il s’agit de continuer. C’est donc une critique all-over, qui parcourt tous les champs de l’art et de la culture (populaire, littéraire, musicale, high comme low), un travail d’arpentage extensif d’un terrain illimité où Farber «veut que le langage accomplisse la tâche de l’explication (3)». À force d’ajouts et de retouches constantes, mais sans repentirs, Farber est un peintre qui écrit dans la précarité d’une absence permanente de centre (nous sommes à l’intérieur d’une termitière dont il ébauche et rectifie sans cesse le plan à mesure qu’il le découvre), avec pour seul objectif constant de repousser les limites d’un territoire qu’il n’occupe jamais sinon comme nouveau point de départ. «Tracer des lignes» – de fuite, d’écriture, de chemins de fer –, ne jamais s’enkyster dans un nœud ferroviaire, un centre de tri ou une posture éléphant blanc, voilà qui rapproche singulièrement la continuation selon Farber et la schizo-analyse de Deleuze et Guattari. All over Qu’est-ce que l’espace négatif ? Tout ce qui dans l’image, telle qu’elle est conçue par le réalisateur et son équipe, puis perçue par le spectateur, échappe à la visée et à la vision globalisantes : à la fois performance inédite et inconscient visuel, tunnels de termites creusés sous la surface du scénario, mousses envahissant la mise en scène, champignons rongeant les conventions d’un jeu, afin d’en saper les contenus prévisibles, les hiérarchies figées. D’où la prédilection de Farber pour le détail au détriment de la vision d’ensemble, le film idéal, utopique, se réduisant ainsi à une prolifération de détails all-over ou à un color field sans cesse changeant, à l’image des toiles abstraites et bifaces réalisées par Farber jusque dans les années 1970.
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