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Glacial Geology of Lake County, Ohio

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Glacial Geology of Lake County, Ohio STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Horace R. Collins, Chief Re port of Investigations No. 117 GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF LAKE COUNTY, OHIO by George W. White Columbus 1980 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF 8DNR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ADMINISTRATION Horace R. Collins, MS, State Geologist and Division Chief Richard A. Struble, PhD, Geologist and Assistant Chief William J. Buschman, Jr., BS, Administrative Geologist Barbara J. Adams, Office Manager REGIONAL GEOLOGY GEOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY Robert G. Van Horn, MS, Geologist and Section Head David A. Stith, MS, Geologist and Section Head Richard W. Carlton, PhD, Geologist George Botoman, MS , Geologist Douglas L. Crowell, MS, Geologist Norman F. Knapp, PhD, Chemist Richard M. DeLong, MS, Geologist Cynthia M. Bowman, Laboratory Technician Michael C. Hansen, MS , Geologist Rodney D. Fritz, Laboratory Technician David A. Hodges, MS, Geologist Richard C. Guimond, BS, Environmental Technician Dennis N. Hull, MS, Geologist Evelyn M. Jennings, Laboratory Technician Michele L. Risser, BA, Geologist Clark L. Scheerens, MS, Geologist Joel D. Vormelker, MS, Geologist Beverly A. Leffler, Public Inquiries Assistant LAKE ERIE SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY Charles H. Carter, PhD, Geologist and Section Head Jonathan A. Fuller, MS, Geologist Donald E. Guy, Jr., BA, Geologist Frank L. Majchszak, MS, Geologist and Section Head Carl L. Hopfinger, MS, Geology Technician John D. Gray, MS, Geologist Dale L. Liebenthal, Research Vessel Operator Floyd M. Honeycutt, MS, Geologist Marlene S. Longer, Typist Richard H. Kingsbury, Jr., MS, Geologist John C. Hadley, BGS, Geology Technician Allan T. Luczyk, BS, Environmental Technician David A. Nicklaus, BS, Geology Technician Jerry M. Parks, BS, Geology Technician James Wooten, Geology Technician TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS Garry E. Yates, Environmental Technician Angelena M. Bailey, Secretary Cart0€frlphy Brenda L. Rinderle, Office Machine Operator Philip J. Celnar, BFA, Cartography Supervisor Linda F. Tanks, Technical Typist James A. Brown, Cartographer Leonard M. Guckenheimer, BA, Cartographer Douglas E. Keen, BA, Cartographer James T. Lowery, Cartographer Victor J. Saylor, BA, Cartographer PUBLIC SERVICE Robert L. Stewart, Cartographer Adam Turk, MS, Cartographer Madge R. Fitak, BS, Geologist and Supervisor Marie A. Whitenack, BA, Cartographer Michael S. Temple, BS, Geologist Photocopy Composition Inalee E. Johnson, Public Inquiries Assistant Jean M. Lesher, Printing Technician Rose Lehman, Technical Typist Technical Editing Billie Wilder, Clerical Specialist Merrianne Hackathorn, MS, Geologist/Editor STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Horace R. Collins, Chief Report of Investigations No. 117 GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF LAKE COUNTY, OHIO by George W. White Columbus 1980 GEOLOGY SERVES OHIO ~ Photocopy composers: Beverly A. Leffler and Jean M. Lesher Cartographer: James A. Brown CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ............................. 1 High terraces . .................. 10 Introduction .......................... 1 Pleistocene stratigraphy ................... 10 Location ........................... 1 Classification ........................ 11 Purpose ............................ 1 Composition and characteristics of tills ....... 11 Previous investigations .................. 1 Texture ........................... 12 Acknowledgments ..................... 2 Mineral composition .................. 12 Physiography ......................... 2 Color ............................ 12 Allegheny Plateau ..................... 3 Weathering horizons .................. 12 End moraine belt . ......... 3 Till deposits ......................... 13 Intermoraine lowland ................... 3 Pre-Wisconsinan tills .................. 13 Lake Plain .......................... 3 Titusville Till . ........ 13 Lake bluffs .......................... 4 Kent Till .......................... 16 Valleys ............................ 4 Lavery Till ........................ · . 16 Geomorphology of the surficial material ........ 5 Hiram Till ......................... 16 Ground moraine . .. 5 Ashtabula Till ...................... 16 Hummocky moraine ................... 5 "Coastal" till . .. 17 End moraines . .................. 5 Lacustrine deposits .................... 17 Euclid Moraine . ... 5 Lake Plain ......................... 17 Painesville Moraine .................. 6 Intermoraine lowland ................. 17 Hummocky topography without linear trend .. 6 Beaches ........................... 17 Karnes and kame terraces ................ 7 Eolian deposits ....................... 17 Lacustrine deposits .................... 8 Mineral resources . ..... 17 Intermoraine lowland ................. 8 Sand and gravel ....................... 18 Lake Plain ......................... 8 Ground water ........................ 18 Raised beaches . .. 8 Geological constraints on planning ........... 18 Maumee II beach .................. 8 Mineral resources ...................... 18 Whittlesey beach .................. 8 Ground water ........................ 18 Arkona beach .................... 8 Waste disposal ........................ 18 Warren beach .................... 9 Excavations and foundations .............. 19 Elkton beach . 9 Slopes and landslides ................... 19 Alluvial and terrace deposits .............. 10 Floodplains ......................... 19 Floodplains ........................ 10 References cited ....................... 19 FIGURES Page 1. Location map of Lake County, Ohio . 2 2. Profile of Lake County from Lake Erie to Little Mountain . 2 3. Profile of Lake Plain from Lake Erie to the Grand River, Madison Township, Lake County . 3 4. Physiographic divisions of Lake County . 4 5. North-south cross section through Perry and Leroy Townships, Lake County . 6-7 6. Beaches of glacial Lake Erie in Lake County . 9 7. Profile of terraces across the Chagrin River valley . 10 8. Glacial lobes and tills in northeastern Ohio . 11 9. Weathering horizons of Ashtabula Till . 13 10. Columnar sections of tills and associated material . 14 11. Sketch of tills and other units in Euclid Moraine . 15 12. Sketch of tills and other units exposed in cut through Painesville Moraine . 15 iii CONTENTS TABLES Page 1. Glacia1 stages . 11 2. Ice-laid deposits . 12 PLATE 1. Glacia1 geology of Lake County, Ohio ................. Accompanying report iv GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF LAKE COUNTY, OHIO by George W. White ABSTRACT Lake County consists of three physiographic units-a 2- to 5-mile-wide Lake Plain adjacent to Lake Erie, an approximately 2-mile-wide Escarpment south of the Lake Plain, and the Allegheny Plateau south of the Escarpment. Continental ice sheets spread into Lake County from the Erie basin at least five times during the Wisconsinan Stage and an unknown number of times in earlier stages. All of these incursions, except the last, extended far beyond Lake County. The last invasion extended only into the northern part of the county. The ice advances deposited tills, unsorted mixtures of clay, silt, sand, and pebbles, in identifiable sheets. Pre-Wisconsinan tills are present in only a few places and are very poorly known; however, the Wisconsinan tills are widespread and well known. From oldest to youngest the Wisconsinan tills are: Titusville, Kent, Lavery, Hiram, and Ashtabula. Much of the Plateau is covered with one or more tills, rarely more than 20 feet thick. The Escarpment is the site of the prominent Euclid and Painesville Moraines, in which the till is as much as 100 feet thick. The Lake Plain is covered by silt and sand deposits of late-glacial and postglacial lakes, the highest of which was about 200 feet higher than the level of present Lake Erie (571 feet). Four of the most long-lived lakes left beach deposits at their margins; the highest, the Maumee beach deposits, are discontinuous and meager, but the Whittlesey (South Ridge), Arkona (Middle Ridge), and Warren (North Ridge) beach deposits are conspicuous elements of the Lake Plain. The sand and gravel of the beach ridges have been of economic importance, but are now mostly exhausted or built upon and thus no longer available for exploitation. Karnes and kame terraces in southeastern Kirtland Township may contain considerable amounts of sand and gravel. Solid- and liquid-waste disposal capabilities in Lake County are varied and depend on till composition and position of the water table. Ground-water resources are not great in much of the county; these resources are most promising in a part of Kirtland Township. Areas of unstable slopes are present along some deep valley sides where till deposits are thick. INTRODUCTION PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS LOCATION Although some incidental notices of topographic fea- tures in what is now Lake County were made very early in Lake County, the smallest county in Ohio, with an area the past century, the first specific description of geologic of approximately 231 square miles, lies on the southern features was by Charles Whittlesey (1838, p. 50-55). He shore of Lake Erie between 81° and 81 ° 29' west longitude discussed changes in water levels in Lake Erie, the amount of and is 25 miles west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state line. shore erosion in 40 years, the contrast between the upland Lake County is bordered on the west and southwest by and the Lake Plain, and the sandy ridges on that plain, ridges Cuyahoga County, on the south by Geauga County, and on now known to be deposits of earlier, higher stages of Lake the east by Ashtabula
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