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(Capsalidae) from Australia DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 46: 79-82,2001 Published August 22 Dis Aquat Org NOTE First published record of the pathogenic monogenean parasite Neobenedenia melleni (Capsalidae) from Australia Marty R. Deveney, Leslie A. Chisholm, Ian D. Whittington" Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia ABSTRACT: The monogenean Neobenedenia melleni (Mac­ families from 3 orders as wild hosts of N. melleni. The Callum, 1927) Yamaguti 1963 is a well-known and virulent shape and size of the body and haptoral sclerites and pathogen in culture conditions recorded from the skin of the shape of the testes are important taxonomic charac­ many teleost fish species worldwide. Until now, N. melleni has not been reported from wild or cultured fish in Australian ters that vary considerably in N. melleni (see Whitting­ waters. This study documents a recent outbreak of N. me11eni ton & Horton 1996). which has led to significant prob­ that occurred on Lates calcarifer (barramundi) cultivated in lems in defining the taxon. Taxonomic difficulties sea cages in Hinchinbrook Channel between Hinchinbrook remain because Ogawa et al. (1995) recognised N. Island and mainland Queensland, Australia, which resulted in the loss of 200000 fish (50 tonnes). The origin of this outbreak girellae as a species distinct from N. melleni (see also is unclear because N. melleni has not been recorded from any Ogawa & Yokoyama 1998, Koesharyani et al. 1999) wild host species in Australia and strict quarantine reg­ whereas Whittington & Horton (1996) synonymise N. ulations exclude the possibility of its introduction on imported girellae with N. melleni. The definition of N. melleni is fish. We propose that N. melleni occurs naturally on wild the subject of ongoing debate. We follow the decision of populations of some teleost species in Australian waters and that the few surveys of wild fish conducted along the east Whittington & Horton (1996). Throughout this paper, N. coast have failed to report this species. The possibility that un­ melleni is defined sensu Whittington & Horton (1996). characteristically low water temperatures led to the outbreak The above characteristics make Neobenedenia mel­ is discussed. leni a monogenean species of considerable interest. KEY WORDS: Monogenea· Capsalidae . Neobenedenia Knowledge of its global distribution is particularly sig­ melleni . Sea cage aquaculture . Lates calcarifer . nificant because of its pathogenicity. N. melleni was Ectoparasitic disease· Australia described from numerous fish species in the New York Resale orrepublication notpermitted _ Aquarium (MacCallum 1927) and its tTUe origin (Le., without written consent of the publisher the fish species on which it was introduced) has long been debated, but remains unknown (Whittington & The capsalid monogenean Neobenedenia melleni Horton 1996 and references therein). There are pub­ (MacCallum, 1927) Yamaguti 1963 is an infamous lished records of N. melleni from the Caribbean Sea, pathogen of fish for several reasons. N. melleni is the West Atlantic Ocean, the east and mid-Pacific recognised as a lethal pathogen of captive marine Ocean, and the Red Sea (Whittington & Horton 1996). teleosts, whether held in aquaria (e.g., MacCallum Ogawa et al. (1995) reported N. girellae from 14 spe­ 1927, Jahn & Kuhn 1932, Thoney & Hargis 1991) or in cies (6 families; 3 orders) of cultured marine fishes in sea cages for aquaculture (e.g., Kaneko et al. 1988, Japan and provided strong evidence for continuous Mueller et al. 1992). Furthermore, unlike most monoge­ introduction of the pathogen on the unregulated nean parasites, N. melleni is notorious for its lack of importation of amberjack fry (Seriola dumerili Risso) host-specificity. Whittington & Horton (1996) noted from Hong Kong and Hainan, China. Koesharyani et records from more than 100 captive and wild teleost al. (1999) reported N. girellae (likely to be N. melleni species in more than 30 families from 5 orders. Bullard sensu Whittington & Horton [1996). but no voucher et al. (2000) list 27 teleost species from 18 genera in 14 material was deposited) from serranids in a research station in Bali. The list of wild hosts for N. melleni by •Corresponding author. Bullard et al. (2000) confirms the Caribbean area as a E-mail: [email protected] focus for this monogenean species, adding Puerto Rico, © Inter-Research 2001 80 Dis Aquat Org 46: 79-82, 2001 Grand Cayman Island and the Gulf of Mexico to the in Canada balsam beneath a coverslip on glass slides. growing list of localities. Some unstained individuals were mounted directly in Restricted surveys of wild marine teleosts by Whit­ Hoyer's medium (Pritchard & Kruse 1982) to permit tington & Horton (1996) failed to find Neobenedenia close examination of heavily flattened specimens to melleni at the northern and southern tips of the Great ensure that haptoral sclerites lay as flat as possible to Barrier Reef in Australia, but only small sample sizes of reveal their profile (as recommended by Whittington & a limited range of host species were examined. Whit­ Horton 1996). All specimens were measured using a tington & Horton (1996) commented that it was impor­ computerised digitising system similar to that de­ tant to determine whether Neobenedenia spp., and N. scribed by Roft & Hopcroft (1986). All measurements melleni in particular, occurred in Australian waters are quoted in micrometres as the range followed by the because of the potential threat posed to fin-fish mari­ mean in parentheses. Terminology follows Whittington culture as shown in other countries. In August 2000, & Horton (1996) and discussed further by Whittington personnel at a marine barramundi farm in Queensland et al. (2001). contacted lOW about a 'fluke problem' on cultivated Results. All 4 barramundi specimens examined were stocks of Lates calcarifer (Bloch). Here, we report N. infected with capsalid monogeneans. Live worms were melleni for the first time from Australia. recovered from the fins, 'skin' (= body flanks), head Materials and methods. The monogenean problem and eyes. Infection intensities ranged from 12 to over was first reported to IDW on 16 August 2000. Culture 400 specimens on the most heavily infected barra­ conditions for the barramundi on which the outbreak mundi (total length 145 mm). No capsalids were found was reported were as follows. Specimens of Lates on the gills or gill arches. calcarifer up to 150 mm in total length were main­ Monogeneans from each barramundi examined tained in 2 different kinds of polyethylene mesh cages: matched the redescription of Neobenedenia melleni 2 up to 50 'nursery' cages (1 m , 3 m deep; mesh size by Whittington & Horton (1996). Shapes of haptoral 12 mm) or 6 'grow-out' cages (10 x 5 m, 3 m deep; mesh sclerites (Fig. 1), eggs and measurements of capsalids size 20 mm). Larger fish were maintained in 2 cages removed from L. calcarifer (Table 1) are similar to 10 x 10 m, 3 m deep, or in 5 cages 26 x 10 m, 3 m deep, those provided by Whittington & Horton (1996) for N. each with a mesh size of 25 mm. All cages were located melleni. It should be noted, however, that the low host in the Hinchinbrook Channel, between Hinchinbrook specificity of N. melleni and likely associated 'host­ Island and mainland Australia (18 0 29' 00" S, induced morphological variation' (Whittington & Hor­ 1460 16' 00" E). Additional predator nets were de­ ton 1996), a phenomenon that remains unquantified, ployed with mesh sizes of 50 or 100 mm. Hinchinbrook appears to result in broad size ranges for this taxon. We Channel varies in depth according to tide, but water conclude that the outbreak on these cultivated barra­ depth is approximately 4.5 m on an average tide across mundi in sea cages in Queensland was N. melleni. the farm lease. Stocking density varied, but was esti­ 3 mated at 25 kg of fishm- . Four specimens of Lates calcarifer (total length range 128 to 174 mm) were air freighted from Cairns to Bris­ a bane in oxygenated seawater. Before examination, each fish was killed by pithing and dorsal chordotomy, placed in a Petri dish and immersed in seawater fil­ tered through 2 sheets of Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Each fish was examined for parasites using a stereodis­ secting microscope with incident illumination. Live monogeneans were transferred to small Petri dishes containing filtered seawater where many specimens laid eggs. Numerous adult specimens were flattened beneath slight coverslip pressure and preserved in 10 % buffered neutral formalin. Other specimens were killed instantly in near-boiling seawater and preserved unflattened in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Some flattened and unflattened material was left unstained, Fig. 1. Haptoral sclerites from the monogenean Neobene­ but other specimens were stained using Semichon's denia melleni sensu Whittington & Horton (1996) collected aceto-carmine or Mayer's acid haemalum (Humason from cultivated Lates calcariferin northern Queensland, Aus­ tralia. (al Accessory sclerite; (bl anterior hamulus; (cl posterior 1979). Specimens were dehydrated in a graded hamulus. Drawn from fresh specimens prepared in Hoyer's ethanol series, cleared in cedar wood oil and mounted medium. Scale bar = 125 pm Deveney et al.: First report of Neobenedenia melleni from Australia 81 Table 1. .Measurements of specimens of Neobenedenia There are parallels between the sudden outbreaks melleni sensu Whittington & Horton (1996) from cultivated
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