IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme 1997 Annual Report

Edited by Pamela Murphy Kunz Executive Secretary IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme

Morse Associates, Inc. 1808 Corcoran Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20009 USA

January 1997

IEA/SHC/AR97 4 Implementing Agreement Table of Contents 5 Chairman’s Report 8 Feature Article: Solar Energy Activities in IEA Countries, 1995-1997 18 Task 18: Advanced Glazing and Associated Materials for Solar and Building Applications 25 Task 19: Solar Air Systems 29 Task 20: Solar Energy in Building Renovation 35 Task 21: Daylight in Buildings 43 Task 22: Building Energy Analysis Tools 47 Task 23: Optimization of Solar Energy Use in Large Buildings 51 Working Group: Materials in Solar Thermal Collectors Working Group 54 Address List

3 Table of Contents Background The members are: The International Energy Agency Australia Japan (IEA) was founded in November Austria Netherlands 1974 as an autonomous body within Belgium New Zealand the framework of the Organization Canada Norway for Economic Cooperation and Denmark Spain Development (OECD) to carry out European Sweden a comprehensive program of energy Commission Switzerland cooperation among its 24 member Germany Tur key The Solar countries. The European Finland United Kingdom Commission also participates in the France United States Heating & Cooling work of the IEA. Italy

The IEA’s policy goals of energy Current Tasks Implementing security, diversity within the energy A total of twenty-three Tasks (pro- sector, and environmental sustain- jects) have been undertaken since Agreement ability are addressed in part through the beginning of the Solar Heating a program of international collabo- and Cooling Programme. The lead- ration in the research, development ership and management of the indi- and demonstration of new energy vidual Tasks are the responsibility of technologies, under the framework Operating Agents. The Tasks which of over 40 Implementing were active in 1997 and their Agreements. respective Operating Agents are: Task 18 The Solar Heating and Cooling Advanced Glazing and Implementing Agreement was one Associated Materials for Solar of the first collaborative R&D pro- and Building Applications grams to be established within the United Kingdom IEA, and, since 1977, its participants Task 19 have been conducting a variety of Solar Air Systems joint projects in active solar, passive Switzerland solar and photovoltaic technologies, primarily for building applications. Task 20 The overall Programme is moni- Solar Energy in tored by an Executive Committee Building Renovation consisting of one representative Sweden from each of the 19 member coun- Task 21 tries and the European Commission. Daylight in Buildings Denmark Task 22 Building Energy Analysis Tools United States Task 23 Optimization of Solar Energy Use in Large Buildings Norway

4 Implementing Agreement OVERVIEW HIGHLIGHTS OF THE TASKS 1997 was an active year for the AND WORKING GROUP Executive Committee members and Highlights of the Programme’s work Operating Agents of the Solar during 1997 are presented below. Heating and Cooling (SHC) The details of these and many other Programme as Task 18 drew to a accomplishments are covered in the close,Task 23 and a Working Group individual Task summaries later in this on Advanced Low Energy Dwellings report. were started, and three new Tasks Chairman’s Report: were initiated. Executive Committee Task 18: Advanced Glazing members also began to plan for the The Task concluded in March 1997 Highlights future as the current SHC Strategic and achieved all its scientific and Plan will end in 1998. Special ses- technical goals. A few of the many sions were held during the May and technical accomplishments include of 1997 November 1997 Executive facilitating the development of vacu- Committee meeting to determine um glazing prototypes to a commer- the future direction of the cialized product, development of a Programme and prioritize areas of monolithic aerogel window with a Prof. André De Herde work. The SHC Programme also U-value of <0.5 W m-2 K-1, and iden- Executive Committee Chairman received exposure at the United tification of appropriate applications Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium Nations when we were invited to for advanced glazing materials and participate in the IEA exhibit at the the quantifying of energy benefits United Nation’s Sustainable from their use. Development in Action Exhibition in the United States. Task 19: Solar Air Systems A direct result of Task 19 work is the With IEA SHC researchers from the introduction of a new and innovative 19 member countries and the solar collector by ABB of Norway on European Commission involved in the market in early 1998. five Tasks and two Working Groups, 1998 will no doubt be another year Laboratory testing of solar air collec- full of notable achievements. tors continued at the ARSENAL in Vienna, Austria. Five solar collectors Every year our annual report were tested, and results included includes a feature article on some collector efficiency, pressure drop, aspect of solar technologies for leakage rate and surface air speed buildings. This year’s article, based dependency under precisely con- on the SHC National Program trolled ambient conditions such as Review workshop held in conjunc- wind speed and direction. In addi- tion with the May 1997 Executive tion, a method to determine in-situ Committee meeting, summarizes the efficiency of solar air collectors was recent national activities and trends developed and tested. in solar building technology policies and programs of the SHC member countries.

5 Chairman’s Report Task 20: Solar Energy in Building use of polymeric materials in solar over the years, the former chairmen Renovation collecting devices was completed. and Executive Secretary were invited A report on improved solar renova- The results of this interlaboratory to participated in a panel discussion. tion concepts and a brochure series work will be compared to the An overall conclusion by all the on solar renovation concepts were results of outdoor tests conducted speakers was that the research work published. Eighteen demonstration by the Working Group. of over 250 experts from 19 coun- projects were selected for evaluation tries has created an invaluable of their construction and commis- NEW PROJECTS knowledge base on all aspects of sioning phases as well as operational The Project Definition Phase for solar energy. The Programme’s results. three new Tasks began in 1997: exhibit also traveled the world to a variety of events, the ANZSES con- Task 21: Daylight in Buildings Task 24:Active Solar Procurement. ference in Australia, the NorthSun Seven countries began to test day- The Task objective is to achieve a ‘97 conference in Finland, and the lighting systems and monitor case performance and cost breakthrough Solar ‘97 conference in the United study buildings. The types of systems for active solar water heating sys- States. being tested included louvres/blinds, tems and to increase their market light shelves, laser cut panels, pris- share through collaborative buying National Program Review Workshop matic panels/films and anidolic solar initiatives. A workshop on the national solar blinds. programs of the SHC member Task 25:Solar Assisted Cooling countries was held at the May 1997 Task 22: Building Energy Systems for Building Climitization. Executive Committee meeting in Analysis Tools The Task objective is to create condi- Oslo, Norway. Each participating A series of “blind” empirical valida- tions that allow solar cooling of country presented a report on their tion exercises were conducted using buildings to enter the market country’s work in this field during measured data from several test through the identification of promis- 1995-1997. These country reports rooms and houses operated by ing technologies and technical prob- will be compiled and published in Electricity of France. The Energy lems and the promotion of interna- early 1998. Resource Station of the Iowa Energy tional R&D and marketing of solar Center was selected for a second assisted building climitization. Programme and Policy Actions set of exercises based on a full-scale A Programme update was presented commercial building test facility to be Task 26:Solar Combisystems. The to the IEA Renewable Energy conducted in 1998. Task objective is to review, analyze, Working Party (REWP) in June test, compare, optimize and improve 1997. The REWP was pleased with Task 23: Optimization of Solar the design of solar combisystems the high activity level and profession- Energy Use in Large Buildings (active solar space and water heating alism in operation and management Work just recently began under this systems). of the Implementing Agreement. Task. The primary focus of work to The REWP looks forward to the date has been on selecting and ana- MANAGEMENT ACTIONS Programme’s continued work and lyzing buildings for Case Stories. 20th Anniversary integration with other IEA Twenty low energy and solar build- Activities revolving around the Implementing Agreements. Also in ings have been selected to study and Programme’s 20th Anniversary con- June, the Chairman participated in a 12 Case Stories have been drafted. tinued in 1997. One highlight was joint IEA/EC workshop in Belgium. the special session held at the May Working Group on Materials in Solar 1997 Executive Committee meeting A committee to improve the Thermal Collectors in Norway. To recapture how the Programme’s information dissemina- Work on durability aspects on the Programme began and progressed tion activities was established.The

6 Chairman’s Report three-person committee will begin Executive Committee meetings. tries towards more sustainable build- its work in 1998 and make recom- These sessions provided an oppor- ings. mendations to the Executive tunity for the Executive Committee Committee. members and Operating Agents to PUBLICATIONS examine and discuss the The following IEA Solar Heating and The Software Policy Committee Programme’s strengths, weaknesses, Cooling reports and related publica- continued to work on strengthening opportunities and barriers. The tions were printed in 1997 and are the Programme’s software policy. November session concluded with a not listed elsewhere in this annual The Executive Committee agreed long list of possible priority areas for report. that software should be treated like new work over the next five years. all other assets developed under the A new Strategic Plan will be Project Development Guide for Central Programme and also clarified word- approved by the Executive Solar Heating Plants with Seasonal ing for a standard disclaimer. Committee in 1998. Storage. C. Leenaerts, editor, October 1997. The Executive Committee also COORDINATION WITH OTHER IEA revised its policy on Programme IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENTS Dynamic Testing of Active Solar activity evaluations. The new evalua- The third joint meeting with the Heating Systems,Volumes A&B. tion policy is intended to simplify the Energy Conservation in Buildings H.Visser, editor, October 1996. process for conducting mid-term and Community Systems (BCS) evaluations. The revised process and Programme was held in conjunction James & James Titles from IEA an evaluation questionnaire were with the November 1997 Executive Programmes. adopted by the Executive Committee meeting in Australia. A promotional brochure of IEA Committee. Also, the collaborative work in SHC Programme publications including Task 21/BCS Annex 29 continued to those of the Solar Heating and Internet Site achieve useful results and informa- Cooling Programme. The Solar Heating and Cooling tion on daylighting systems for build- Programme’s World Wide Web site, ings. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS which includes detailed information In closing, I would like to thank the on current Programme Tasks, a bibli- In May 1997, a workshop, initiated by Operating Agents and Working ography of publications, recent the Solar Heating and Cooling Group Leader, our Executive Programme newsletters, past annual Programme, concluded that the IEA Secretary, Pamela Murphy Kunz, and reports, contact information and should undertake, within its current our Advisor, Fred Morse, for their Internet links to other organizations, building-related Programmes, collab- work on behalf of the Programme. continues to bring increased visibility orative work in the area of sustain- All their efforts are essential to the to the Programme. Recent updates able (resource-efficient) buildings. A Programme’s continued success. to the graphics and information follow-up workshop is planned for should make visiting the site even September 1998. Representatives more rewarding. The address for the from the seven building-related site is http://www.iea-shc.org. Programmes as well as the End Use and Renewable Energy Working Strategic Plan 1999-2004 Parties are overseeing the planning The Programme’s present Strategic of this follow-up workshop.The Plan ends in 1998. In an effort to workshop will identify high priority revise this plan, the Executive collaborative work required to facili- Committee held special sessions at tate the transition of the building the May and November 1997 sectors of the IEA Member coun-

7 Chairman’s Report INTRODUCTION tion that fossil fuels are contributing In May 1997, the Executive emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) Committee held its 6th National and other greenhouse gases to the Programme Review workshop on atmosphere — and formal commit- activities in solar energy for buildings ments by many world nations to sta- in IEA countries. The workshop, held bilize those emissions — has spurred approximately once every two to public and private sector interest in three years, provided an opportunity energy alternatives. Solar energy is Solar Energy for Programme members to share widely seen as an excellent option information on their national solar for achieving CO2 emission reduc- energy programs, market and tech- tion objectives and protecting the Activities in nology developments and related environment. Many IEA countries issues in the member countries. The — Australia, Canada, Denmark, focus of these reports was on solar Finland, Germany, Japan and IEA Countries heating, cooling, daylighting and Switzerland, for example — have building-integrated photovoltaic cited the challenge of climate change technologies. as a primary motivation for conduct- ing solar energy research, develop- 1995-1997 In an effort to disseminate the infor- ment and demonstration (RD&D) mation provided by member coun- and market development activities. tries to the wider solar energy com- munity, the Executive Committee is Renewable Energy Budgets publishing Solar Energy Activities in Despite the generally strong interest IEA Countries. This document in solar technologies as a means of reports on the status of solar build- tapping into an environmentally ing technology policies, funding lev- “clean” and renewable energy els, research, technology advances source, funding levels for solar ener- and commercial developments in gy activities continue to vary across the member countries of the IEA IEA Member countries. Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC) Programme. Data are also provided Some countries, including Austria, on government funding for solar Belgium, Japan, New Zealand and energy programs, government incen- Turkey, have noted recent increases tive programs for solar technologies, in government funding for solar and and solar commercial activities in the other renewable energy activities. reporting countries. Most notably, funding for Japan’s solar energy program increased by OVERVIEW OF SOLAR ENERGY about 43% between 1996 and 1997. ACTIVITIES Others, however, report that solar activities have been negatively Addressing Climate Change and impacted by government spending Other Environmental Issues restraint and cost-cutting measures. Environmental issues continue to be Countries in this category include the driving force for the develop- Germany, France, Canada, Norway, ment of alternative energy technolo- and the United States. In the United gies in IEA countries. The recogni- States, funding for solar building-

8 Solar Energy Activities related activities has decreased from considered to be an important quadruple glazing, krypton gas fill, US$15.6 million in 1995 to US$8.7 source of financial support for the low-profile frames, organic aerogels million in 1997, largely as a result of solar energy industry. and electrochromic technologies. completion of the PV-BONUS pro- Electrochromic glazings are also gram and reductions in the active Table 1 provides figures on govern- being studied in France, where solar and electrochromics budgets. ment funding for active and passive research has shown that this tech- Other IEA countries, including solar and building- integrated PV nology can reduce annual energy Denmark and Finland, have main- technologies for the past three years. needs by up to 45% in southern tained a relatively steady level of The total funding for these activities regions of the country, and in the funding for solar energy activities. was US$174 million in 1995, U.S. and Italy. Canada, Australia and US$187 million in 1996 and US$237 the U.S. have also developed testing One trend noted by many countries million in 1997. and labeling programs that will help is a move toward increased funding consumers, designers and builders for PV technology development and Major Technical Advances make informed decisions on energy- commercialization. This appears to Through the RD&D partnerships efficient window purchases. reflect a widely held view that the mentioned above, technical advances return on investment in PV will be are being made in many facets of A major effort is under way in the greater in the long term than for solar research. In their national U.S. to support the development either active or passive solar. For papers, several countries indicate and evaluation of advanced solar example, Japan’s budget for building- that new products will soon be strategies. The Exemplary Buildings integrated PV more than doubled commercialized in such areas as Program is funding the design, con- between 1996 and 1997. Belgium high-performance windows, passive struction, commissioning and moni- and Australia have also noted solar design tools, solar domestic hot toring of buildings capable of achiev- increased funding for PV technolo- water (SDHW) systems, solar ing 75% or more of their energy gies. absorbers and storage systems, needs from passive solar used in transparent insulation, daylighting, combination with energy efficiency As well, most member countries are and building-integrated PV systems. technologies. Four residential build- reporting a growing emphasis on ings and four non-residential build- cost-shared RD&D with the solar Passive Solar ings have been constructed to date, energy industry, universities and Passive solar technologies continue and their performance is being mea- other partners. In many cases, gov- to be viewed as offering great sured. Two of the residential build- ernment funding is directed toward potential in many IEA countries. ings were developed in conjunction areas where the domestic industry National programs and several IEA with SHC Task 13,Advanced Solar has particular interest or expertise. Solar Heating and Cooling Tasks con- Low Energy Buildings. By focusing on areas of strength, gov- tinue to provide the knowledge and ernments are able to leverage fund- guidance needed by designers and In France, the solar design of build- ing from the private sector with the builders to ensure that passive solar ings is steadily being replaced by the ultimate objective of creating jobs buildings perform properly. concept of “green building design,” in and economic growth. which energy performance, the use For example, several countries are of safe materials, daylighting, occu- In many countries, state/regional/ focusing on developing energy-effi- pant comfort and health, and other provincial/local governments also cient windows with advanced glazing factors enter into the design process. fund solar energy RD&D activities. systems (SHC Task 18). With fund- This new approach, which aims at Although specific amounts were gen- ing support from the federal govern- emphasizing environmental con- erally not indicated in the national ment, Canadian scientists and engi- cerns, will be used in the design of a reports, this funding is nevertheless neers are working with triple and new office building for the French

9 Solar Energy Activities Table 1 Government Funding for Active and Passive Solar and Building-Integrated PV Technologies 1995-1997 (in USD thousands)

Solar EnergyActivities COUNTRY ACTIVE SOLAR PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING-INTEGRATED PV TOTAL ‘95 TOTAL ‘96 TOTAL ‘97

10 Heating Heating Heating Cooling Cooling Cooling Heating Heating Heating Cooling Cooling Cooling Daylighting Daylighting Daylighting 1995 1996 1997 1995 1996 1997 1995 1996 1997 1995 1996 1997 1995 1996 1997 1995 1996 1997 Auatralia 1 - 6 - 8 - - 246 67 476 2 0 5 35 440 130 2 199 7,343 5,327 6,365 7,932 5,437 7,480 Austria2 680 470 620 - - - 710 530 580 - - - 7 0 70 50 1,160 800 790 2,620 1,870 2,040 Belgium3 - - 70 - - - 830 610 810 - - - 80 60 180 610 5 6 0 6 9 0 1,520 1,230 1,750 Canada 576 581 494 - - - 660 590 486 - - - 35 69 69 - - - 1,271 1,240 1,049 Denmark4 2,000 1,500 2,000 - - - 2,000 1,800 2,100 ------800 600 500 4,800 3,900 4,600 Finland 5 100 200 200 - - - 1,200 1,000 1,000 ------800 1,000 1,000 2,100 2,200 2,200 France6 1,800 1,700 1,200 - - - 700 600 500 ------100 100 1 0 0 2,600 2,400 1,800 Germany7 - 4,100 3,500 - - - - 18,200 15,200 - - - - 900 700 - 900 600 - 24,100 20,000 Italy

1. Figures for Australia are estimated to repre- and do not include tax credits or other ing. Funding for building-integrated PV on a financial year starting 1 April. Active sent about 75% of RD&D funding for solar incentives. Figures presented under active includes subsidies for market introduction. solar funding includes all heating applications, energy (some data are missing). Figures and passive heating include funding for cool- 9. Industry in Norway provides approximately and passive solar funding includes heating, provided are for 1994-95, 1995-96 and ing and, in the case of passive energy, day- the equivalent level of R&D funding. ventilation and daylighting. Building integrat- 1997-98 fiscal years, respectively. lighting. These figures should not be com- 10. Figures for Switzerland presented under ed PV figures are estimates and the 1997 2. 1997 figures for Austria are estimated. pared with the 1993 report, which covered active and passive heating include funding figure includes £500,000 from the £million 3. The budgets for passive solar heating in a much broader scope of activities. for cooling and, in the case of passive ener- ‘Solar’ Programme. Belgium include spending on cooling. 7. The 1995 budget for Germany is compara- gy, daylighting. PV funding does not distin- 12. In the United States, passive solar R&D , 4. The budgets for passive solar heating in ble to the 1996 budget. Funding for passive guish between building-integrated and other excluding electrochromics research, empha- Denmark include spending on daylighting. solar heating includes spending on cooling PV. Dollar amounts indicated are for the sized “whole buildings research” and build- 5. The budgets for active solar heating and and energy conservation in buildings. Swiss Federal Office of Energy. Total public ing energy technology integration. Work on passive solar heating in Finland include 8. Figures for Japan presented under active and funding for solar energy RD&D is estimated solar cooling was essentially eliminated dur- spending on cooling. passive heating include funding for cooling to be double the figures shown here. ing 1995-1997. 6. The figures for France are rough estimates and, in the case of passive energy, daylight- 11. Figures for the United Kingdom are based Agency for Environment and Energy assisted heating systems in large In a JOULE-supported project, Management in Angers. buildings. Under this program, up to French, Spanish and German 1001 large centralized solar-assisted researchers are collaborating on a Daylighting is also an area of growing heating plants will be installed in prototype building with integrated interest and importance. In Italy, sev- public buildings. As well, large-scale, photovoltaic-thermal modules for eral RD&D projects are being car- solar-assisted district heating plants the new Library of Mataro near ried out to optimize daylight use in with seasonal storage are being Barcelona. The U.S. has launched a buildings and to improve the control demonstrated. new activity aimed at increasing the systems that regulate the use of nat- adoption of building-integrated PV in ural and artificial light, the character- Building-Integrated PV the short term, and the Netherlands, istics of windows and shading sys- As previously noted, many countries Austria, Denmark and Italy have also tems, and the efficiency and color have reported a shift in emphasis demonstrated strong interest in rendering of artificial light sources. toward supporting building- building-integrated PV. integrated PV technologies as viable, Active Solar Systems long-term solutions to energy-relat- Information Activities Many countries have reported grow- ed environmental problems and IEA Member countries have under- ing consumer interest in SDHW sys- issues of energy infrastructure and taken a wide range of information, tems, as well as significant improve- costs in remote areas. education, training and technology ments in technology and cost reduc- transfer activities. Target audiences tions. A Canadian firm, for example, In Japan, where the government has include the general public, building is on the verge of commercializing a established a target of solar contri- owners and developers, researchers, 3,000 kilowatt hour, high-efficiency bution to the total energy supply of manufacturers and the building solar water heating appliance that is 2% by the year 2000 and 3% by design community. based on the low-flow concept pio- 2010, PV demonstration plants are neered in Canada. The new appli- being subsidized in public buildings. In Norway, for example, national ance will sell for less than US$1,500, A subsidy program has also been ini- media campaigns are considered to and will offer a five-year payback tiated to accelerate grid-connected be an important means of reaching when replacing an electric system. PV installations in private houses. private households and other small- Japan has set a target of improving volume energy users with messages Several countries are developing test array efficiency of building-integrated about renewable energy and energy procedures for rating SDHW sys- PV systems by 8.5% by 2000, as well efficiency technologies. Regional tems, including Germany, Japan and as significantly lowering the cost of energy efficiency centers are respon- the U.S. SDHW systems have gen- such systems. sible for local information and train- erally been proven to be efficient ing activities, and conferences, semi- and technically mature. Further Germany is also demonstrating nars and technical magazines/ reductions in their cost, combined strong interest in building-integrated newsletters disseminate information with government programs to PV. The German program includes a on solar energy to professionals and encourage and support market pen- national architectural competition to the general public. etration in the U.S. and elsewhere, promote innovative new concepts are expected to increase the adop- for the integration of PV elements The World Wide Web is fast becom- tion of this technology. into the building facade. As well, a ing an important means of distribut- monitoring program of 2,200 PV ing information on solar technologies Work continues in Germany on the systems installed on residential and developments. Many IEA coun- 10-year Solarthermie-2000 program, rooftops is coming to an end, and tries sponsor energy efficiency/ which was launched in 1993 to pro- has already contributed to improve- renewable energy home pages that mote the use of centralized solar- ments in system technology. contain a wide range of information

11 Solar Energy Activities on solar technologies and other mat- The Danish government supports prices for conventional energy ters of interest to energy consumers. the installation of solar water heating sources, the market for active solar In the U.S., for example, the Energy systems with a subsidy that is based systems continues to grow in many Efficiency and Renewable Energy on the calculated energy savings parts of the world. Austria, Network serves as a central point of achieved under standard conditions. Denmark, Finland, Germany and information about energy efficiency The amount of support is currently Turkey, in particular, have noted and renewable energy programs. set at US$0.70 per kilowatt hour of growth in solar markets. The Energy Efficiency and energy saved per year, which repre- Renewable Energy Clearinghouse, sents a subsidy of 20% to 30% of the In many IEA Member countries, which provides an answer and refer- total installation costs. Solar water rationalization of the active solar ral service for questions about ener- heating systems are becoming so industry continues. Although the gy efficiency and renewable energy popular in Denmark, it is anticipated number of companies has declined technologies, can also be accessed there will be no need for a subsidy in many countries, those that remain via the Internet. by the year 2000. tend to be stronger and are better able to withstand market fluctua- Canada has developed a Passive In Japan, significant funding has been tions. The privatization of electric Solar for Canadian Houses design allocated to subsidize the market utilities in several countries could guide for consumers. The guide introduction of PV technologies in increase utility interest and involve- includes software to support the public buildings (US$11.7 million in ment in bringing solar energy sys- integration of passive solar technolo- 1997) and private homes (US$96.5 tems to the marketplace. As well, gies into conventional housing (as million in 1997). The incentive for do-it-yourself collector building opposed to a passive solar home), private homes has resulted in an groups are gaining momentum and and is made widely available to the estimated 9,400 installations. At the expanding the use of active solar sys- building community and the general same time, Japan has ended its 17- tems in Austria and elsewhere. public. year practice of subsidizing bank loan interest to install SDHW systems Passive solar techniques continue to Government Incentives due to already low interest rates. be widely applied in the design of In many IEA countries, the move both residential and commercial toward “small government” has Other types of incentives offered by buildings. Countries like France, Italy meant an end to incentive programs IEA Member countries include subsi- and New Zealand offer significant for solar energy technologies. dies for energy retrofits of public potential for the increased use of Nevertheless, several countries con- buildings (Belgium); tax incentives double-glazed windows, while tinue to use incentives to promote and accelerated depreciation Canada’s cold climate offers many the market penetration and demon- allowances (Germany, Canada and opportunities to increase the market stration of solar technologies. In others); interest-free loans for tech- share of high-performance windows. Austria, for example, the federal, nological applications and R&D by provincial and some local communi- industry (Turkey); and special mort- Interest in building-integrated PV is ties provide direct financial support gage programs for energy-efficient growing rapidly in many IEA coun- and financial incentives for solar sys- homes (U.S.). tries, including Japan, Spain, Finland, tems. In Finland, organizations may Norway and the U.S. The future be eligible for government subsidies A country-by-country breakdown of outlook for this sector of the solar amounting to 35% of the total cost government incentive programs is industry is particularly bright. of new energy system, and private provided in Table 2. households can apply for a 20% sub- Table 3 provides more information sidy. Solar Market Activity on market activity in member coun- Despite being hampered by low tries. A development of particular

12 Solar Energy Activities Table 2 Government Incentive Programs Country Incentives Country Incentives

Australia No incentive schemes to encourage the market Netherlands A subsidy scheme exists for active solar thermal penetration of renewable energy products. systems, but subsidy levels are decreasing in However, a 125% tax deduction is available for keeping with market-based policies. Tax incen- R&D projects. tives are available to corporations for renew- able energy. Low interest rate loans are avail- Austria Federal government, provincial governments able for “green investments.” and local communities offer different levels of support, either through direct funding or tax New Zealand Grants available for practical measures that will incentives. improve energy efficiency. However, renew- able energy technologies have not been able to Belgium Subsidies covering one-third of the cost of compete on a cost-effective basis for grants. energy retrofits of public buildings, schools and hospitals. Norway None

Canada Federal government offers an accelerated Spain Subsidies available to industries that want to depreciation allowance for certain energy-pro- improve their products and to support energy ducing equipment, including some solar energy conservation in buildings. In the case of the lat- products. ter, subsidies are available for both passive and active solar initiatives, as well as grid-connected Denmark Subsidy provided for installation of SDHW sys- PV installations. tems, based on estimated energy savings achieved under standard conditions. Subsidy Switzerland Subsidies are available for large installations. currently set at US$0.70 per saved kilowatt For solar collectors, subsidies range up to 10% hour per year. of the total investment, while for PV (more than 1 kWp), subsidies may be up to 25% of Finland Organizations may be eligible for subsidies costs. Regional subsidies may also be available. amounting to 35% of the total cost of new energy systems. Private households may apply Turkey Interest-free loans of up to US$1 million for for a 20% subsidy. technological applications and R&D by industry. Turkey also provides funding for R&D of up to France Tax credits or accelerated capital cost 50% of the project budget. allowance procedures may be available for solar systems. United States Tax credits are available from certain states and rebates are provided by a number of utilities Germany Incentives include subsidies for certain renew- for the purchase and installation of solar energy able energy systems, incentives for the installa- systems in buildings. Energy-efficient mortgage tion of SDHW systems, and tax credits for low- programs are available to help finance the cost energy buildings. of more energy-efficient residences.

Italy Funding may be provided for specific projects.

Japan Subsidies are offered to support the installation of grid-connected PV demonstration plants in public buildings and grid-connected PV installa- tions in private houses. Subsidies for 50% of solar system costs are available for solar heat- ing/cooling and SDHW systems in local govern- ment buildings.

13 Solar Energy Activities Table 3 Market Activity Country Status Country Status

Australia Largest industry sectors are PV (two major Finland Solar collector manufacturing has recently players) and solar water heating (with the lead- begun in Finland. During the past two years, ing company exporting most of its production two major collector manufacturers have overseas). One manufacturer is developing entered the market. Low-energy building electrochromic windows for regional export technology is being commercialized. PV now markets. Small innovative companies are find- installed in 30,000 summer residences (total of ing valuable export markets for daylighting 1,500 kW). Total installed collector area in products. Currently, SDHW systems are Finland is 113,000 m2. installed on 350,000 to 400,000 homes, and production of systems is increasing steadily. France About five small firms manufacture solar col- lectors and/or solar water heaters. Currently Austria The total area of installed collectors is in the estimated that 400,000 m2 of solar collectors order of about 1,457,000 m2 , 32% of which have been installed in France, mostly for indi- are for swimming pool heating and 38% for vidual or collective hot water heating, following hot water heating. In 1996, annual heat output by swimming pool heating and space and of solar technology was in the order of about water heating. Four major companies produce 490 GWh. energy-efficient glazing products.

Belgium Commercial activity in area of active solar Germany Annual installed solar collector area has energy is extremely limited. Some expansion increased from 50,000 m2 in 1990 to 300,000 noted in the area of natural lighting combined m2 in 1995. Total installed collector are esti- with artificial lighting. mated to be approximately 1.3 million m2. A few large manufacturers and many small com- Canada Canada’s active solar industry comprises about panies. 15-20 small- and medium-sized companies that manufacture products ranging from residential Italy Low national production of solar collectors. pool heating collectors and domestic hot Currently, about 15,000 m2 of solar collectors water systems to solar preheating ventilation installed per year. air systems. Sales in 1996 were estimated at US$3.5 million. For the passive solar industry, Japan Solar thermal energy industry is in decline due high-performance windows accounted for to such factors as low oil prices and an eco- about 35% of 1996 sales by the window indus- nomic recession. Collector manufacturing in try, which is made up of dozens of manufactur- 1995 was 825,908 m2. Total accumulated ers. installations of active solar heating/cooling and SDHW systems at the end of 1996 was Denmark Two major manufacturers of active solar heat- 493,587 (excluding natural circulation type ing systems, as well as 10 or more smaller solar water heaters). PV industry is growing, companies. Continued strong growth in with annual production of 100 MW in 1997, domestic installations, and some exports to compared to 20 MW in 1994. neighbouring countries. Energy-efficient win- dows now a standard requirement. Currently, Netherlands Approximately 14,000 SDHW systems one Danish firm manufactures PV modules, installed in 1995. Objective is to increase using imported cells. Several companies pro- installations to 80,000 systems by 2000 and to duce control systems and pumps for stand- 1,000,000 systems by 2020. Total installed alone PV systems in Third World markets. collector area is 77,528 m2 of glazed and 91,840 m2 of unglazed. Total building-integrat- ed PV installed at the end of 1995 was 200 kWp.

14 Solar Energy Activities Table 3 Market Activity (cont) Country Status Country Status

New Zealand Eight firms involved in solar manufacturing sell Turkey Only the solar collector manufacturing industry a total of 500 to 700 units per year of SDHW is well established. In 1995, installed solar col- equipment. Nevertheless, the installed base lector capacity reached 1.9 million m2, and remains small. Significant growth noted in sales every year increases by more than 200,000 m2. of double-glazed windows. No building-inte- Industry is expanding through exports to grated PV systems installed. European Community countries, the former Soviet Republics and the Middle East. Norway Largest commercial market to date has been for PV. More than 70,000 systems have been United States Pool heating and SDHW applications continue installed, with annual sales of approximately to be the predominant end-uses for active 5,000 systems. Market for solar water heating solar systems. In 1995, approximately 628,000 has been limited, with only about 500 systems m2 of collectors were shipped for pool heating installed. (an increase), and 70,000 m2 for SDHW (a small decrease). The number of solar collector Spain Spain has three manufacturers of PV modules manufacturers has decreased, with the market and numerous installation and marketing firms. dominated by a few companies. Interest A large amount of production is exported. appears to be increasing in passive solar tech- The installed surface area of low-temperature nologies. The market for PV is also increasing, collectors amounted to 320,000 m2 at the end particularly in the residential sector. It is esti- of 1995. The industry is made up of 10 collec- mated that approximately 6272 kWp of PV tor manufacturers, as well as installers. modules were shipped for the residential market in 1995. Switzerland The solar industry is made up of less than 10 small companies. Employment is slowly increasing. Some firms are endeavouring to tackle foreign markets with high-quality prod- ucts or systems. The installation of collectors is showing steady annual growth.

15 Solar Energy Activities interest is the requirement that all of ing, cooling, natural lighting and ambi- lent in political strategies and deci- the buildings and energy systems for ent air quality; limiting CO2 emis- sions. However, prices for natural the 2000 Olympic Games in sions; and PV energy systems. gas and domestic electricity are Australia be designed to minimize expected to continue to decline, the production of greenhouse gases. Canada which could limit the penetration of As a result, the Olympic Games are Canada is continuing to make solar technology to small niche mar- expected to play a major role in the advances in solar energy technolo- kets. A SDHW tax-exemption pro- development of a viable solar energy gies. By working in partnership with gram started in three overseas terri- industry in Australia. industry, the Canadian government is tories in 1996 will be renewed and supporting the development and use possibly extended to mainland OUTLOOK of renewable energy technologies France. Incentives for such systems Each country has provided an and is ensuring these technologies as “solar heating floors” are expect- assessment of the national outlook make it to the marketplace. ed to gradually decline. for solar energy building technolo- gies. A brief synopsis of these Denmark Germany assessments is provided below. By the year 2000, SDHW systems The market penetration of solar are expected to be commercially technologies in Germany is expected Australia feasible without subsidies. However, to continue at a strong rate over the The solar water heating industry is promotional efforts will continue to next few years, particularly given the showing small signs of growth and be needed to increase the use of government’s commitment to a 25% the PV industry has a strong future. solar energy. Market development to 30% reduction in CO2 emissions Energy prices are expected to rise as instruments will include promoting by 2005. The government has pro- utilities are privatized, which will help the use of solar energy in combina- posed that until 2005, all RD&D level the playing field for renewable tion with natural gas, oil and electrici- efforts should focus on improving energy sources. The 2000 Olympic ty. A shift in emphasis is expected new energy-saving and solar tech- Games are seen as a potentially valu- from active solar energy toward pas- nologies and to gathering reliable able opportunity for the renewable sive and building-integrated solar data for the technical and economic energy industry to become viable. energy. assessment of different energy tech- nologies. Austria Finland The use of solar energy in the build- The long-term potential for solar Italy ing sector is seen as an important energy in buildings is significant due RD&D programs over the next few element for a sustainable future. To to Finland’s harsh northern climate. years will focus on developing trans- date, attention has focused on small Solar energy could contribute 5% to parent materials and daylighting sys- residential buildings. There are 10% of the national energy demand tems; developing plane solar collec- opportunities to extend the use of without causing large disturbances in tors for domestic hot water heating; solar energy into larger buildings, the energy infrastructure. The medi- integrating solar technologies into which will have a greater impact on um-term outlook remains strong for building renovations; and developing, overall energy consumption. passive solar and small-scale PV, producing and testing building-inte- which are already common. Active grated PV systems. Belgium solar and PV in buildings may grow Commercial activity in the area of in importance in the future. Japan active solar energy is extremely limit- Ongoing solar thermal and PV pro- ed. The coming years will see the France grams are expected to help Japan pursuit and expansion of RD&D in Concern for the environment is meet its targets for solar energy con- such areas as passive solar for heat- expected to become more preva- tribution to energy supply by the

16 Solar Energy Activities year 2010 (for PV, the targets are 40 tives defined by the European Union MGW by 2000 and 460 MGW by — namely, economic growth, the 2010). creation of employment, maximum self-sufficiency and enhancing the Netherlands quality of life through improved The Netherlands aims to increase environmental conditions. the contribution of renewable ener- gy from less than 1% of energy sup- Switzerland ply today to 3% by 2000 and 10% by A new energy law anticipated for 2020. The priority is to increase 1999 is expected to include a installations of SDHW systems, with “Solarinitiative” program that will expected market growth of 30% per increase subsidies for solar and other year until 2000. Funding for RD&D forms of renewable energy. of passive solar energy will be Otherwise, no developments are increased, and interest is growing in anticipated that will substantially building-integrated PV. change the market for solar tech- nologies. New Zealand New Zealand has agreed to return Turkey net CO2 emissions to their 1990 New environmental taxes are sched- level by 2000. The increased use of uled to be imposed on fossil fuels. renewable energy sources, including These taxes, along with new incen- solar energy, will be part of the solu- tives for solar energy, will make solar tion. However, New Zealand’s ener- energy applications (other than gy policy remains reliant on market SDHW) more economical and mechanisms. affordable by consumers.

Norway United States No substantial Norwegian market Growing awareness of the role solar for new renewable technologies is building technologies can play in expected in the near future, helping to achieve domestic and although a niche market may international environmental objec- emerge for PV units in remote areas. tives could result in increased fund- RD&D efforts will mainly focus on ing and activity in the future. In the product development for export current environment of deregulation markets. An expected shortage of and restructuring, electric utilities electricity, as well as more intensive and state regulatory bodies have political actions to decrease CO2 expressed interest in ensuring that emissions, could signal increased renewable energy remains an impor- interest in solar energy. tant component of their energy sup- ply mix. Within the buildings sector, Spain the trend toward single building The Spanish government will codes and the increased use of per- continue to support the develop- formance-based compliance should ment and use of renewable energy increase the opportunities for solar technologies according to the objec- energy in new construction.

17 Solar Energy Activities TASK DESCRIPTION tion and technology transfer of new materials and components. The Objective emphasis was on near market tech- The objective of this Task is to devel- nology, but possible future glazing op the scientific, engineering and materials such as angle selective architectural basis which will support transmittance coatings were includ- the appropriate use of advanced ed. Complex glazings such as view glazings and associated materials in windows with integral moveable buildings and other solar applications blinds were also included. TASK 18: with the aim of realising significant energy and environmental benefits. The Task aims to provide guidance for design engineers, building engi- Advanced Glazing and Scope neers and industry on the proper- Glazings were defined as clear and ties, use, performance and selection Associated Materials for translucent media for building win- of advanced glazing materials. dows and facades and solar collector Necessary measurable parameters applications. Associated materials for specification of the thermal per- Solar and Building included the necessary support sys- formance of advanced glazing mate- tems required to realise usable com- rials are identified and defined and Applications ponents, e.g., frames, sealants, spac- appropriate measurement test pro- ers. cedures developed.

The advanced glazing materials Means Prof. M. G. Hutchins included in the Task were broadly The work of Task 18 is managed Oxford Brookes University categorised as: under 2 Subtasks: Operating Agent on behalf of the United Kingdom Department of High Performance Insulating Subtask A Environment Glazings: low emittance coatings, Applications Assessment and monolithic and granular aerogels, Technology Transfer geometric media (i.e. honeycomb Lead Country : Australia and capillary structures), high transmittance polymers and anti- Subtask B reflecting glass, evacuated glazings. Case Study Projects Dynamic Optical Switching Lead Country : Norway Devices: electrochromic, ther- motropic and liquid crystal The 19 projects identified for inclu- devices. sion within Subtasks A and B are list- Solar Gain Control Coatings: high ed below together with the Lead visible transmittance, low solar Country responsible for the man- transmittance low-emittance coat- agement of each project : ings, angle selective transmittance coatings. Subtask A Applications Assessment and Task 18 built upon the work of Task Technology Transfer 10, Solar Materials R&D, but with a more specific focus on the applica- A1 Applications, potentials and characteristics (Australia) 18 Advanced Glazing A2/A3 Modelling and Control *A5 & B10 merged into single advanced glazing and the associated strategies (U.S.A.) project climatic dependence.Technical and A4 Environmental and energy economic potential was to be inves- impacts (Australia) The Task was initiated on 1 April tigated by simulating the energy per- A5* Applications guidance (U.K.) 1992 and continued for five years formance of buildings in different cli- until its completion on 31 March mates and glazing physical properties Subtask B 1997. and control strategies critical to per- Case Study Projects formance were to be established. Fifteen countries participated in the The Subtask also sought to collate B1 Monolithic and granular Task.These were: important information into applica- aerogels (Denmark) tions guidance formats suitable for B2 Geometric media (honey- Australia dissemination to relevant end users. combs and capillary struc- Canada tures) (Germany) Denmark Subtask B, Case Study Projects, was B3 Chromogenic glazings Finland composed of a series of individual (U.S.A.) France projects which integrated a series of B4 Low-emittance coatings Germany materials development and mea- (Sweden) Italy surement activities to enable an B5 Evacuated glazings Japan extensive, in-depth examination of (Australia) Netherlands materials properties, design consid- (B6 Advanced solar collector Norway erations for window development, covers (Switzerland) - no Spain component performance determina- longer running in Task 18) Sweden tion and establishment of a compre- B7 Angular selective transmit- Switzerland hensive knowledge base. Much of tance coatings (Australia) United Kingdom the data generated within the (B8 Daylighting materials United States of America Subtask represents state-of-the-art (Australia) - ongoing work knowledge in the field. Data generat- transferred to Task 21) During the course of the Task some ed from Subtask B were used as pri- B9 Frame and edge seal tech- 80 different experts from the 15 mary inputs to the work of Subtask nology (Norway) countries participated in the work. A.The measurements undertaken in B10* Advanced glazing materials Subtask B established improved test properties database and Subtask A, Applications Assessment procedures and levels of accuracy technology summaries (UK) and Technology Transfer, focussed on and represent a body of pre-norma- B11 Optical properties and scat- the application of advanced glazing tive work relevant to national and tering behaviour of advanced systems in buildings and other solar international standards development. glazing Materials (Sweden) energy systems.The Subtask sought B12 Measurement of the total to demonstrate the effectiveness REVIEW OF 1997 AND COMPLETION energy transmittance of and potential advantages which will OF THE TASK advanced glazing systems result from advanced glazing use and Task 18 engaged in activities which (Germany) to enable educated choices in the addressed all key issues relevant to B13 Directional optical proper- selection of candidate glazing sys- the use of advanced glazing technol- ties measurements of tems for solar and building applica- ogy in buildings.The work encom- advanced glazing materials tions to be made.The primary passed basic materials research, win- (France) objective of the Subtask was to dow design and construction, perfor- B14 Measurement of the U-value determine the energy and environ- mance definition, measurement and of advanced glazing systems mental impacts of the application of testing, simulation of energy benefits, (Netherlands) 19 Advanced Glazing environmental impacts, applications The high quality of low-e cool glaz- Task 18 Technical assessment and information dissemi- ings, i.e., multi-layer silver based coat- Accomplishments nation. ings with high visible transmittance and low solar transmittance, reduce The technical accomplishments In 1997 Task 18 reached its conclu- cooling loads and offer good cost of Task 18 are many. Task 18 sion and satisfactorily achieved its effectiveness.The Task energy perfor- remained throughout a rigorous scientific and technical goals.The mance results are extensive and it is quantitative scientific pro- 10th and final Experts Meeting was dangerous to introduce numbers gramme, advancing and establish- held in Nagoya, Japan, where, in par- which may very soon become ing an improved reliable knowl- allel, a successful Industry Workshop authoritative and used out of con- edge base of materials and com- was also held involving major text! Nevertheless,Task 18 results ponent properties. It is not possi- Japanese industries. A review of indicate that in residential houses a ble in a report of this nature to achievements of the Task is present- saving of 25-35% on the annual mention all the progress made; ed below. heating or cooling demand can result with this in mind the following due to a cut of 60-70% in heat loss accomplishments are listed: It was learned that the annual energy through actual windows. Savings in performance of buildings employing offices of 30% on the annual energy The identification and definition of advanced glazing is highly climate- demand for heating, cooling and all important parameters used to dependent and is a complex func- lighting would result and a reduction characterise the energy performance tion of trade-offs between solar heat in services plant capacity would also of windows and the contribution to gain and thermal insulation. In very help to offset the cost of better glaz- harmonisation of terminology. dull winters, a low U-value is more ing. important than a high total solar The identification of appropriate energy transmittance (TSET) The environmental impacts project applications for advanced glazing because of the limited benefits deriv- which calculated the embodied materials and the quantifying of ing from passive solar design. Double energy of windows concluded that energy benefits obtained from their glazing with a pyrolytic hard low- energy efficient windows do save use. emittance coating and argon gas fill more energy than they cost to pro- appears the most cost-effective duce. Although facade coating mate- The pivotal role that Task 18 choice at current energy prices. rials and their application technolo- played in facilitating the develop- Clear hard-coat low-e vacuum win- gies are generally very energy inten- ment of Australia’s new Window dows actually yield lowest heating sive, so little of such materials are Energy Rating Scheme (WERS) for energy needs because of an increase used that they add little (<1%) to residential windows. in solar heat gain in comparison to the embodied energy of building triple or quadruple glazed windows. facades.The Task concluded that the The quantification of the signifi- For equator-facing facades in all total embodied energy of windows cant improvements in heating, cool- countries, low-e argon filled windows is very small (<1%) when compared ing and lighting energy performance can out perform insulated walls with to the potential operational energy of buildings employing advanced no windows. Cooling energy needs saving over a building lifetime of say glazing which emerged from the are a strong function of the window 40 years. results of the building energy analysis TSET. In warm to hot climates, high simulations in 10 countries. performance single glazings with a LINKS WITH INDUSTRY high level of solar rejection offer Task 18 sought out and sustained The positive results which emerged from the embodied energy good cost-effectiveness and can out- contact with industry throughout its life cycle analysis studies. weigh the need for a low U-value. lifetime. Avenues for consultation with major glass and glazing manu-

20 Advanced Glazing The development, construction and allel hot-box testing and computer sim- The completion of the TSET round- testing of large area prototypes for all ulations. robins on insulated glazing units, the high performance insulating glazing identification of sources of error and materials identified within the Task. The measurement of the thermal the subsequent improvement to the conductivity of a wide range of new measurement procedure and accuracy The development of a monolithic products used as spacers in warm edge in the calorimetric determination of aerogel window with TSET > 0.75 and technology glazing. total solar energy transmittance. U-value < 0.5 W m-2 K-1. Participation in the development of The measurement of TSET for com- The advancement of the develop- reliable prototype electrochromic and plex glazings, such as transparent insu- ment of vacuum glazing from laborato- thermotropic devices and their charac- lation and glazings with integrated ry prototypes to commercialisation terisation and testing coincident with blinds and shading devices and the facilitated by the Task. the emergence from industry of proto- development of associated calculation types close to commercialisation. procedures beyond the level of current The development of innovative meth- standards. ods to determine the rate of heat The measurement of the optical transfer through vacuum glazing and properties of most important clear and The generation of two new European the comprehensive understanding scattering glazing materials and where Union projects within the Standards, obtained of the mechanical stresses possible the angle dependence of these Measurements and Testing programme due to atmospheric pressure, and tem- properties. of DG XII which enable the work of perature differentials. Task 18 to be extended in the areas of The identification of potential sources TSET determination (ALTSET) and The design and construction of the of error in the ISO 9050 standard for angle dependent optical properties world’s first framed vacuum window determining optical properties of win- measurements (ADOPT). exhibited at Glastec 96 with centre dows by calculation if the properties of of glass U-value of 0.8 W m-2 K-1 and individual panes are known and the The completion of an inter-laboratory whole window U-value of 1.2 W demonstration of the method to over- comparison which provided the first m-2 K-1. come these errors through the use of world-wide common experience with polarised input data. new (ISO/CEN draft) test procedures The complete angular characterisa- for determination of glazing U-value tion of the optical properties of angle The development of a reliable simpli- using hot box test methods. selective transmittance coatings and fied procedure for prediction of the the use of these data to model the angle dependent optical properties The development of detailed error annual energy and daylighting perfor- which classified glazing coatings into analysis to establish accuracy and mance of such windows in buildings. materials categories. improve confidence in the measure- ment of U-value. The bringing together of the major The surveying and reporting of all bulk of internationally available infor- major facilities in the participating The completion of numerical analysis mation and its conversion into state-of- countries for the measurement of the to study edge effects (lateral heat the-art design guidance on frame and key glazing performance parameters. fluxes). edge seals for advanced glazings. The construction of new devices in The identification and critical review The validation of computer models three countries for the measurement of of relevant solar and thermal test pro- that can predict the thermal perfor- total solar energy transmittance facili- cedures and standards and the close mance of complex advanced frames tated by the cooperation of the nine co-operation with ISO/CEN working and edge seals to a very high degree of participating TSET project countries. groups and contribution to improve- accuracy through a programme of par- ment of and confidence in standards.

21 Advanced Glazing facturers were opened during the 1.0 x 1.0 evacuated glazing edge ufacturer changed completely their Programme Definition Phase and sealed unit built by the University of approach to window design and industry representatives directly Sydney,Australia.This cooperation construction, the Window influenced the content and priorities enabled the Task to display the Innovations ‘95 Conference,Toronto, of the Work Plan. In particular, the world’s first prototype full-scale vac- Canada (1995), the Glastec exhibi- need to develop frame and edge uum window at the Glastec exhibi- tion, Dusseldorf, Germany (1996) seal technology to permit the devel- tion in 1996.This window had earlier and the Japanese Industry Workshop opment of windows rather than sim- been tested within the Task and the (1997). Such activity on four conti- ply to understand properties of results enabled validation of calcula- nents has provided industry with materials strongly influenced the tion methods employed for deter- encouragement and confidence to Task’s thinking. mining window U-value.Task 18 and market value-added products the Solar Heating and Cooling according to performance and pur- The glass industry participated at the Programme also played a vital role in pose experts level. Representatives from facilitating the human contacts Interpane, Germany, and Asahi Glass between Prof. Collins, University of INFORMATION DISSEMINATION Ltd, Japan, regularly attended the Sydney and representatives of The links to industry described Experts Meetings. Information was Nippon Sheet Glass, Japan, which above formed an important element transferred from industry to the Task resulted in licensing agreements, the of the information dissemination particularly in the areas of manufac- commercialisation of the vacuum strategy pursued by the Task.The tar- turing, cost and embodied energy window and the launch in 1997 of geted workshops in Australia and assessment. the Spacia vacuum window. Japan, the major international Window Innovations ‘95 Conference As is common in many Tasks, indus- Early in the Task, working contacts in Canada, the Glastec 96 Exhibition try provided a large number of sam- were established with the National in Germany and presentations at the ples for evaluation within the Task Fenestration Rating Council, NFRC, annual NFRC meetings all con- projects.These included coated glass U.S. NFRC plays a key role in the tributed significantly in raising aware- products for near-normal and angle development of procedures for per- ness of the Task’s work and providing dependent optical properties mea- formance rating and energy labelling channels for communication and surements and customised low emit- of windows and related products information transfer. In individual tance argon filled double glazed edge throughout the USA.Task 18 provid- countries the work of national indus- sealed units which were used for cal- ed the Chair of the NFRC try clubs, national conferences, train- ibration and round-robin testing in International Advisory Committee, ing workshops and newsletters all the B11, B12, B13 and B14 projects Dr. Peter Lyons, Australia.The con- added further support. Experts from were manufactured and distributed tact facilitated the development of the Task organised training courses in by Pilkington and Interpane. OCLI, the Australian Window Energy the use of desktop tools such as the: USA, 3M, USA, Gentex, USA, Rating Scheme (WERS) which was FRAME,VISION, and WINDOW Interpane, Germany, and Asahi Glass developed and established during programmes and workshops were Ltd, Japan, all provided samples of the life of Task 18. held in Australia, UK, USA, and smart materials including elec- Canada. trochromic, thermotropic and liquid Task 18 regularly sought ways to crystal prototype devices for testing reach members of industry through Major international conference pre- in the B3 Chromogenics project. organisation of industry clubs, work- sentations describing results from shops and conferences. Most notable Task 18 were made by the AS Spilka Industri, Norway, manufac- were the Australian Industry Operating Agent at the World tured the low-loss wooden frame Workshop (1993), from which it is Renewable Energy Congress, UK- designed within B9 to house the said a major Australian window man- ISES in 1994, EuroSun ‘96 in

22 Advanced Glazing Germany, and the EC 4th Solar They will be of great value to the market (e.g., vacuum windows; elec- Energy in Architecture and Urban scientific and technical research com- trochromic windows).Task 18 has Planning Conference in Berlin in munity, the glass and glazings assisted the commercialisation of 1996.These plenary presentations research community and to the stan- these products and has contributed have been supported by many dards organisations. Following com- effectively to the establishment of papers resulting from the work per- pletion of the technical reports a the necessary foundations to enable formed in individual projects across textbook entitled “Advanced Glazing the future development and applica- the Task presented by the experts. A Materials,” describing the work tion of advanced glazing products. presentation of the final results of undertaken in Task 18 and edited by Task 18 will be submitted to ISES the Operating Agent, will be pub- 1997 MEETINGS EuroSun ‘98. lished. The Tenth and final Experts Meeting March 10-14 Review articles describing advanced In addition to the above, some 300 Nagoya, Japan glazings and benefits to be derived Working Documents were prepared from their use were written by the by the Task but have not been offi- The final Technical Presentation of Operating Agent for publication in cially distributed.The index to these the work of Task 18 was presented UK-ISES conference proceedings and Working Documents is archived in to the Executive Committee at the the Japanese ISES Journal. A theme the final issue of the Information November 1997 Executive article on smart windows was writ- Plan,T18/OA/IP11/97, available from Committee meeting in Australia ten for the IEA SHC 1995 Annual the Operating Agent. Report. During the past year, the 1998 MEETINGS Operating Agent has been working CONCLUSIONS A Planning Workshop to identify as Guest Editor for the Solar Energy Task 18 has played an important role areas for future IEA activities in the Journal on the production of a in advancing knowledge and aware- area of advanced glazings is being “Special Issue on Advanced Glazing ness in the field of advanced glazing. organised by the United States Materials.”The issue is now close to A comprehensive knowledge of Executive Committee member and completion and the expected publi- materials properties, glazing perfor- will be held in the spring of 1998. cation date is February 1998. mance and building energy perfor- mance has been developed which The Task maintained a comprehen- will be of value for many years to sive ftp site in Australia, mirrored in come. Excellent international work- Italy, which allowed experts to trans- ing relationships were developed fer information freely. In 1997 Task 18 between the participating countries produced a video to alert people to providing many new opportunities the Task’s work. for further future collaboration with- in and without IEA.The links and rel- The three final Technical Reports of evance of the measurement work to Task 18 are ready for Executive CEN and ISO have been strength- Committee approval in 1998.The ened. Subtask A technical report is target- ed at architects and designers.The Given proper selection and design, two Subtask B reports on advanced the use of advanced glazings appears glazing materials and measurement beneficial in residential and commer- procedures for determination of key cial buildings in all climates. During glazing performance parameters are the life of Task 18 new advanced highly technical and very extensive. glazing products have come to the

23 Advanced Glazing TASK 18 France Spain NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS Dr. Jean-Luc Chevalier Dr. Manuel Macias C.S.T.B. CIEMAT-IER Operating Agent 24 rue Joseph Fourier Avda. Complutense, 22 Prof. Michael Hutchins F-38400 Saint-Martin d’Heres 28040 Madrid Solar Energy Materials Research Laboratory Germany Sweden School of Engineering Dr.Werner Platzer Dr.Arne Roos Oxford Brookes University Fraunhofer-Institut Department of Technology Gipsy Lane für Solare Energiesysteme (ISE) University of Uppsala Headington Oltmannsstr 22 PO Box 534 Oxford OX3 0BP,United Kingdom 7800 Freiburg S 751 21 Uppsala

Australia Italy Switzerland Prof. John Ballinger Mr.Augusto Maccari Mr.Thomas Nussbaumer (Subtask A Leader) ENEA Swiss Federal Laboratories University of New South Wales V.Anguillarese, 301 for Materials Testing & Research P. O. B o x 1 00060 S Maria di Galeria Überlandstr 129 Kensington Rome 8600 Dübendorf NSW 2033 Japan United States Canada Dr. Sakae Tanemura Mr. Sam Taylor Mr. Jeff Baker Government Industrial Research U.S. Department of Energy Enermodal Engineering Limited Institute Nagoya Office Building Technology, CE 421 368 Phillip Street 1-1 Hirate-Cho Room 5E 098 Waterloo N2L 5J1 Kita-Ku Washington, DC 20585 Ontario Nagoya 462

Denmark Netherlands Prof. Svend Svendsen Mr.Aart de Geus Thermal Insulation Laboratory TNO Building and Construction Technical University of Denmark Research Building 118 Department of Indoor Environment DK-2800 Lyngby Building Physics and Systems P.O. Box 29 Finland 2600 AA Delft Dr. Markku Virtanen Technical Research Centre of Finland Norway Laboratory of Heating & Ventilation Prof. Øyvind Aschehoug Lampomiehenkuja (Subtask B Leader) PO Box 206 Department of Architecture FIN-02150 Espoo Norwegian Institute of Technology N-7034 Trondheim

24 Advanced Glazing TASK DESCRIPTION provided valuable insights on how to better target the book to the Objectives expected readership. The goal of Task 19 is to facilitate the Product sheets were delivered by use of solar air systems for residen- industry, mostly from collector tial, institutional and commercial manufacturers. Accordingly, the buildings by: emphasis of the catalog will be on collectors including: Solarwall Documenting exemplary build- (Canada), Grammer (Germany), TASK 19: ings: The effectiveness of building- Aidt Miljo (Denmark), ABB integrated solar air systems is (Norway) and Secco Sistemi being demonstrated by evaluating (Italy). Solar Air Systems and documenting successful, pro- The Arsenal in Vienna,Austria jects in a case studies book. completed the testing of five solar Writing a Systems Design air collectors: Grammer Handbook: This will help design- (Germany), Aidt Miljo (Denmark) S. Robert Hastings ers to choose an appropriate sys- and Solarhart (Austria),Tekno- Solararchitektur tem, estimate its energy perfor- Term (Sweden) and Solarwall Operating Agent for the Swiss mance, assess non-energy issues, (Canada). Results included collec- Federal Office of Energy dimension the system and detail tor efficiency, pressure drop, leak- the construction. age rate and surface air speed Developing a computer tool: Key dependency under precisely con- design parameters will be quanti- trolled ambient conditions such as fied for the handbook. A new wind speed and direction. A pro- user-interface and models of solar cedure was developed for modi- air system types in TRNSYS will fying test results for different inci- provide a viable design tool. dent sun angles. Compiling a catalog of manufac- A method to determine in-situ tured components:This document the efficiency of solar air collec- will inform designers what is avail- tors was developed and tested at able “off the shelf” for solar air the Solar Energy Laboratory, DTI systems. Energy in Denmark. Determining the efficiency of air collectors is Duration more difficult than for water col- October 1993 to April 1999. lectors because results are strong- ly influenced by the actual mass ACTIVITIES DURING 1997 flow rate inside the collector. It is The following work was completed: therefore difficult and often impossible to extrapolate data Thirty-three case studies were from tests of single collectors on edited by the Operating Agent, test stands to larger solar air col- distributed to Task experts and a lector arrays.The DTI developed publisher for review, and final revi- a testing methodology whereby: sions and comments were accurate measurements do not received for revisions by the disturb the air flow pattern in the Operating Agent.The publisher collector loop.The efficiency can

25 Solar Air Systems be determined under dynamic conditions. The 2nd draft of 15 of the fore- seen 23 Handbook chapters were reviewed at a recent Experts Meeting. Three Climate Similarity Indices (CSI) were defined by the University of Siegen in Germany to cover a good spread of cli- mates.These simplify estimating saved energy by a solar air system. Sample calculations using this ratio of solar radiation during the heat- ing season to heating degree days yielded good results compared to using local climate data. Transair models for all six system types have been distributed and Metzler Garage: A mechanic’s workshop with an open-loop solar air system are in use by the respective in Vorarlberg, Austria. experts.The newest version is more user friendly and the run Experts will contact additional Level 4 of Transair will be sent to speed has increased by 50%. Logic manufacturers of non-collector the system authors.This version tests have were completed and components to obtain product allows more flexibility and ease of the tool found to be in order. sheets. use.The system authors will com- Parameter studies to generate Two additional collectors are plete parametric studies for gen- nomograms for the handbook scheduled to be tested at the erating nomograms. Task 19 have begun. Arsenal: the Bara Costantini col- architects will test use the tool on lector from Italy and the newly selected case studies to evaluate WORK PLANNED FOR 1998 developed collector from ABB. the usability of the tool by non- Case Studies the Operating Agent The 2nd/ 3rd draft of the computer specialists, and provide will enhance CAD plans and sec- Handbook will be written, and further insight into the case stud- tions to better show the solar sys- nomograms and test used will be ies. tem, create CAD country maps presented at next expert meeting. to pinpoint each building, append A new section of the Handbook LINKS WITH INDUSTRY all the figures, graphics, photos to will address “Alternative Uses of A new type of solar air collector, the end of each chapter, rewrite Systems” including three new developed by ABB in Norway in col- all building types introductions, chapters: Domestic Water laboration with Pilkington Glass in edit two new case studies (which Heating, Cooling (with hypocausts the United Kingdom, makes use of will improve the distribution by or rockbeds coupled to an earth insulating glass technology.The rear system type) and expand the register or night flushing), and glass in an insulating glass unit is introduction for a more general Electricity Production (combined replaced by a metal absorber in the readership. pv/thermal systems using PV pan- production process.This standard- The IEA-expert written parts of els as the absorber and the air dimension unit can then be installed the Components Catalog will be system to extract the heat). in conventional facade construction, sent to the ExCo for approval.

26 Solar Air Systems which also provides for an underly- 1997 MEETINGS ing channel for air to circulate and Eighth Experts Meeting be warmed by the absorber.ABB April 6-9 sees a good market potential, thanks Bregenz, Austria to the standard construction both in The meeting included a technical the fabrication process as well as at tour of Austrian solar air heated the building site.The product came buildings. into being, thanks in no small part, to the support of Task 19, the Ninth Experts Meeting Norwegian expert reported. October 5-7 Roskilde, Denmark REPORTS PLANNED FOR 1998 The meeting included a technical Solar Air Systems: Exemplary Buildings tour of Danish solar air heated build- James & James Science Publishers, ings. London, spring 1998. 1998 MEETINGS Solar Air Systems:A Catalog of Tenth Experts Meetings Products and Components (supple- April 19-22 ment to the book, Exemplary Sirmione, Italy Buildings). Eleventh Experts Meeting October Norway

27 Solar Air Systems TASK 19 Germany Norway NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS Hans Erhorn, Heike Kluttig and Harald N. Rostvik Johann Reiss Sunlab/ABB Operating Agent Fraunhofer Institut für Bauphysik Alexander Kiellandsqt 2 Robert Hastings Nobelstr. 12 N-4009 Stavanger Solararchitektur D-70569 Stuttgart ETH-Hönggerberg Sweden CH-8093 Zürich Joachim Morhenne Torbjörn Jilar Ing.büro Morhenne GbR Dept. of Biosystems & Technology Austria Schülkestr. 10 Swedish University of Agriculture Hubert Fechner D-42277 Wuppertal P.O. Box 30 Fach 8 S-23053 Alnarp Oest. Forsch.zentrum Frank Heidt Faradygasse 3 Fachbereich Physik & Solarenergie Christer Nordström A-1031 Wien Uni. GH Siegen Ch. Nordström Arkitektkontor AB Adolf Reichweinsstr. Asstigen 14 Thomas Zelger D-57068 Siegen S-43645 Askim Kanzlei Dr. Bruck Prinz-Eugen-Strasse 66 Matthias Schuler, Helmut Meyer and Switzerland A-1040 Wien Alexander Knirsch Gerhard Zweifel Transsolar Abt. HLK Sture Larsen Ingenieurgesch. GmbH Zentralschw.Technikum Luz. Architekt Nobelstr. 15 CH 6048 Horw Lindauerstr. 33 D-70569 Stuttgart A-6912 Hörbranz Charles Filleux Siegfried Schröpf Peter Elste Canada Solar Env.Tech. Basler & Hofmann John Hollick Grammer KG Forchstr. 395 Solar Wall International Ltd. Wernher v. Braunstr. 6 CH-8029 Zürich 200 Wildcat Road D-92224 Amberg Downsview ONT M3J 2N5 Karel Fort Italy Ing. Büro Denmark Gianni Scudo Weiherweg 19 Soren Østergaard Jensen DPPPE CH-8604 Volketswil Solar Energy Laboratory Politecnico di Milano Danish Technical Institute Via Bonardi 3 United Kingdom Postbox 141 I-20133 Milano Kevin Lomas DK-2630 Taastrup Institute of Enegy and Sustainable Giancarlo Rossi Development OveMørck I.U.A.V. Department of Building De Montfort University Cenergia ApS Construction The Gateway Sct. Jacobs Vej 4 Università di Venezia UK-Leicester LE 1-9BH DK-2750 Ballerup S. Croce, 191 I-30135 Venezia United States George Löf 6 Parkway Drive Englewood, Colorado 80110 28 Solar Air Systems TASK DESCRIPTION the reasons for renovation, various Task 20, Solar Energy in Building features employed, the renovation Renovation, is the first IEA SHC Task process, and occupants’ reactions. to focus specifically on the use of Subtask A was completed in 1995. A solar energy in existing buildings.The summary of the results were pub- objective of the Task is to increase lished in the journal Energy and the utilization of solar energy in Buildings (Volume 24, 1996, pp 39- existing buildings by developing 50, Elsevier, Switzerland). strategies for effectively and eco- TASK 20: nomically integrating widely-applica- Subtask B: Development of ble solar designs and concepts in the Improved/Advanced Renovation renovation process.This includes Concepts (Belgium) Solar Energy in compiling guidelines needed by The main focus of the Subtask was designers and remodelers, and to develop improved and advanced Building Renovation developing strategies to reach key renovation concepts. A wide variety players in the renovation process to of possible systems, components, obtain their support and provide and strategies were identified and them with needed information on analyzed in specific renovation situa- solar opportunities. tions to assess their feasibility and Prof. Arne Elmroth performance.This Subtask has also Lund University Renovation or remodeling can be concluded. Operating Agent for the Swedish motivated by a variety of needs, Council for Building Research including a desire to repair or Subtask C: Design of Solar replace a leaking roof, a deteriorated Renovation Projects (Denmark) concrete balcony, or poor windows; The objective of Subtask C is to increase living or work space area; demonstrate the application of upgrade the building’s appearance; promising solar renovation system improve indoor comfort levels; concepts in different buildings in dif- improve daylight usage; reduce utility ferent climates.The Subtask activities expenses; or accommodate changes are divided into two areas: the in building use. Regardless of the rea- design of solar renovation projects son, renovation presents special chal- and the evaluation of solar renova- lenges and opportunities for applying tion projects. Subtask participants different solar energy strategies. have created designs for solar reno- vation demonstration projects and Task 20 is divided into seven developed monitoring procedures Subtasks, each coordinated by a lead and reporting formats. Sixteen differ- country: ent solar renovation projects are described in a report, most of them Subtask A: Evaluation of Existing residential buildings, but also an Building Applications (Sweden) office, factory and school. Several This Subtask focused on obtaining as solar techniques were used: building much relevant information as possi- integrated collectors, glazed bal- ble from existing solar renovation conies, solar mass walls, transparent projects—both positive and nega- insulation, second skin facades, day- tive. Information was collected on light elements, photovoltaic systems.

29 Solar Building Renovation Subtask D: Documentation and Dissemination (Netherlands) Under this Subtask, the results of the Task will be summarized and docu- mented.Various information dissemi- nation methods will be used.The Subtask consists of the following ele- ments:

The document, Solar Renovation Strategies and Lessons Learned Arrangement and participation in international symposia Compilation of illustrative source materials National dissemination of Task results The Brandaris building in Zaandarn, the Netherlands before renovation. This project consists of one building, built in 1968, with 364 similar apartments, about 80 m2. The Subtask E: Evaluation of building requires renovation of the heating system and the individual domestic hot Demonstration Projects (Germany) water (DHW) systems. The renovation will reduce heating from 145 kWh/m2 to Subtask E comprises an evaluation of about 47 kWh/m2 and increase DHW from 15 kWh/m2 to 32 kWh/m2. The solar the realized solar renovation projects features that will be used in the renovation are 750 m2 of solar collectors on the roof 3 that were documented in Subtask C. and a 40 m storage tank. Some of the apartments also will have glazed balconies. Other projects have also been added to complete the experience. Construction and commissioning concepts and the required systems other brochures that have been pro- phases as well as operational results for renovation conditions. Critical duced in Task 20. will be evaluated and reported on. aspects of solar components will be Experiences like energy perfor- documented, with emphasis on Duration mance, comfort, maintenance and industrial production for improved Task 20 was initiated on August 1, user influence will be documented market implementation.The results 1993 and was scheduled to run until and an economic evaluation will also will be documented in a technical December 31, 1996. The work of be included. Non-energy aspects report and a catalogue of systems Subtasks A, B, C and D were cov- will get attention as well as the ener- specifications. ered in this phase. A two-year gy performance results.The added extension was later approved by the values of the renovated building Subtask G: Dissemination of Results Executive Committee and the Task is (improved architecture, ending of (Netherlands) to continue until December 31, facade degradation, improved ther- The objective of this Subtask is to 1998. Subtasks E, F and G are cov- mal and visual comfort, etc.) will be use existing documents to dissemi- ered in this phase. an important part of the evaluation. nate Task 20 results nationally and internationally.This Subtask will also ACTIVITIES DURING 1997 Subtask F: Improvements of Solar synthesize and document informa- Two Experts Meetings were held in Renovation Concepts and Systems tion obtained from Subtasks E and F. 1997. Six countries are active in the (Switzerland) A brochure will be produced docu- Task, as Belgium is not participating The objective of this Subtask is to menting the results from Subtask E. in the extension. improve the adaptability of solar This brochure will be linked to the

30 Solar Building Renovation Table 1 Proposed Demonstration Projects

Project ID Build. Type Solar Renovation Feature

The Yellow House DK STC Multifamily Roof-integrated collectors (DHW), Glazed balconies, ventilated solar walls (preheating ventilation air), solar wall with PV-cladding

Villa Tannheim DE STC Small Office TI compound system, advanced glazing, roof-integrated collectors for DHW and space heating

Salzgitter DE STC Industry hall TI glass wall (thermal insulation and daylighting)

Wurzen DE New School TI wall

Erfurt DE New School Advanced daylighting elements

Oederan DE New Multifamily Roof-integrated collectors (DHW)

NREL Visitor Center US New Multi-functional Daylighting

Austin US New Office Tracking skylight 1

Brandaris NL STC Multifamily Glazed balconies, roof-mounted collectors (DHW)

(N.N.)2

Älvkarleby 3 SE New Multifamily Roof module (1) + roof-integrated (2) collectors (DHW)

Ekerö 3 SE New Multifamily Roof-integrated (3) collectors (DHW)

Ringtorp 3 SE New Multifamily Roof-integrated (4) collectors (DHW)

Henån 3 SE New School Roof-integrated (5) collectors (DHW)

Onsala SE STC Multifamily Roof module coll. (pilot plant on new building)

Ekoporten SE New Multifamily Glazed balconies, roof-integrated collectors (DHW)

Affolternstrasse CH STC Multifamily TI walls, roof-integrated collectors (DHW)

Brugghof CH STC Multifamily TI walls, roof tile PV-system

Synergie CH New Multifamily Glazed balconies with controlled ventilation

1 not proven, 2 project not defined yet, 3 combined evaluation

31 Solar Building Renovation Subtask B: Development of Renovation. Each brochure is 16 WORK PLANNED FOR 1998 Improved/Advanced Renovation pages and the four brochures are During 1998 the work in Task 20 will Concepts put together in one binder.They be concluded. In Subtask E, the The technical report with the results were published by James & James demonstration projects will be eval- from this Subtask, was completed Science Publishers Ltd, London in uated and reported on. In Subtask F, during 1997.This international guide September 1997. there will be an industry workshop includes three parts starting with a and the system specifications will be section of tables to illustrate the Subtask E: Evaluation of outlined in a technical report and a applicability of different solar renova- Demonstration Projects catalogue of systems specifications. tion strategies and concepts of four In Subtask E, 18 demonstration pro- basic building types: houses, apart- jects have been selected to be evalu- During the EuroSun ´98 in Slovenia ments, schools, and offices.The next ated. Seven of these projects have in September 1998, a special renova- section presents the simulation been evaluated in Subtask C regard- tion session is planned and the work results of the most relevant concepts ing the design phase. Several con- of Task 20 will be presented. carried out by the participating cepts will be used in these projects, countries.The report ends with con- such as different types of roof-inte- LINKS WITH INDUSTRY clusions and basic market conditions grated collectors, transparent insula- One representative from the manu- for each concept, including the main tion for heating and daylighting pur- facturing industry,TI wall and glazing characteristics of the existing prod- poses, and different types of glazing elements manufacturer: Ernst ucts, their situation in the building and glazed balconies. An evaluation Schweizer AG in Switzerland, is par- market, and the financial, practical format has been developed and the ticipating as a Task expert.Two rep- and constructive aspects. first draft of the working document resentatives from engineering con- has been prepared. sultants companies are participating Subtask C: Design of Solar in the Task. Renovation Projects Subtask F: Improvements of Solar The experiences of designing 16 Renovation Concepts and Systems A workshop is being planned for demonstration projects are reported In Subtask F, a System Specification industry representatives dealing with in, Solar Renovation Demonstration Format was developed.The partici- glazed balconies. The tentative loca- Projects. This report is near comple- pating experts are now completing tion is in Germany. Task participants tion and will be published in 1998. this format with different system also are planning a workshop for col- concepts representing interesting lector manufacturers. Subtask D: Documentation and concepts, such as glazed balconies REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 1997 Dissemination with mechanical ventilation, fix shad- To be able to reach a wider audi- ing for wall heating with transparent Improved Solar Renovation Concepts ence, the results from Subtasks A, B insulation, facade integrated collector This report can be ordered from and C have been compiled into four system. More concepts will be added Architecture et Climat, Université brochures. An overview brochure, and they will be reported on in a Catholique de Louvain, Place du Solar Energy in Building Renovation, catalogue with systems specifications. Levant,1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, provides an introduction to solar Belgium, Fax:+32-10 47 45 44, e- energy in building renovation.The Subtask G: Dissemination of Results mail: [email protected]. three other brochures describe The activities in this Subtask have so Brochure Series: more in-depth different solar con- far been mainly to co-ordinate the Solar Energy In Building Renovation cepts.Their titles are Solar Collectors presentations of the Task and to pre- Solar Collectors in Building in Building Renovation, Glazed pare for the publication of the next Renovation Balconies in Building Renovation, and brochure. Glazed Balconies in Building Transparent Insulation in Building Renovation

32 Solar Building Renovation Transparent Insulation in Building 1997 MEETINGS Renovation Eighth Experts Meeting March 3-5 These four sixteen-page brochures Zürich, Switzerland are distributed together in a wallet and may be ordered from James & Ninth Experts Meeting James (Science Publishers) Ltd, 35 - September 8-10 37 William Road, London NW1 3ER, Leiden, Netherlands UK, fax: +44-171 387 8998, e-mail: [email protected]. Customers from 1998 MEETINGS North America contact: Books Tenth Experts Meeting International Inc., P.O.Box 605, March 20 - April 1 Herndon,Virginia 20172, U.S.A., fax: Denmark +1-703-661-1501 Eleventh Experts Meeting REPORTS PLANNED FOR 1998 September 28 - 30 Solar Renovation Sweden Demonstration Projects This report will be available from: Esbensen Consulting Engineers, FIDIC,Teknikerbyen 38, DK- 2830 Virum, Denmark, Fax:+45-45 83 68 34, e-mail: [email protected]

Subtask E Working Document, Evaluation of Demonstration Projects

Subtask F, Industry Workshop Proceedings

33 Solar Building Renovation TASK 20 Sweden NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS Jan-Olof Dalenbäck Building Services Engineering Operating Agent Chalmers University of Technology Arne Elmroth S-412 96 Göteborg Lund University Department of Building Physics Switzerland P.O. Box 118 Andreas Haller S-221 00 Lund Ernst Schweizer AG, Metallbau Sweden CH-8908 Hedingen Operating Agent Assistant Elisabeth Kjellsson United States Robert T. Lorand Denmark Science Applications Int. Corp. Olaf Bruun Jørgensen MS 2-7-2 Esbensen Consulting Engineers 1710 Goodridge Drive Teknikerbyen 38 McLean,Virginia 22102 DK-2830 Virum Sheila J. Hayter Germany NREL, Center for Buildings & Karsten Voss Thermal Systems Fraunhofer Inst. for Solar 1617 Cole Boulevard Energy Systems Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 Oltmannsstrasse 5 D-79100 Freiburg

Netherlands Chiel Boonstra Woon/Energie P.O. Box 733 NL-2800 AS Gouda

34 Solar Building Renovation TASK DESCRIPTION matic conditions emphasizing system Artificial lighting represents a major performance regarding energy sav- part of the overall energy consump- ings and user acceptability. tion in non-residential buildings. However, more daylight conscious The main deliverables from the Task architectural solutions and the intro- will be: duction of innovative daylighting sys- tems and efficient lighting controls A system specific Design Guide could displace a considerable part of on daylighting systems and control TASK 21: this electricity consumption by utilis- systems providing recommenda- ing the natural resources offered by tions on systems integration and daylight. Furthermore, it is generally performance data on energy sav- Daylight in Buildings recognized today that the design of ing potentials. the fenestration system and the A set of Daylighting Design Tools proper use of daylight in building that will markedly improve the interiors are important factors, both designers’ ability to predict the for the conservation of non-renew- performance of daylighting sys- able fuels and for the well-being of tems and control strategies and to occupants. evaluate the impact of daylight Kjeld Johnsen integration in the overall design Danish Building Research Institute However, a number of barriers hin- concept. Operating Agent for the der appropriate integration of day- A Case Studies Report, docu- Danish Energy Agency lighting aspects in the building design. menting measured data on day- One is the lack of documented, lighting performance, energy con- empirical evidence that daylighting sumptions and user appraisal of can substantially improve energy effi- the environmental conditions. ciency and visual quality in buildings. Furthermore there is insufficient The work of the Task is structured in knowledge and lack of information the following four Subtasks and their on new fenestration technologies lead countries: and lighting control systems and the ability of such systems to enhance Subtask A: Performance Evaluation utilization of daylight, and a lack of of Daylighting Systems (Australia) user friendly daylighting design tools This Subtask will provide design and models for innovative daylighting guidance on the performance of systems. both innovative and conventional daylighting systems. Systems will be Task 21 will contribute to the over- assessed according to energy saving coming of the identified barriers.The potential, visual aspects and the con- Task was initiated in 1995 with the trol of solar radiation.The evaluation main objectives to advance daylight- of systems is to be based not only ing technologies and to promote on technical feasibility but also on daylight conscious building design. architectural and environmental Through selected Case Studies the impacts. Task will demonstrate the viability of daylighting designs under various cli-

35 Daylight in Buildings Subtask B: Daylight Responsive Lighting Control Systems (The Netherlands) Energy savings from daylighting can- not be significant without an appro- priate integration of window design and electrical lighting systems.The objectives of Subtask B are to evalu- ate the performance of existing selected daylight responsive lighting control systems (in conjunction with selected daylighting systems) in terms of their capability to control the artificial lighting in response to available daylight and in terms of user acceptance of the systems.This will assist building owners, develop- ers, architects, and engineers to Example of innovative daylighting system from the Learning Resources Centre, select and commission daylighting Anglia Polytechnic University, U.K. responsive systems, and to estimate the potential energy savings at an early stage of design. bility of daylighting buildings in vari- Subtask A: Performance evaluation ous world climate zones as an ener- of daylighting systems Subtask C: Daylighting Design Tools gy saving potential in buildings while In the past year, nine institutions (Germany) maintaining a satisfactory visual and from seven countries were actively The objective of Subtask C is to thermal environment for occupants, involved in the development of pro- improve the capability, accuracy and and to provide real validation data to cedures and the first testing of the ease of use of daylighting design and computer models. daylighting systems.Table 1 gives an analysis tools for building design overview of the systems to be test- practitioners, covering all phases of ACTIVITIES DURING 1997 ed at the different institutions.The the design process.The practitioners While in 1996 much time was dedi- table shows that the testing of about will be able to predict the perfor- cated to thorough planning of the half the systems began in 1997 while mance of different daylighting sys- testing procedures and monitoring the remaining will be tested in 1998. tems and control strategies and to procedures, 1997 was the year when evaluate the impact of the integra- the real testing of systems and the Subtask A produced a comprehen- tion of daylighting in the overall monitoring of case study buildings sive set of working documents of building energy concept by using began.Two experts meetings were which some eventually will be official these design tools. held, one in Veldhoven, the Task 21 documents available to Netherlands, and one in Brisbane, design practitioners and industry.The Subtask D: Case Studies (Denmark) Australia. An overview of the work most significant are: Despite claims that daylighting can in progress and the achievements in substantially improve visual quality each of the four Subtasks of the past Daylighting system descriptions and energy efficiency of buildings, year is given below. (USYD) there is little documented empirical Survey questionnaire (IBUS) evidence.The main objective of Monitoring Protocol for Test Subtask D is to demonstrate the via- Room Assessment of Daylighting Performance of Buildings (SBI) 36 Daylight in Buildings Table 1 Testing of daylighting systems (full scale and/or scale models) in Subtask A.

System Test Scale Institute Start time Status Room Models

Louvres/blinds Yes BRE (3) Sep. 96 TUB Jan. 97 NTNU Jun. 98 LBNL Apr. 96 Pilot study EPFL Jun. 96 Pilot study BAL Dec. 97

Light shelf Yes NTNU (2) Jun. 97 Yes EPFL Done Pilot study BRE Done Pilot study LBNL Done Pilot study, Scale model SBI Jan. 98

Laser cut panel Yes NTNU Jun. 97

Angular selective skylights Yes QUT Jan. 98

Sun directing glass Yes ILB Mar. 98 EPFL Done Pilot study

Prismatic panels/films Yes BRE Done Pilot study NTNU Jun. 97

HOE - Zenithal Yes ILB Mar. 98 light guiding glass

HOE - Transparent Yes ILB Mar. 98 shading system

HOE- Directional Yes ILB ? selective shading

Light guiding shade Yes QUT Apr. 98

Anidolic ceiling Yes EPFL Nov. 96 Pilot study

Anidolic solar blind Yes EPFL Nov. 97

Anidolic zenithal openings Yes EPFL Done Pilot study

Light Guiding shade Yes EPFL Apr. 98

HOE Light Guiding Glass Yes EPFL Apr. 98

Optically treated Yes LBNL ? Pilot study light pipes

37 Daylight in Buildings Pilot Study Report on Monitoring of Test Rooms (Draft) (BRE) Report on physical characteristics measured in laboratory facilities (TUB) Assessment of users’ evaluation of lighting conditions in test rooms (SBI, KTH) Combined Subtask A and B test- ing (TUB) Outline - Daylight in Buildings - A Source Book on Daylight and Control Systems Part 1 (NTNU) Anidolic Ceiling - Technical File (EPFL)

Subtask B: Daylight Responsive Lighting Control Systems Eight institutions from 6 IEA coun- tries participate in Subtask B. In Measurement of angle-dependent transmittance at Fraunhofer ISE, Freiburg S L 1997 the work focused on the com- The angle-dependent solar and light transmittance τdh (Θ) and τdh (Θ) have been pletion of the data base of lighting determined with an integrating sphere using a pyroelectric radiometer and a pho- tometer consisting of a photodiode with a V(λ)-correction filter glass. The polar angle control systems.The detailed moni- Θ toring protocol for the testing and (incidence angle) had been varied from 0° to 75° in steps of 5°. The hemispherical reflectance ρhh of the back side of the samples for incident diffuse radiation (originating evaluation of the systems’ ability to from the integrating sphere) has been determined for the samples with the Diffuse control the artificial light as function Radiation Source DRS using a sample port aperture of 10 cm diametre; this value is of daylight availability was adjusted needed for the second order correction stemming from the change of sphere based on experience from the pilot throughout due to the sample at the measurement port. studies, and the real testing began at most institutions. Subtask C: Daylighting Design Tools output module, of which a first draft Twelve institutions representing 10 was discussed at the Experts meet- The number of systems that are IEA countries are involved in pro- ing in Australia. planned to be tested is summarized duction and evaluation of daylighting in table 2. design tools.The collection of day- The most significant products of light algorithms and the established Subtask C in 1997 were: The most significant reports of WWW page has become an inter- Subtask B in 1997 were: esting source of information.The Draft document on pilot study work on simplified design tools has simulations and documentation The Daylight Database for been progressing well on an atria Updated Web-page of daylighting Subtask A and B study and graphical method devel- algorithms: Monitoring Procedures for the opment.The work on the program http://eande.lbl.gov/task21/sub- assessment of Daylighting package ADELINE has focused on taskc.html (accessible to Task par- Performance of Buildings (TUD, the (Task-internal) α-release of a ticipants only) SBI) (revised) new radiance version with MS Draft report on survey of existing Report on pilot studies (ENTPE) Windows NT interface and the Integrated Building Design development of a common data Systems and STEP toolkits

38 Daylight in Buildings Second version of graphical Table 2 method for assessment of lighting, Plan for testing of lighting control systems in test rooms. heating and cooling demands in buildings adjacent to atria Institute Number of Type of systems Survey of Simple Design Tools, systems to Working Document, draft be tested α-release of ADELINE of MS Helsinki 5 ETAP ELS (P) Windows NT version University of Technology, HUT Servodan system Glamox system (S) Subtask D: Case Studies Altemberg Lichtkonstanter (C) Eleven institutions representing 8 Helvar Mimo 3 (C) IEA countries are actively involved in the work on monitoring the perfor- Ecole Nationale des 3-4 Philips Trios (C) Travaux Publics de l’Etat, ENTPE French switching system (S) mance of the Case Study buildings. (list subject to changes) Thorn local system (P?) In 1997 the monitoring on all of the Manual control system (i.e. 16 Case Studies started and the observation of users behaviour) whole monitoring programme will Somfy daylighting control system be finished in mid 1998. In four of the Case Studies, post occupancy Norwegian Electrical 4 Helvar Mimo 1 (C) Power Research Institute, EFI Glamox system (S) evaluations are being conducted at Zumtobel Luxmate (P or C?) least over two periods, of which the Siemens system (C) first was in 1997. The most signifi- cant products of Subtask D in 1997 ENEA, Systems and Components 1 ? were: for Energy Savings ETAP B.V. - TNO 5 Philips LuxSense (with ceiling Draft WD on Case studies Artificial lighting control systems: mounted luminaries and with Documentation Plan pendant luminaries) (P) Daylighting Monitoring Protocols ETAP ELS (P) & Procedures for Buildings, Glamox system (S) approved by ExCo Philips Trios (C) Procedures for POE studies in Servodan system ? (P?) Case Studies Daylighting control systems: 2 Huppe system Warema system (P) Mid-Term Task 21 Evaluation A mid-term evaluation of Task 21 Technische 7 Philips Helio (LonWorks) (c) was conducted by sending a ques- Universität Berlin, TUB Siemens tionnaire to all the Task participants. ETAP ELS A total of 25 completed question- Zumtobel - Luxmate (p) naires were received by the OA and - Professional (p) documented in a separate report. In Philips LuxSense (P) short, the Task evaluation revealed Philips Trios (C) that: 1) the planning process was very good and useful, giving fairly Philips Lighting B.V. 2 Philips LuxSense clear descriptions of motives, Philips Trios approach, objectives, and milestones; Switching systems (S), Stepped systems proportional dimming systems (P), Constant holder systems (C), Closed loop/ Open loop, Central system / Local system.

39 Daylight in Buildings 2) the expertise in Task 21 is very Screen image of the adequate; but 3) the general level of common database effort must be raised if all the describing daylighting systems and lighting planned objectives are to be control systems. achieved on schedule.

WORK PLANNED FOR 1998 The experts of Task 21 will be very busy in 1998. Most of the testing of daylighting systems in full scale and in scale models will be carried out, as well as the monitoring in all case study buildings.The development of the new ADELINE version 3.0 will continue with a planned α-release at the end of the year.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRY All Subtasks have significant links to industry, and in many participating countries, industry offers significant financial support for work being undertaken. Most of the daylighting systems and lighting control systems are provided by manufacturers, who ers have provided unoccupied Newsletters naturally have an interest in the Task’s spaces for direct full scale testing. testing procedures results. In Subtask Australian Newsletter: B on Control Systems, major manu- International Daylighting REPORTS PRODUCED IN 1997 facturers are directly involved in the The 4th Newsletter was sent out in Reports research activities and are providing September 1997. The first official report of Task 21 excellent facilities for the testing of approved by the Executive several systems and strategies. In Paper Presentations Committee was Daylighting Subtask C on Design Tools,the Several presentations and articles of Monitoring Protocols & Procedures for development of a common platform Task 21 work were presented at var- Buildings. Other reports that were for integration of building design ious conferences. About 12 papers finalized in 1997, but have not yet tools is partly based on the stan- were presented at the following been approved are: dards set by the Industry Alliance for events: Interoperability (IAI). Subtask D on Lux Europa in Amsterdam,The Report on physical characteristics Case Studies is led by a private engi- Netherlands, April 1997 measured in laboratory facilities neering consultant and has strong Building Simulation ‘97 in Prague, links to a similar project under the Czech Monitoring protocol for performance European Community’s JOULE pro- CISBAT ‘97 in Lausanne, evaluation of daylighting systems and gramme. In this Subtask building Switzerland lighting control systems in test rooms owners make their buildings available Right Light in Copenhagen, for the Task monitoring and user Denmark, November 1997. evaluations. In some cases, the own-

40 Daylight in Buildings REPORTS PLANNED FOR 1998 The final version of the report on monitoring of physical characteristics as well as the procedures for perfor- mance evaluations will be available in 1998. Also in 1998, the first drafts of the final documents for the design guides/source books on daylighting systems and lighting control systems as well as the first draft of the Case Studies book will be produced.

1997 EXPERTS MEETINGS Fourth Experts Meeting: April 21 - 24 Veldhoven,The Netherlands

Fifth Experts Meeting October 28 - 31 Brisbane, Australia

1998 EXPERT MEETINGS Sixth Experts Meeting May 1998 Ottawa, Canada

Seventh Experts Meeting October 1998 Berlin, German

41 Daylight in Buildings TASK 21 Jens Christoffersen New Zealand NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS* Danish Building Research Institute Michael Donn P.O. Box 119 Victoria University of Wellington Operating Agent DK - 2970 Hørsholm Centre for Building Performance Kjeld Johnsen Labortory Danish Building Research Institute Germany P.O. Box 600 P.O. Box 119 Heinrich Kaase NZ - Wellington 1 2970 Hørsholm Technische Universität Berlin Denmark Institut für Lichttechnik Norway e-mail: [email protected] Einsteinufer 19 Øyvind Aschehoug D - 10587 Berlin Norwegian University of Science and Australia Technology Nancy Ruck (Lead Subtask A) Hans Erhorn (Lead Subtask C) Faculty of Architecture University of Sydney Fraunhofer Institut für Bauphysik N - 7034 Trondheim Department of Architecture & Nobelstrasse 12 Design Science D - 70569 Stuttgart Sweden AUS - Sydney NSW 2006 Staffan Hygge Finland K T H, Built Environment Austria Ali Nazzal P.O. Box 88 Martin Klingler Helsinki University of Technology S - 801 02 Gävle LichtLabor Bartenbach Otakaari 5A Rinner Strasse 14 FIN - 02150 Espoo Switzerland A - 6071 Aldrans Jean Louis Scartezzini France University of Geneva Belgium Vincent Berrutto LESO-PB, EPFL Magali Bodart ENTPE/DGCB CH - 1015 Lausanne Université Catholique de Louvain Rue Maurice Audin Centre de Recherche en F - 69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, Cedex United Kingdom Architecture Maurice Aizlewood Place de Levant 1 Italy Building Research Establishment B - 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Ferdinando Raponi Lighting & Applied Vision Section ENEA, SIRE Garston Canada Casaccia UK - Watford WD2 7JR Morad Atif I - 00060 S.M. di Galeria, Roma National Research Council Canada United States Building Performance Laboratory Netherlands William L. Carroll Ottawa Laurens Zonneveldt Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory CAN - Ontario K1A OR6 (Lead Subtask B) Building 90 - 3026 TNO-TUE Centre for Building Berkeley, California 94720 Denmark Research *)This list includes national contact Poul E. Kristensen (Lead Subtask D) P O Box 513 persons and Subtask leaders. A total Danish Technological Institute NL - 5600 MB Eindhoven of 42 institutions participate in Task Division of Energy 21. For the full address list see the P.O. Box 141 Task’s homepage on the Solar DK - 2630 Taastrup Heating and Cooling Programme’s website: www.iea-shc.org.

42 Daylight in Buildings TASK DESCRIPTION Tool evaluation activities will include The overall goal of Task 22 is to analytical, comparative and empirical establish a sound technical basis for methods, with emphasis given to analyzing solar, low-energy buildings blind empirical validation using mea- with available and emerging building sured data from test rooms or full energy analysis tools. This goal will scale buildings. Documentation of be pursued by accomplishing the fol- engineering models will use existing lowing objectives: standard reporting formats and pro- cedures. The impact of improved TASK 22: Assess the accuracy of available building energy analysis tools will be building energy analysis tools in assessed from a building owner per- predicting the performance of spective. widely used solar and low-energy Building Energy concepts; The audience for the results of the Collect and document engineer- Task is building energy analysis tool Analysis Tools ing models of widely used solar developers. However, tool users, and low-energy concepts for use such as architects, engineers, energy in the next generation building consultants, product manufacturers, energy analysis tools; and and building owners and managers, Michael J. Holtz Assess and document the impact are the ultimate beneficiaries of the Architectural Energy Corporation (value) of improved building ener- research, and will be informed Operating Agent for the U.S. gy analysis tools in analyzing solar, through targeted reports and arti- Department of Energy low-energy buildings, and widely cles. disseminate research results to tool users, industry associations The Task was initiated in January and government agencies. 1996 and is planned for completion in December 1998. Task 22 will investigate the availability and accuracy of building energy ACTIVITIES DURING 1997 analysis tools and engineering mod- A final Research Work Plan was pre- els to evaluate the performance of pared by the Task Participants and solar and low-energy buildings. The approved by the Executive scope of the Task is limited to whole Committee. building energy analysis tools, includ- ing emerging modular type tools, Subtask A: Tool Evaluation and to widely used solar and low- This Subtask is concerned with energy design concepts. To accom- assessing the accuracy of available plish the stated goal and objectives, building energy analysis tools in pre- the Participants will carry out dicting the performance of widely- research in the framework of two used solar and low-energy concepts. Subtasks: Three tool evaluation methodolo- gies are being employed: Subtask A: Tool Evaluation Analytical Tests Comparative Tests Subtask B: Empirical Validation Tests Model Documentation 43 Building Energy Analysis Tools The Energy Resource Station in Ankeny, Iowa, U.S. is a full-scale commercial building test facility being used for the Task 22 “blind” empirical validation exercise.

Work accomplished during 1997 on Empirical Validation Tests: Task creation of a models library accessi- each of these tool evaluation efforts Participants are engaged in a ble by modular tool developers. Task is summarized below. series of “blind” empirical valida- Participants have selected the tion exercises. The first set of Neutral Model Format (NMF) as the Analytical Tests: A Working exercises uses several test rooms standard format for “hard” (comput- Document was completed by the and test houses operated by er-machine readable) model docu- Finnish Task Participants based on Electricity of France (EDF). The mentation. information (analytical tests) pro- second set of exercises will be vided by other participating Task based on a full-scale commercial NMF is widely recognized and Experts. The Working Document building test facility. During 1997, accepted within the international summarizes a variety of closed- the participants selected the engineering and model development form analytical solutions devel- Energy Resource Station of the community. Also, several translators oped to test the accuracy of Iowa Energy Center in Ankeny, have been developed for converting building energy analysis tools in Iowa as the first full-scale com- NMF models into models usable by analyzing specific heat transfer mercial building test facility. The modular building energy analysis phenomena such as conduction, Energy Resource Station complet- tools. During 1997,Task Participants air flow and shading devices. The ed a series of HVAC tests. The documented several engineering Working Document was distrib- data from these tests will be used models in the NMF, translated and uted to tool developers as a set in a blind empirical validation ran these models. Also, the Swedish of analytical tests that can be used exercise. participants created a web site, to ensure the proper modeling of known as the Simulation Model these heat transfer processes. EDF has completed a draft final Network (SIMONE), to store the report on the research results NMF engineering models and to Comparative Tests: Using the test from the ETNA and GENEC test serve as the link to other web sites cases created in Task 12 as a start- rooms. Further analysis of these where simulation models will be ing point, a new set of compara- two test facilities may continue to stored. Engineering models docu- tive tests have been created to refine the tests and explore mod- mented to date in the NMF by Task evaluate building energy analysis eling assumptions used by the Participants include a chiller (TRN- tools modeling capabilities. The building energy analysis tools. SYS type 60), solar collection and new tests focus on HVAC equip- domestic hot water system, a single- ment, zoning and low-energy Subtask B: Model Documentation glazed air collector with a coupled strategies. Approximately 10 This Subtask is concerned with the mass wall, and a variety of zone tools are being used in the com- collection and documentation of models. parative tests. existing engineering models and the

44 Building Energy Analysis Tools WORK PLANNED FOR 1998 Key Task research activities will be performed during 1998. In Subtask A,Tool Evaluation,the comparative evaluation test cases, will be com- pleted on up to 10 different building energy analysis tools and a draft final report will be prepared. Final reports will be written on the blind empirical validation exercises involv- ing the ETNA and GENEC test rooms and the Lisses test houses. The blind empirical validation exer- cise will be completed using data from the Energy Resource Station Commercial Building Test Facility. A preliminary report will be prepared summarizing the research results. Task 22 participants touring the In Subtask B, Model Documentation, REPORTS PLANNED FOR 1998 Environmental Buildings at the Building additional engineering models, such Subtask A: Tool Evaluation Research Establishment in the U.K. as evaporative cooling and radiative HVAC BESTEST Specifications and cooling, will be documented in the Comparative Test Results NMF, and installed in the Models 1997 MEETINGS Library server. Existing NMF transla- Final Report on Empirical Validation Third Experts Meeting tors will be used to convert NMF Exercises – ETNA and GENEC test April 16-18 models into models usable by mod- rooms Ankeny, Iowa, U.S. ular energy analysis simulations. The SIMONE web site will be expanded Preliminary Report on Results from the Fourth Experts Meeting and linked to other web sites, making Energy Resource Station Blind October 8-10 available the engineering models cre- Empirical Validation Exercise Garston,Watford, U.K. ated under Task 22. Subtask B: Model Documentation 1998 MEETINGS REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 1997 Additional Models Documented in Fifth Task Experts Meeting No official Technical Reports were Neutral Model Format March 30-April 1 published in 1997. However, the Golden, Colorado, U.S. Working Document on Analytical SIMONE web site expanded and Tests was distributed to the Task linked to other web sites Sixth Experts Meeting Participants and analysis tool September 1998 authors. Also, draft final reports To Be Determined were created on the ETNA and GENEC test houses. The Simulation Model Network (SIMONE) web site was created and populated with available NMF engineering models.

45 Building Energy Analysis Tools TASK 22 Germany Bill Beckman and Paul Williams NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS Gottfried Knabe Solar Energy Laboratory Technische Universität Dresden 1500 Engineering Drive Operating Agent Institut für Thermodynamik und University of Wisconsin Michael J. Holtz Techn. Gebäudequsrüstung Madison,Wisconsin 53706 Architectural Energy Corporation Helmholtzstr. 14 2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201 01062 Dresden Gregory Maxwell Boulder, Colorado 80301 Mechanical Engineering Department Thomas Kretschmer and Martin Iowa State University Finland Behne 2025 Black Engineering Building Ilari Aho and Pekka Tuomaala KLIMASYSTEMTECHNIK Ames, Iowa 50011 VTT Building Technology Esdorn Jahn GmbH Energy Systems Research Group Keplerstraße 8/70 Curtis J. Klaasen P.O. Box 1804 10589 Berlin IEC Energy Resource Station (Lampomie henkuja 3, Espoo) DMACC FIN-02044 VTT Spain 2006 S. Ankeny Boulevard Juan Travesi’ Ankeny, Iowa 50021 Mika Vuolle Departamento De Energias Helsinki University of Technology Renovables, CIEMAT Heating,Ventilating & Air Avda. Complutense, 22 Conditioning 28040 Madrid Otakaari 4 Fin-02150 ESPOO Sweden Per Sahlin and Alex Bring France Department of Building Sciences Gilles Guyon KTH Electricité de France 10044 Stockholm Les Renardieres Route de Sens BP1 United Kingdom 77250 Moret-sur-Loing Foroutan Parand, Dave Bloomfield, Darren Robinson and Elizabeth Souheil Soubra Silver CSTB Building Research Establishment BP 209 Bucknalls Lane 069064 Sophia Antipolis Codex Garston Watford Wd2 7 JR Elena Palomo and Gilles Lefebvre GISE/ENPC United States La Courtine Central II Ron Judkoff and Joel Neymark 93167 - Noisy le Grand National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401

46 Building Energy Analysis Tools TASK DESCRIPTION Means The work in the Task is divided in Objectives four subtasks: The main objectives of Task 23 are to ensure the most appropriate use A: Case stories of solar energy in each specific build- Subtask Lead country: Denmark ing project for the purpose of opti- mizing the use of solar energy and of B: Design process guidelines promoting increased use of solar Subtask Lead country: Switzerland TASK 23: energy in the building sector. C: Methods and tools for This is done by enabling the building trade-off analysis Optimization of Solar designers to carry out trade-off Subtask Lead country: USA analyses between the need for and potential use of energy conserva- D: Dissemination and Energy Use in Large tion, daylighting, passive solar, active demonstration solar, and photovoltaic technologies Subtask Lead country: Netherlands Buildings in systematic design processes. Subtask A provides the knowledge In addition, the objective of the Task base to be used in the development is to ensure that the buildings pro- of guidelines, methods, and tools in Prof. Anne Grete Hestnes mote sustainable development.This Subtasks B and C, while Subtask D Norwegian University of Science is done by including considerations ensures that the results of the work and Technology of other resource use and of local are disseminated to the appropriate Operating Agent for the Research and global environmental impact in audiences. Council of Norway the trade-off analyses to be carried out. Duration The Task entered into force on June Scope 1, 1997 and will last five years, until The work primarily focuses on com- June 1, 2002. mercial and institutional buildings, as these types of buildings clearly need ACTIVITIES DURING 1997 several types of systems. In particu- Task 23 has only been active for a lar, office buildings and educational few months. Some work was initiat- buildings are addressed.The same ed during the Project Definition issues are relevant for many other Phase, however.This work, which commercial and institutional build- consists of developing and present- ings. However, some of these, such ing a number of Case Stories, is well as for instance hospitals, require under way. rather specialized design teams and would broaden the scope of the Task The Case Stories are based on the tremendously.They are therefore study of a set of low energy and excluded from the Task in order to solar buildings and consist of infor- ensure concentration and focus in mation about how the buildings the work carried out. were designed, about which criteria the designers used in their decision

47 Solar Energy Use in Large Buildings making, and about what energy con- The Brundtland servation and solar technologies Centre in were eventually chosen.This infor- Denmark, one of the Task 23 Case mation is to be used in Subtasks B Story buildings. and C.

Results of the First Experts Meeting The first official Experts meeting in the Task took place in Glion, Switzerland, on September 11-13, 1997.The main objective of this meeting was to discuss the progress of Subtask A work and to initiate work in Subtasks B and C.The meet- ing therefore primarily consisted of presentations and discussions of the Case Stories.The emphasis in these discussions was on the results usable annual energy use Summary of Completed Work in Subtasks B and C. In addition, the annual energy cost A program of work for the whole meeting included a presentation of a construction cost Task has been produced. first survey on multi- criteria deci- operation and maintenance cost An initial set of 20 buildings to be sion-making methods, and of a com- life cycle cost used for Case Stories has been puter tool potentially usable for maintainability selected. trade-off analysis. After the meeting, thermal/visual comfort A format for presentation of the most of the participants made a very indoor air quality Case Stories has been developed. interesting and informative visit to materials and resource use First drafts of 12 of the Case the two Swiss Case Story buildings, environmental impact Stories have been produced. the OFS building in Neuchâtel and flexibility The lessons learned in the Case the Landis & Gyr building in Zug. functionality Stories have been presented and aesthetics discussed. The Case Stories presented at the PR value (corporate image) Plans for conducting a survey of meeting provided good arguments regulations existing design process guidelines for the need to develop methods demand on energy infrastructure have been finalized. and tools for trade-off analysis. Most The decision-making criteria used Case Story building design teams It will probably be impossible to in the design of the Case Story had attempted to develop designs include all these criteria in the meth- buildings have been identified. that included several low energy and ods and tools to be developed in An initial survey of multi-criteria solar technologies, and they had the Task.The list will therefore be decision-making methods has been struggled with many, often conflict- reevaluated at the next Experts carried out and presented. ing, criteria when making their deci- meeting in order to select those cri- A candidate computer based tool sions. Based on the Case Stories, a teria that can potentially be used. has been presented. list of the criteria most often used This exercise will include ranking the Plans for conducting a survey of has been developed, they are: criteria in order of priority. existing methods and tools have been finalized.

48 Solar Energy Use in Large Buildings WORK PLANNED FOR 1998 REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 1997 In 1998, the work in Subtasks B and IEA Task 23: Optimization of Solar C, on the actual development of Energy Use in Large Buildings. guidelines, methods, and tools, will Programme of Work start. In addition, some time will be spent on developing and discussing The Optimization of Solar Energy Use concrete plans for the work in in Large Buildings - a New IEA Task,” Subtask D, on dissemination and Proceedings of ISES Solar World demonstration.The main activities Congress,Taejon, Korea, 1997 are: MEETINGS IN 1997 A second set of Case Stories will Second Project Definition Phase be documented, presented, and workshop discussed. February 3-4, 1997 The design processes used in the Toftlund,Denmark design of these Case Story build- ings will be documented and eval- First Experts meeting uated. September 11-13, 1997 A survey of existing design Glion, Switzerland process guidelines will be conduct- ed. MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 1998 The development of a Task 23 Second Experts meeting design process guideline will start. March 2-4, 1998 A survey of existing multi-criteria The Netherlands decision-making methods and of existing computer based tools for Third Experts meeting trade-off analysis will be conduct- October 22-24, 1998 ed. Vancouver, Canada The decision-making criteria to be used in the methods and tools to be developed in the Task will be selected. The development of a Task 23 multi-criteria decision-making method will start. Candidate computer based tools will be presented and evaluated, and a tool will be selected for fur- ther development into a Task 23 tool. Development of this tool will start. A brainstorm on ideas for dissemi- nation and demonstration of the Task results will be conducted.

49 Solar Energy Use in Large Buildings TASK 23 Korea NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS Euy-Joon Lee Passive Solar Research Team Austria Korea Institute of Energy Research Susanne Geissler 71-2 Jang-Dong,Yusong-Gu Österreichisches Ökologie-Institut Taejon, Korea 305-343 Seidengasse 13 A-1070 Wien Netherlands Bart Poel Belgium Damen Consultants André de Herde Box 694 Architecture & Climat NL-6800 AR Arnhem Université Catholique de Louvain Place du Levant, 1 Norway B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Anne Grete Hestnes Department of Building Technology Canada NTNU-Gløshaugen Nils Larsson N-7034 Trondheim Canmet Energy Technology Centre 13/F, 580 Booth Street Spain Ottawa, KIA 0E4 Canada Luis Alvarez-Ude Cotera A.U.I.A., c/Papa Negro 41B Denmark Parque Conde de Orgaz Torben Esbensen E-28043 Madrid Esbensen Consulting Engineers Møllegade 54-56 Sweden DK-6400 Sønderborg Maria Wall Department of Building Science Finland Lund University Jyri Nieminen P.O. Box 118 VTT Building Technology S-22100 Lund P.O. Box 1804 FIN-02044 VTT Switzerland Pierre Jaboyedoff Japan SORANE SA Mitsuhiro Udagawa Route de Châtelard 52 Department of Architecture CH-1018 Lausanne Kogakuin University 1-24-2 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku United States Tokyo 163-91 Japan J. Douglas Balcomb NREL 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401

50 Solar Energy Use in Large Buildings DESCRIPTION ACTIVITIES DURING 1997 The Working Group was established A: Durability and Life-time in the autumn of 1994 as an exten- Assessment of Solar Absorber sion of work which had been con- Coatings ducted on solar collector absorbers Project A2: An interlaboratory in Subtask B of Task 10 (Solar comparison on durability testing Materials R&D). of absorber coatings was execut- ed to refine the test procedures The objectives of the Working for the service life estimation of Working Group on Group are: solar absorber coatings so that the reproducibility of tests can be Materials in To develop or validate durability further improved. test procedures for solar collector Project A3:The experiences materials. gained in project A2 were used Solar Thermal Collectors To generalize test procedures for for recommended test proce- standardization. dures for the service life estima- To develop guidelines for solar tion of solar absorber coatings in Michael Köhl collector design to achieve the the form of a draft international Fraunhofer Institute for most favorable microclimate con- standard proposal in ISO TC 180, Solar Energy Systems ditions for materials. number ISO CD 12 952.2.The Working Group Leader for final report was approved by the Fraunhofer Institiute The following areas have been iden- Working Group. tified for joint research work: Project A5:The interest in evacu- ated collectors is growing. A new Durability and life-time assess- project initiated will develop dura- ment of solar absorber coatings. bility test methods according to Antireflecting devices for solar the appropriate degradation fac- thermal applications. tors and load profiles. Methods for characterization of microclimate for materials in col- B:Antireflecting Devices for Solar lectors. Thermal Applications Durability aspects on the use of Project B1: A state-of-the-art polymeric materials in solar col- report was prepared to be used lecting devices. for selecting materials for further studies.This review covers both In each of these areas a number of cover plate materials, such as soda well defined projects are being con- lime, low iron, borosilicate glasses, ducted.The activities of the Working and transparent polymeric materi- Group were initiated in October als, such as acrylic, fluorocarbon, 1994 and will conclude in October polycarbonate and polyester thin 1998.The leadership of the working sheets and foils.The next phase of group was handed from Bo Carlsson work will focus on cost benefit (Sweden) to Michael Köhl analysis of the materials selected. (Germany) according to a respective Project B2: During the second agreement at the start of the work. phase of work, optical properties of selected materials were mea-

51 Collector Materials sured, accelerated tests for dura- also informal links to industry via the bility assessment of materials ongoing standardization work on were drafted, and samples of iron- solar collector and solar collector free glass and PMMA with anti- materials in CEN TC 312 and in ISO reflected surfaces were prepared TC 180. Efforts also are being made for outdoor-tests. to establish a liaison with CEN 312 in the area of solar collector materi- C: Methods for Characterization of als. Microclimate for Materials in Collectors REPORTS PUBLISHED Project C1: A round robin test on A list of working documents can be test procedures for the assess- obtained from the Working Group ment of rain tightness and air Leader on request. tightness of collectors was initiat- ed in the autumn of 1995.These 1997 MEETINGS procedures are being discussed in Fifth Experts Meeting the work of CEN and ISO on June 6-7 solar collector testing. Held in conjunction with the North Project C2:Two different Sun ‘97 conference in Helsinki, approaches for the simulation of Finland. ventilation and condensation in flat plate collectors were devel- Sixth Experts Meeting oped. Both the Danish model, December 1-3 based on an analytical physical Golden, Colorado, U.S. model, and the German approach, based on numerical computation- 1998 MEETINGS al fluid dynamics, showed very Seventh Experts Meeting good agreement with measured April data. U.S. Project C3:The final report was approved by the Working Group. Eighth Experts Meeting Project C4:The measurement of September microclimate parameters in col- Switzerland lectors started in June 1996 at outdoor test facilities and contin- ued until June 1997. Work con- tinues on the evaluation and inter- pretation of the data.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRY All participants of the Working Group work closely with solar mate- rial and solar collector manufactur- ers, therefore, many industry repre- sentatives participate indirectly in the work being undertaken. There are

52 Collector Materials WORKING GROUP NATIONAL Sweden CONTACT PERSONS Bo Carlsson and Kenneth Möller Materials Technology Working Group Leader Swedish National Testing and Michael Köhl Research Institute Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy P.O. Box 857 Systems ISE S-50115 Boras Oltmannsstrasse 5 D-79100 Freiburg Arne Roos Department of Technology Denmark Uppsala University Svend Svendsen and Ole Holck Box 534 Thermal Insulation Laboratory S-75121 Uppsala Technical University of Denmark Building 118 Switzerland DK-2800 Lyngby Ueli Frei and Stefan Brunold Solarenergie Prüf- und Germany Forschungsstelle, Schweiz Markus Heck,Thomas Tröscher Postfach 14 75 Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy CH-8640 Rapperswil Systems ISE Oltmannsstrasse 5 United States D-79100 Freiburg Gary Jorgensen National Renewable Energy Reiner Croy Laboratory Zentralstelle für Solartechnik 1617 Cole Boulevard c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, Golden, Colorado 80401 STE/ZfS D-52425 Jülich

Netherlands Aart de Geus and Henk Oversloot Building and Construction Research, TNO P.O. Box 29 NL-2600 Delft

53 Collector Materials EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS Denmark Mr. Jens Windeleff Australia Danish Energy Agency Prof. John Ballinger Amaliegade 44 Solar Efficient Architecture DK-1256 Copenhagen K P.O. Box 97 Tel: +45/33/92 75 56 Kangaroo Valley Fax: +45/33/11 47 43 NSW 2577 e-mail: [email protected] Tel: + 61/24/4651212 IEA Solar Fax: +61/24/4651217 Alternate e-mail: [email protected] Mr. Poul E. Kristensen Heating and Cooling home page: www.unsw.becu Danish Technological Institute (DTI) Gregersensvej Austria P.O. Box 141 Address List Prof. Gerhard Faninger DK-2630 Taastrup Austrian Research Center - Tel: +45/43/50 43 50 Seibersdorf Fax: +45/43-50 72 22 c/o Universität Klagenfurt, IFF e-mail: [email protected] Sterneckstraße 15 A-9020 Klagenfurt European Commission Tel: +43/463/2700 721 Dr. Georges Deschamps Fax: +43/463/2700759 Commission of the European e-mail: [email protected] Union (DG-XII) Rue de la Loi 200 Belgium B-1049 Brussels, BELGIUM Prof.André De Herde Tel: +32/2/295 1445 (Chairman) Fax: +32/2/299 3694 Architecture et Climat e-mail: [email protected] Université Catholique de Louvain Place du Levant, 1 Finland B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Prof. Peter D. Lund Tel: +32/10/47 21 42 or Helsinki University of Technology +32/10/47 22 23 Department of Physics Engineering Fax: +32/10/47 21 50 and Mathematics e-mail: [email protected] Rakentajanaukio 2 FIN-02150 Espoo Canada Tel: +358/9/451 3197 or Mr. Doug McClenahan +358/9/451 3218 (Vice-Chairman) Fax: +358/9/451 3195 CANMET - Natural Resources e-mail: [email protected] Canada 580 Booth Street Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E4 Tel: +1/613/996 6078 Fax: +1/613/996 9416 e-mail: [email protected]

54 Address List France Netherlands Sweden Mr.Yves Boileau Mr. Lex Bosselaar Mr. Conney Rolén French Agency for the Environment (Vice-Chairman) Swedish Council for Bldg. Research and Energy Management (ADEME) NOVEM b.v. Box 12866 500 Route des Lucioles - Sophia P.O. Box 8242 S-112 98 Stockholm Antipolis 3503 RE Utrecht Tel: +46/8/617 7359 F-06565 Valbonne Cedex Street address: Catharijnesingel 59 Fax: +46/8/653 7462 Tel: +33/4/93 95 79 11 Tel: +31/30/239 34 95 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +33/4/93 65 31 96 Fax: +31/30/231 64 91 e-mail:[email protected] Switzerland Germany Mr. Urs Wolfer Dr. Volkmar Lottner New Zealand Federal Office of Energy Forschungszentrum Jülich - BEO Mr. Michael Donn Monbijoustrasse 74 Postfach 1913 School of Architecture CH-3003 Berne D-52425 Jülich University of Wellington Tel: +41/31/322 56 39 Tel: +49/2461/61 48 79 P.O. Box 600 Fax: +41/31/323 25 00 Fax: +49/2461/61 31 31 Wellington 1 Victoria e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +64/4/802 6221 Fax: +64/4/802 6204 Turkey Italy e-mail: [email protected] Dr. Mustafa Tiris Dr. Paolo Zampetti home page: www.arch.vuw.ac.nz TÜBI˙TAK-Marmara Research Centre Division of Systems for Energy Energy Systems and Environmental Conservation Norway Research Institute ENEA Mr. Fritjof Salvesen P.K.21, 41470 Gebze-Kocaeli Via Anguillarese 301 Norwegian Research Council Tel: +90/262 641 23 00 I-00060 S. Maria di Galeria (Rome) KanEnergi AS Fax: +90/262 641 23 09 Tel: +39/6/3048 3414 Baerumsveien 473 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +39/6/3048 6315 1351 Rud e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +47/67 13 99 84 United Kingdom Fax: +47/67 15 02 50 Dr. Henry Parkinson Japan e-mail: [email protected] Energy Technology Support Unit Mr. Katsuhiko Hayashi Harwell Laboratory RNE Development Program, Spain Oxfordshire OX11 ORA New Sunshine Program Dr. Manuel Macías Tel: +44/1235/432 462 Headquarters Ministerio de Industria y Enregía Fax: +44/1235/432 331 AIST, MITI Subdirección General de e-mail: [email protected] Planificación Energética 1-3-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku United States Tokyo 100 Paseo de la Castellana, 160 28071 Madrid Ms. Mary-Margaret Jenior Tel: +81/3/3501 9277 U.S. Department of Energy Fax: +81/3/3501 9489 Tel: +34/1/349 47 49 Fax: +34/1/457 80 66 Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs 1000 Independence Ave. S.W. Washington, D.C. 20585-0121 Tel: +1/202/586-2998 Fax: +1/202/586-1628 e-mail: [email protected]

55 Address List OPERATING AGENTS Task 23 WORKING GROUPS MATERIALS Task 18 Prof.Anne Grete Hestnes FOR SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS Prof. M.G. Hutchins Faculty of Architecture Mr. Michael Köhl School of Engineering Norwegian University of Science Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Oxford Brookes University and Technology Sytems Gipsy Lane Campus N-7034 Trondheim, Norway Oltmannsstr. 5 Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP,U.K. Tel: +47/73/59 50 37 D-79 100 Freiburg, Germany Tel: +44/1865/48 36 04 or 48 36 81 Fax: +47/73/59 50 45 Tel: +49/761 4016682 Fax: +44/1865/48 42 63 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +49/761 4016681 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Task 24 Task 19 Dr. Hans Westling ADVANCED SOLAR LOW-ENERGY Mr. Robert Hastings Promandat AB, Box 27103 DWELLINGS Solararchitektur S-102 52 Stockholm, Sweden Dr. Bjarne Saxhof ETH Honggerberg Tel: +46/8/667 80 20 Department of Buildings and Energy CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland Fax: +46/8/660 54 82 Building 118, DTU e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +41/1/633-2988 DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Fax: +41/1/633-1169 Task 25 Organizer Tel: +45/45/251891 e-mail: [email protected] Fax: +45/45/931755 Dr. Hans-Martin Henning e-mail: [email protected] Task 20 Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Prof.Arne Elmroth Energy Systems EXECUTIVE SECRETARY Dept. of Building Physics Oltmannsstrasse 5 Ms. Pamela Murphy Kunz Lund University D-79100 Freiburg, Germany Morse Associates, Inc. Box 118 Tel: +49/761/4588 134 1808 Corcoran Street, NW S-221 00 Lund, Sweden Fax: +49/761/4588 132 Washington, DC 20009, U.S. e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +46/46/222 4645 Tel: +1/202/483 2393 Fax: +46/46/222 4535 Fax: +1/202/265 2248 e-mail: [email protected] Task 26 Organizer e-mail: [email protected] Mr. Jean-Christophe Hadorn Task 21 Chemin des Fleurettes 5 ADVISOR Mr. Kjeld Johnsen CH 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland Dr. Frederick H. Morse Danish Building Research Institute Tel: +41 21 616 28 31 Morse Associates, Inc. P.O. Box 119 Fax: +41 21 616 28 31 1808 Corcoran Street, N.W. e-mail: [email protected] DK 2970 Høsholm Washington, DC 20009, U.S. Copenhagen, Denmark Tel: +1/202/483 2393 Tel: +45/45/86 55 33 Fax: +1/202/265 2248 Fax: +45/45/86 75 35 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] IEA SECRETARIAT LIAISON Task 22 Mr. Mel Kliman Mr. Michael J. Holtz International Energy Agency Architectural Energy Corporation 9 rue de la Fédération 2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Boulder, Colorado 80301 U.S. Tel: +33/1/40 57 6785 Tel: +1/303/444-4149 Fax: +33/1/40 57 6759 Fax: +1/303/444-4304 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]

56 Address List