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A Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology Toolbox for Developing an Eco-Industrial Park: Perspectives from French Policy

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A Circular Economy and Industrial Ecology Toolbox for Developing an Eco-Industrial Park: Perspectives from French Policy OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible This is an author’s version published in: http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24222 Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-019-01677-1 To cite this version: Belaud, Jean-Pierre and Adoue, Cyril and Vialle, Claire and Chorro, Antoine and Sablayrolles, Caroline A circular economy and industrial ecology toolbox for developing an eco-industrial park: perspectives from French policy. (2019) Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 21 (5). 967-985. ISSN 1618-954X Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the repository administrator: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-019-01677-1 A circular economy and industrial ecology toolbox for developing an eco‑industrial park: perspectives from French policy Jean‑Pierre Belaud1 · Cyril Adoue4 · Claire Vialle2 · Antoine Chorro3 · Caroline Sablayrolles2 Abstract The twentieth century was characterized by an increase in research studies concerning the interactions between economic system growth and environmental deterioration issues. Faced with this background, circular economy (CE) and its industrial ecology (IE) pillar seem to be an efcient way to achieve sustainable development within the industrial sector. IE consists of optimizing the networking among industries by using energy and material exchange, which are generated from by-products and waste stocks. It aims to improve the environmental potentialities of integrated clusters called eco-industrial parks (EIPs). Policy in the European Union countries and in French territories has positively infuenced such EIP implementation by the establishment of a set of measures to develop the industrial symbiosis performances. The present paper reviews the key drivers to identify the methods and tools to integrate the life cycle thinking approach that defnes the following fve phases: design, layout, commercialization, operating and renewal phases. A toolbox for developing an EIP from scratch accord- ing to French policy is developed and discussed. This study defnes a framework involving a factual eco-industrial park and network. The industrial application is a new EIP, namely “Les Portes du Tarn”. It is located in the south of France and acts as an experimental feld. The paper provides current results for commercialization and operating, including a model of an organizational process, a decision-making process, information technology tools and systems to manage sustainable development. It highlights the CE and IE challenges surrounding enhancing the social acceptability of an industrial park project through adaptation of a relevant governance model and establishment of a continuing collaborative context and trust relationship between diverse actors. The frst candidate companies’ achievements are discussed and demonstrate the Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1009 8-019-01677-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jean-Pierre Belaud [email protected] Cyril Adoue [email protected] Claire Vialle [email protected] Antoine Chorro [email protected] Caroline Sablayrolles [email protected] 1 Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France 2 Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse, France 3 SPLA81 Les Portes du Tarn, Albi, France 4 Inddigo, Toulouse, France frst benefts of toolbox. The paper delivers a toolbox, feedback and some good practices to support the development of EIP project from greenfeld. Graphical abstract Keywords Circular economy · Industrial ecology · Sustainable development · Industrial symbiosis · Urban planning · Life cycle thinking Introduction risks and degradation of natural ecosystems. In the light of these various pressures, it was necessary to rethink the The current production-consumption system is unsustain- industrial system management. The main research eforts able. The anthropic sphere needs more than 68 billion tons have to address the following two simultaneous purposes: of materials every year (Krausmann et al. 2009) to satisfy how to preserve the positive aspects of a continued devel- the needs of 7 billion citizen-consumers (United Nations opment cycle while ensuring resources and environmental 2013). This material use is related to the population size in a protection. growing economy system. With the expectation of 10 billion Businesses and policy makers have started to seek new inhabitants in 2050, the linear “take, make and dispose” pat- ways to enhance resource efciency and to minimize the tern will challenge the resource stock management (for non- system risks. The research reveals that their common renewable resources), the production capacity (for renewable thread was the improvement of the stock management resources) and the biosphere resilience of our limited planet. and the renewable fow control. These requirements have The industrial economy was premised at the onset of introduced the transition to the “circular economy (CE)” industrialization upon a linear model. It is based on the model. The circular economy concept is defned as “one extraction and consumption of raw materials and energy that is restorative and regenerative by design and aims to to fulfl the growing customer demand. Thus, some com- keep products, components, and materials at their highest panies and governments have noticed an increase in their utility and value at all times, distinguishing between tech- negative externalities (CO 2 emissions, oil spills, pollu- nical and biological cycles” (Ellen-MacArthur-Foundation tion, etc.). This model has generated important losses and 2015). The application of this model would ofer many detrimental impacts along the value and material chain. opportunities for technological and social actors. Compa- It has caused economic losses, structural waste, supply nies will be able to optimize their yield performance and have a better security of supply, whereas consumers proft the territorial production system. This concept introduces from ofers adapted to their needs. This approach is con- an inter-company exchange of industrial fows where a sidered as an important pillar that contributes in the exter- purpose of zero waste needs to be reached. It aims to cre- nalities reduction and the environment resilience built. It ate waste collection and treatment, equipment, infrastruc- contributes to the total annual greenhouse gas emissions ture and services mutualization. Indeed, the development limitation and protects and promotes the land productivity. of symbiotic partnerships aims to optimize the material Since 2011, the European Commission has proposed the cycles and energy fows within an industrial cluster. This use of the “circular economy” model to address the current cooperation leads to the creation of competitive advan- challenge (European Commission 2011). tages to generate “win–win situations” for businesses and According to the French Environment and Energy Man- to minimize environmental impacts caused by the indus- agement Agency (ADEME), the circular economy transi- trial activities. Therefore, several actions have been taken tion could be reached with a coordinated use of seven main to promote eco-industrial development, such as the imple- “action fields” in a multi-scalar approach (Fig. 1). The mentation of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) and networks. “sustainable supply” concerns raw material extraction and This article addresses the application of the industrial exploitation modes for both renewable and non-renewable ecology approach to develop a toolbox that supports a sources (materials and energies). It aims to reduce waste and future industrial eco-park implementation, namely “Les limit the negative impacts on the environment. The second Portes du Tarn”. We present in “Building a new indus- feld is based on the “Eco-Design” process of products and trial park using an EIP model” section a global insight services. It analyses the life cycle to develop the manufactur- on the EIP concept, its implication forms within the ing ability of more eco-friendly products. Thus, the boost of European and French contexts, and our applied research a “responsible consumption”, whether of economic actors frame located in south of France. “Materials and methods” and consumers, may support the progress for their use. The section addresses the materials and methods such as the new applied approach moves towards the application of the integration of research actions in an EIP emergence and “function-oriented-business models” concept. It is related the integration of life cycle thinking (LCT) to develop to the sale of the service performance of a product instead a systemic approach. “Results” section gives frst results of the product itself. Consumers could also extend the prod- for commercialization and operating phases, i.e. toolbox, uct’s “usage time”. The consumption systems have to focus organizational processes, IT tools and systems and frst on the restorative use of non-renewable resources, and the companies’ achievements. extraction and reuse of raw materials from waste and the “recycling” of products (Environment, Energy and Water French Ministry 2016). In a territory system, the transition to the circular economy could mobilize another action feld, namely the implementation of the “industrial ecology” (IE)
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