The Rock-Art Landscapes of Rombalds Moor, West Yorkshire

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The Rock-Art Landscapes of Rombalds Moor, West Yorkshire The Rock-Art Landscapes of Rombalds Moor, West Yorkshire Standing on Holy Ground Vivien Deacon Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-458-1 ISBN 978-1-78969-459-8 (e-Pdf) © Vivien Deacon and Archaeopress 2020 Front cover: Drawings, left to right : 82/RV 31: Rivock, Rombalds Moor 67/RV 23: Rivock, Rombalds Moor 229/PAR 04, one of the Panorama Stones from Rombalds Moor, now in an Ilkley churchyard. All drawings: © K. Boughey and WYAAS. Main Image: 41/DSS 01 Doubler 1, Rombalds Moor: Image: Author and P. Deacon Back cover: 283/BB 04, Rombalds Moor: Image: Author and P. Deacon All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Severn, Gloucester This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents List of Figures ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v List of Tables ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix Preface and Acknowledgements ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi Chapter One: Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Background to the Study �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Terminology ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 Using the bibliography: references to the ERA website ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 The future of British rock-art, and British rock-art research �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Chapter Two: Encountering Rock-art ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 Definitions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Sites and Distribution �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Motifs ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10 Cups...................................................................................................................................................................................13 Grooves .............................................................................................................................................................................13 Cup-and-rings .................................................................................................................................................................13 Combining motifs ...........................................................................................................................................................13 Studies of rock-art in Britain ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 The chronology of rock-art �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 When was rock-art first made, and by whom? ..........................................................................................................18 How long did rock-art continue to be made and used? ............................................................................................21 When did rock-art cease to be made and used? ........................................................................................................24 Discussion�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Chapter Three: Landscapes of Rock-art ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 Environments, inhabitation and movement ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28 Mesolithic ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28 Neolithic ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 Bronze Age �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31 The involvement of belief systems in the formation of landscape ������������������������������������������������������������������������������31 Encountering the sacred: rock, natural monuments and sacred geographies �����������������������������������������������������������34 Rock ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 Natural monuments �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������35 Sacred geographies ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������37 Moving through the landscape: routes and views ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������38 Moving through the landscape: is rock-art a text? ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39 Discussion: recreating the lost landscapes of rock-art ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39 Chapter Four: Rombalds Moor ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 41 Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41 Geology �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 Environments ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44 The archaeology of Rombalds Moor ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������47 Mesolithic ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������47 Neolithic ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������49 Bronze Age �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������51 Iron Age ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54 Roman and later archaeology, to the present day ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54 The rock-art of Rombalds Moor �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55 Discussion: Rombalds Moor as study area ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 i Chapter Five: Methodology ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59 Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������59
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