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January 2004, Volume XI, Number 1

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January 2004, Volume XI, Number 1 Habitat Hotline Atlantic Issues of Concern for Atlantic Marine Fish Habitat January 2004, Volume XI, Number 1 Fish Habitat in Urban Environments: NY-NJ Harbor Urban fish mitigate threats to vital habitats are alive and in urban fish habitats. This need of restoration and article focuses on the protection. New York results of fish habitat Harbor, also called NY-NJ work conducted in NY- Harbor (Figure 1), NJ Harbor and the abounds with diverse ! Hudson River estuary by natural resources, yet it is DEC and its partners. It the heart of the most HUDSON RIVER is based on a symposium densely populated region organized by Karen of the nation. It provides Chytalo from DEC that recreational opportunities included five presenta- including fishing, boating, tions on Fisheries and swimming to over 20 Habitat in Urban Environ- million residents, and at ments made at the the same time supports a JAMAICA Atlantic States Marine busy international port for BAY Fisheries Commission’s passengers and cargo. ! (ASMFC’s) annual The Hudson River estuary, meeting held December which intersects with NY- 2003 in New York City NJ Harbor, is one of New (NYC). York’s outstanding natural resources, well known for NY-NJ Harbor, Evolution its history and scenery of the Fisheries Habitat and vital as part of the The evolution of the Atlantic Coast ecosystem. habitat in NY-NJ Harbor is Forming partnerships has intricately linked to its created an important way history. Much of the fate for the New York State of the Harbor habitat was Department of Environ- set nearly 400 years ago. mental Conservation (DEC) Large tracks of habitat to identify, eliminate and Figure 1. Map of NY-NJ Harbor Estuary. were lost at specific points Source: http://www.harborestuary.org/about.htm (continued on page 2) ASMFC, 1444 Eye Street, NW, Sixth Floor, Washington, DC 20005 (202) 289-6400 phone (202) 289-6051 fax Working towards healthy, self-sustaining populations of all Atlantic coast fish species or successful restoration well in progress by the year 2015. (continued from page 1) (A) (B) Figure 2. Increase in landfill construction between (A) 1844-1900 and (B) near present day. Shading indicates areas filled in. in time and not gradually over the 400 years. In addition, there was The greatest habitat loss occurred from 1930-1970 a concurrent degradation of habitat (from dumping everything in during the depression years and post World War II, when roads, the water) that resulted in a gradual loss in habitat quality over time. parks, housing, landfills and airports were built. Garbage dumps The Hudson Valley and NY-NJ Harbor were formed were constructed by creating a berm in the water and backfilling it during the Pleistocene, when the Wisconsin glacier covered the with garbage. Figure 2 shows the increase in landfill construction area. In 1609 sailing under the Dutch flag, Henry Hudson discov- between the late 1880s and recently. By the 1960s, over 70% of ered the natural riches of the area, which was inhabited at the time marshlands and shallow water habitat was lost in the Harbor. by the Lenape Indians. Soon thereafter, the trading post, New Furthermore, the area was degraded from toxic substances. Amsterdam, was established. In 1625 Fort Amsterdam was built in Agent orange and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were Manhattan’s southern tip to protect the Dutch’s valuable fur trade manufactured in the area and found their way into the rivers and industry. In 1626 the Dutch purchased fourteen thousand acres of harbor waters, and eventually into the sediments, fish and other land from the Lenape Indians and it became a busy commerce port. coastal organisms. During this time in the 1600s, some areas of the shoreline were Turn around began in the 1970s with passage of a filled in and hardened to facilitate trade and as part of the fortifica- number of federal and state environmental laws, such as the tion. After the British took over the area in 1664, not much Clean Water Act, aimed at protecting waters from further degra- happened to the habitat until after the revolutionary war, except a dation and restoring them to healthier conditions. The following few fillings for military purposes. sections describe many of the programs sponsored by federal In the 1800s the Harbor became a major shipping port. and state governments and nonprofits that involve habitat In 1811 the natural geography of Manhatten Island was leveled restoration in the NY-NJ Harbor area. to create the Manhattan Grid. As a result, streams, marshes and ponds were filled in and hills were flattened. The Erie Canal was NY-NJ Harbor Estuary Program built and in 1825 connected the Harbor to Lake Erie, opening up The NY-NJ Harbor Estuary Program (HEP) is part of the trade with the interior of the continent and making NYC the National Estuary Program (NEP) authorized in 1987 by the U.S. shipping capital. Hundreds of piers and docks were constructed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Clean Water and dominated the shoreline in Manhattan and Brooklyn. Later Act. Currently, there are 28 NEPs nationwide, each designated as in 1885, Hell’s Gate Reef was blasted away to provide a safer area an estuary of national significance. Under this program, partners for shipping because many ships and lives were lost on the from federal and state governments, environmental groups, reef’s rocky outcrops. Fishing was a big industry, e.g., striped academic institutions and individual citizens join their efforts and bass, shad, bluefish, weakfish, blue crabs and oysters. During resources together to address problems in our nation’s estuaries. the same time, the population grew from just over 79,000 people Some areas of concern in the NY-NJ Harbor involve toxic in 1800 to over 4 million in 1905. contamination, pathogens, nutrients, habitat and living re- (continued on page 3) 2 Habitat Hotline Atlantic January 2004, Vol. XI, Number 1 (continued from page 2) sources, floatable debris, rainfall-induced discharges, manage- from the Harbor. NYC and NJDEP capture floatables at a number ment of dredged material and public involvement and education. of combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharge points. The NJ Toxic contamination is a problem in the water, sediments and Clean Shores program uses prisoners to clean-up shore areas to living resources resulting in fish consumption advisories, remove sources of floatables. In addition, volunteer clean-ups are possible wildlife health issues, and sediment toxicity. Steps are being conducted along area beaches. being taken to address the toxics problem by identifying toxic As already noted, much of the upland and wetland habitat loads and ambient conditions to determine total maximum daily in the Harbor area has been lost. The relatively small amount of loads (TMDLs), tracking down PCBs, cleaning up nearby remaining habitat is ecologically valuable. Various federal and Superfund sites (PCB-contamination in Hudson River and dioxin state restoration programs are being conducted to acquire and contamination in the Passaic River), and developing and imple- restore habitat, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s menting sediment decontamination technologies. Coastal Wetland Grants, the New York State Environmental A major source of pathogens is the combined sewer Protection Fund and Clean Water/Clean Air Bond Act, the system. During wet weather, sewer flows and stormwater runoff NJDEP’s Green Acres Program and others. Habitat restoration is may exceed the capacity of the system and be diverted away from also an important part of the area’s fisheries restoration. treatment plants and discharged directly in coastal waters. This is called a combined sewer overflow (CSO). Such discharges Tidal Wetlands Loss in New York’s Marine District introduce unwanted pathogens to coastal waters affecting The New York state Tidal Wetlands Act, which became interstate shellfish resources and swimming areas, leading to area effective in 1973, was enacted to protect and preserve tidal closures for shellfishing and swimming. To address the pathogen wetlands and their values. In 1974, the Tidal Wetlands Inventory problem, scientists are modeling the whole harbor system for was initiated to identify and classify all tidal wetlands in the fecal coliform and Enterococcus. The model results will be used marine district. In 1977, the Tidal Wetlands Regulation became by managers to develop TMDLs and enforceable waste load effective, regulating all types of activities within specified allocations. A notification network for announcing waste water distances of the tidal wetlands boundary, for example within 150 releases and potential health risks is also in place. Another feet of New York City’s tidal wetlands boundary. Using the discharge problem involves the release of excess nutrients that information obtained from the Inventory as a baseline, scientists leads to conditions of low dissolved oxygen in area waters. In with the DEC have been conducting tidal wetland trend analyses particular, nitrogen and carbon are problematic in the Harbor. using Geographical Information System technology to evaluate There have been great improvements in water quality, but some the effectiveness of the tidal wetlands regulatory program and areas still don’t meet the current water quality standards/criteria. determine changes in the amount of tidal wetlands since 1974. TMDLs for nutrients, pathogens and toxics are being developed The regulatory program has been highly successful in “stemming and will be the tide” of implemented in traditional
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