DOCSLIB.ORG

Recombination and Clonal Propagation in Different Populations of the Lichen Lobaria Pulmonaria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recombination and Clonal Propagation in Different Populations of the Lichen Lobaria Pulmonaria Heredity (2004) 93, 322–329 & 2004 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0018-067X/04 $30.00 www.nature.com/hdy Recombination and clonal propagation in different populations of the lichen Lobaria pulmonaria J-C Walser1, F Gugerli1, R Holderegger1, D Kuonen2 and C Scheidegger1 1WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zu¨rcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; 2Statoo Consulting, PO Box 107, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Propagation, dispersal, and establishment are fundamental evidence of recombination, from various tests, indicated that population processes, and are critical stages in the life cycle L. pulmonaria is a predominantly outcrossing species. of an organism. In symbiotic organisms such as lichens, Nevertheless, clonality occurred in all populations, but the consisting of a fungus and a population of photobionts, presence of recurring multilocus genotypes influenced the reproduction is a complex process. Although many lichens spatial genetic structure only within low-density populations. are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually, the extent This could be interpreted as indicative of genetic bottlenecks of vegetative propagation within local populations is un- owing to increased habitat loss and disturbance. Conse- known. We used six polymorphic microsatellite loci to quently, for a predominantly outcrossing lichen species, investigate whether recombination is common in natural exogenous factors might be substantially altering population populations, and to assess if and how clonal reproduction processes and hence genetic structure. influences the spatial genetic structure within populations of Heredity (2004) 93, 322–329. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800505 the epiphytic lichen species Lobaria pulmonaria. High Published online 16 June 2004 genetic diversity within all 12 investigated populations and Keywords: asexual propagation; dispersal; lichenised ascomycete; outcrossing; sexual reproduction; spatial autocorrelation Introduction Recent developments of modern molecular markers allow the population genetic processes of lichens to be Propagation, whether sexual or asexual, is a fundamental investigated. However, the few studies available so far step in the life cycle of every single organism. Sexual suffer from various limitations (Walser et al, 2003). reproduction enhances the number of different geno- Some have focused on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) types within populations and increases the probability amplified by fungus-specific primers (Bridge and of survival in a competitive and/or changing environ- Hawksworth, 1998) which, although sufficient for the ment (Maynard Smith, 1978; Balloux et al, 2000), whereas analysis of major fungal lineages (Lutzoni et al, 2001), asexual propagation, on the other hand, can be a have the disadvantage of detecting rather low levels of successful evolutionary strategy for well-adapted geno- intraspecific genetic variation (Bridge and Hawksworth, types in extreme but stable habitats (Murtagh et al, 2000). 1998; Zoller et al, 1999; Ho¨gberg et al, 2002). Greater While our knowledge of mating systems and patterns variation has been detected with random amplified in animals and plants is broad (eg, Jackson et al, 1996; polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs), allowing studies Takebayashi and Morrell, 2001), we have only just on breeding systems (Murtagh et al, 2000) and on the started to investigate and understand them in symbiotic population structure of lichen-forming fungi (Dyer life forms such as lichens. Despite a few studies on et al, 2001). In these RAPD studies, DNA has been sexual reproduction in lichens (Murtagh et al, 2000; isolated either from axenic fungal cultures or from Kroken and Taylor, 2001; Ho¨gberg et al, 2002), nothing thallus tissue free of photobionts (Crespo and Cubero, is known about its importance as compared to 1998; Heibel et al, 1999). As it is not possible to obtain clonal reproduction (through thallus fragments, soredia, algae-free material in lichen species that are asexual or isidia) in natural populations. Therefore, the objec- and for which the mycobiont is not cultivatable tives of this study were (i) to investigate whether (Miao et al, 2001), anonymous DNA fingerprinting recombination, and hence outbreeding, is common in cannot provide specific results for lichenised fungi natural populations of lichens, and (ii) to determine and is thus not universally applicable in mutua- how clonal reproduction influences the spatial genetic listic endosymbiotic systems. Highly variable, fungus- structure within populations. specific microsatellites would circumvent these pro- blems. For Lobaria pulmonaria, several microsatellite loci have recently been developed (Walser et al, 2003), which suit the specific requirements of our study. Four Correspondence: J-C Walser, Department of Organismal Biology and of the 12 original primers used in this study were Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. E-mail: [email protected] re-designed in order to shorten allele sizes, to avoid Received 21 August 2003; accepted 23 March 2004; published online indels in the flanking regions, and to amplify loci in 16 June 2004 multiplex PCR. Sexual and clonal propagation in lichen populations J-C Walser et al 323 Materials and methods ered a population as a patch of trees colonised by L. pulmonaria. Beyond the patch perimeter, the species did Species not occur locally. The samples from British Columbia The foliose epiphytic lichen L. pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. is were collected within three different zones (hypermari widely distributed in circumboreal regions of the North- time, maritime, and intermontane; Goward, 1999) on a ern Hemisphere and in South Africa (Yoshimura, 1971, transect from the south coast of Vancouver Island to the 1998a, b). While L. pulmonaria has a large range and is interior of the province. These populations either still common in North America (Brodo et al, 2001), it is occurred in old growth forests (eg, CS, PR, DC, CL, BL, considered endangered in many parts of Europe (Wirth or OC) or in dense undisturbed forests (AY, TO, and BC). et al, 1996). Although it is described as both a sexually The samples from Switzerland were collected in com- and clonally reproducing species, apothecia (fruit bodies paratively large, but sparse populations in the Pre-Alps with sexual propagules) are formed infrequently and and the Jura Mountains, where anthropogenic distur- populations with only a limited number of fungal bance has been minimal. Across an entire population, genotypes appear to be nonsexual (Zoller et al, 1999). one thallus per tree was randomly taken from selected This correlation between genotypic diversity and fertility nearest neighbor trees. The distance between the host has been interpreted as evidence that L. pulmonaria might trees was measured, the area of the local population was be self-sterile (heterothallic; Zoller et al, 1999). calculated (Table 2), and the number of samples with apothecia was determined. Sampling In total, 562 thalli of L. pulmonaria were sampled from Microsatellite analysis nine populations in British Columbia, Canada, and from DNA was isolated according to Walser et al (2003) from three populations in Switzerland (Table 1). We consid- approximately 20 mg of cleaned marginal lobes per Table 1 Locations and their geographic circumscriptions of the 12 studied populations of Lobaria pulmonaria Location Code Life zones/area Altitude (m) Latitude Longitude Canada, British Columbia Ayum Creek, Vancouver Island AY Hypermaritimea 15 4812302900N 12313903700W Chesterman Beach, Tofino TO Hypermaritimea 54910604700N 12515303100W Cape Scott Provincial Park CS Hypermaritimea 55014002700N 12811603200W Lakelse Lake Provincial Park PR Maritimea 105 5412205400N 12813105200W Date Creek, Kispiox DC Maritimea 550 5512405200N 12714805200W Clayton Falls, Bella Coola BC Maritimea 55212201200N 12614804900W Carp Lake Provincial Park CL Intermontanea 860 5415200800N 12311503900W Bowron Lake Provincial Park BL Intermontanea 910 5311501900N 12112100300W Oregana Creek, Tumtum Lake OC Intermontanea 723 5115900800N11910502100W Switzerland Taaren Wald, Toggenburg TW Pre-Alps 1350 4711005000N911801500E Murgtal, Walensee MT Pre-Alps 1280 4710305200N911105100E Marchairuz, Jura Mountains UZ Jura Mountains 1200 4612905700N611002100E aLichen distribution classification system after Goward (1999). Table 2 Number of samples (N), area in acres of the investigated populations of Lobaria pulmonaria, local population density (N/area), mean number of alleles (A), effective mean number of alleles (Ae), and percentage of different genotypes (M), and of fertile samples (samples with apothecia) Population N Area (acres) N/Area AAe M (%) Apothecia (%) AY 39 30 1.30 7.8 5.1 79 13 TO 47 80 0.59 7.2 4.3 62 19 CS 50 30 1.67 7.7 4.8 52 42 PR 50 10 5.00 8.7 4.4 90 42 DC 52 10 5.20 7.3 3.4 92 25 BC 50 10 5.00 10.5 5.7 90 10 CL 51 50 1.02 6.3 3.1 53 4 BL 49 10 4.90 7.2 3.3 90 2 OC 52 40 1.30 8.7 4.2 92 10 TW 52 380 0.14 7.8 4.4 52 8 MT 38 680 0.06 5.3 3.6 47 11 UZ 32 80 0.40 6.8 3.8 53 0 Mean7SE CA 48.9 30 2.8970.68 7.970.4 4.370.3 78761975 Mean7SE CH 40.7 380 0.2070.10 6.670.7 3.970.2 5172673 Mean7SE total 46.8 120 2.2170.62 7.670.4 4.270.2 71761674 Means and standard errors are given for British Columbia in Canada (CA), for Switzerland (CH), and for the total sample set (total). For population codes, see Table 1. Heredity Sexual and clonal propagation in lichen populations J-C Walser et al 324 thallus. Six microsatellite loci were studied (LPu03, We also used the standardized index of association (IA) LPu09, LPu15, LPu16, LPu20, and LPu27; Walser et al, (Maynard Smith et al, 1993) to check for recombination or 2003), and four of the original primers were re-designed clonality within populations. From the distribution of in order to shorten allele sizes or to avoid indels in the mismatch values, an observed variance (VD) was flanking regions (Table 3). The loci were amplified in two calculated and compared with the expected variance multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) with each (Ve) under linkage equilibrium (Maynard Smith et al, containing three primer pairs (LPu03/LPu09/LPu15 and 1993; Haubold et al, 1998; Haubold and Hudson, 2000).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Lichens' Microbiota, Still a Mystery?
    fmicb-12-623839 March 24, 2021 Time: 15:25 # 1 REVIEW published: 30 March 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.623839 The Lichens’ Microbiota, Still a Mystery? Maria Grimm1*, Martin Grube2, Ulf Schiefelbein3, Daniela Zühlke1, Jörg Bernhardt1 and Katharina Riedel1 1 Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany, 2 Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria, 3 Botanical Garden, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany Lichens represent self-supporting symbioses, which occur in a wide range of terrestrial habitats and which contribute significantly to mineral cycling and energy flow at a global scale. Lichens usually grow much slower than higher plants. Nevertheless, lichens can contribute substantially to biomass production. This review focuses on the lichen symbiosis in general and especially on the model species Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm., which is a large foliose lichen that occurs worldwide on tree trunks in undisturbed forests with long ecological continuity. In comparison to many other lichens, L. pulmonaria is less tolerant to desiccation and highly sensitive to air pollution. The name- giving mycobiont (belonging to the Ascomycota), provides a protective layer covering a layer of the green-algal photobiont (Dictyochloropsis reticulata) and interspersed cyanobacterial cell clusters (Nostoc spec.). Recently performed metaproteome analyses Edited by: confirm the partition of functions in lichen partnerships. The ample functional diversity Nathalie Connil, Université de Rouen, France of the mycobiont contrasts the predominant function of the photobiont in production Reviewed by: (and secretion) of energy-rich carbohydrates, and the cyanobiont’s contribution by Dirk Benndorf, nitrogen fixation. In addition, high throughput and state-of-the-art metagenomics and Otto von Guericke University community fingerprinting, metatranscriptomics, and MS-based metaproteomics identify Magdeburg, Germany Guilherme Lanzi Sassaki, the bacterial community present on L.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Variation Within and Among Populations of the Threatened Lichen Lobaria Pulmonaria in Switzerland and Implications for I
    MEC820.fm Page 2049 Saturday, December 18, 1999 1:20 PM Molecular Ecology (1999) 8, 2049–2059 GeneticBlackwell Science, Ltd variation within and among populations of the threatened lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in Switzerland and implications for its conservation S. ZOLLER,* F. LUTZONI† and C. SCHEIDEGGER* *Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland, †Department of Botany, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago IL 60605, USA Abstract The foliose epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria has suffered a significant decline in European lowlands during the last decades and therefore is considered as endangered throughout Europe. An assessment of the genetic variability is necessary to formulate biologically sound conservation recommendations for this species. We investigated the genetic diversity of the fungal symbiont of L. pulmonaria using 143 specimens sampled from six populations (two small, one medium, three large) in the lowland, the Jura Moun- tains, the pre-Alps and the Alps of Switzerland. Among all nuclear and mitochondrial regions sequenced for this study, variability was found only in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS I), with three polymorphic sites, and in the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), with four polymorphic sites. The variable sites in the nrLSU are all located within a putative spliceosomal intron. We sequenced these two regions for 81 specimens and detected six genotypes. Two genotypes were common, two were found only in the more diverse populations and two were found only in one population each. There was no correlation between population size and genetic diversity. The highest genetic diversity was found in populations where the fungal symbiont is reproducing sexually.
    [Show full text]
  • The Puzzle of Lichen Symbiosis
    Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1503 The puzzle of lichen symbiosis Pieces from Thamnolia IOANA ONUT, -BRÄNNSTRÖM ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-554-9887-0 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-319639 2017 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Lindhalsalen, EBC, Norbyvägen 14, Uppsala, Thursday, 1 June 2017 at 09:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Associate Professor Anne Pringle (University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Botany). Abstract Onuț-Brännström, I. 2017. The puzzle of lichen symbiosis. Pieces from Thamnolia. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1503. 62 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9887-0. Symbiosis brought important evolutionary novelties to life on Earth. Lichens, the symbiotic entities formed by fungi, photosynthetic organisms and bacteria, represent an example of a successful adaptation in surviving hostile environments. Yet many aspects of the lichen symbiosis remain unexplored. This thesis aims at bringing insights into lichen biology and the importance of symbiosis in adaptation. I am using as model system a successful colonizer of tundra and alpine environments, the worm lichens Thamnolia, which seem to only reproduce vegetatively through symbiotic propagules. When the genetic architecture of the mating locus of the symbiotic fungal partner was analyzed with genomic and transcriptomic data, a sexual self-incompatible life style was revealed. However, a screen of the mating types ratios across natural populations detected only one of the mating types, suggesting that Thamnolia has no potential for sexual reproduction because of lack of mating partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights Into the Ecology and Genetics of Lichens with a Cyanobacterial Photobiont
    Insights into the Ecology and Genetics of Lichens with a Cyanobacterial Photobiont Katja Fedrowitz Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Ecology Uppsala Doctoral Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 2011 Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae 2011:96 Cover: Lobaria pulmonaria, Nephroma bellum, and fallen bark in an old-growth forest in Finland with Populus tremula. Part of the tRNALeu (UAA) sequence in an alignment. (photos: K. Fedrowitz) ISSN 1652-6880 ISBN 978-91-576-7640-5 © 2011 Katja Fedrowitz, Uppsala Print: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2011 Insights into the Ecology and Genetics of Lichens with a Cyanobacterial Photobiont Abstract Nature conservation requires an in-depth understanding of the ecological processes that influence species persistence in the different phases of a species life. In lichens, these phases comprise dispersal, establishment, and growth. This thesis aimed at increasing the knowledge on epiphytic cyanolichens by studying different aspects linked to these life stages, including species colonization extinction dynamics, survival and vitality of lichen transplants, and the genetic symbiont diversity in the genus Nephroma. Paper I reveals that local colonizations, stochastic, and deterministic extinctions occur in several epiphytic macrolichens. Species habitat-tracking metapopulation dynamics could partly be explained by habitat quality and size, spatial connectivity, and possibly facilitation by photobiont sharing. Simulations of species future persistence suggest stand-level extinction risk for some infrequent sexually dispersed species, especially when assuming low tree numbers and observed tree fall rates. Forestry practices influence the natural occurrence of species, and retention of trees at logging is one measure to maintain biodiversity. However, their long-term benefit for biodiversity is still discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens of Alaska's South Coast
    United States Department of Agriculture Lichens of Alaska’s South Coast Forest Service R10-RG-190 Alaska Region Reprint April 2014 WHAT IS A LICHEN? Lichens are specialized fungi that “farm” algae as a food source. Unlike molds, mildews, and mushrooms that parasitize or scavenge food from other organisms, the fungus of a lichen cultivates tiny algae and / or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the body of the lichen (or thallus). The algae and cyanobacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungus by converting carbon dioxide and water into sugars using the sun’s energy (photosynthesis). Thus, a lichen is a combination of two or sometimes three organisms living together. Perhaps the most important contribution of the fungus is to provide a protective habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. The green or blue-green photosynthetic layer is often visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off. Most lichen-forming fungi cannot exist without the photosynthetic partner because they have become dependent on them for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite different in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. HOW DO LICHENS REPRODUCE? Lichens sexually reproduce with fruiting bodies of various shapes and colors that can often look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and Figure 1. Apothecia, fruiting grow into the fungus. Each bodies fungus must find the right photosynthetic partner in order to become a lichen. Lichens reproduce asexually in several ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Quality and Disturbance Drive Lichen Species Richness in a Temperate Biodiversity Hotspot
    Oecologia (2019) 190:445–457 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-019-04413-0 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY – ORIGINAL RESEARCH Habitat quality and disturbance drive lichen species richness in a temperate biodiversity hotspot Erin A. Tripp1,2 · James C. Lendemer3 · Christy M. McCain1,2 Received: 23 April 2018 / Accepted: 30 April 2019 / Published online: 15 May 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The impacts of disturbance on biodiversity and distributions have been studied in many systems. Yet, comparatively less is known about how lichens–obligate symbiotic organisms–respond to disturbance. Successful establishment and development of lichens require a minimum of two compatible yet usually unrelated species to be present in an environment, suggesting disturbance might be particularly detrimental. To address this gap, we focused on lichens, which are obligate symbiotic organ- isms that function as hubs of trophic interactions. Our investigation was conducted in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. We conducted complete biodiversity inventories of lichens (all growth forms, reproductive modes, substrates) across 47, 1-ha plots to test classic models of responses to disturbance (e.g., linear, unimodal). Disturbance was quantifed in each plot using a standardized suite of habitat quality variables. We additionally quantifed woody plant diversity, forest density, rock density, as well as environmental factors (elevation, temperature, precipitation, net primary productivity, slope, aspect) and analyzed their impacts on lichen biodiversity. Our analyses recovered a strong, positive, linear relationship between lichen biodiversity and habitat quality: lower levels of disturbance correlate to higher species diversity. With few exceptions, additional variables failed to signifcantly explain variation in diversity among plots for the 509 total lichen species, but we caution that total variation in some of these variables was limited in our study area.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens of Alaska's South Coast
    Lichens of Alaska’s South Coast United States Forest Service R10-RG-190 Department of Alaska Region July 2011 Agriculture WHAT IS A LICHEN? Lichens are specialized fungi that “farm” algae as a food source. Unlike molds, mildews, and mushrooms that parasi ze or scavenge food from other organisms, the fungus of a lichen cul vates ny algae and / or blue-green bacteria (called cyanobacteria) within the fabric of interwoven fungal threads that form the body of the lichen (or thallus). The algae and cyanobacteria produce food for themselves and for the fungus by conver ng carbon dioxide and water into sugars using the sun’s energy (photosynthesis). Thus, a lichen is a combina on of two or some mes three organisms living together. Perhaps the most important contribu on of the fungus is to provide a protec ve habitat for the algae or cyanobacteria. The green or blue-green photosynthe c layer is o en visible between two white fungal layers if a piece of lichen thallus is torn off . Most lichen-forming fungi cannot exist without the photosynthe c partner because they have become dependent on them for survival. But in all cases, a fungus looks quite diff erent in the lichenized form compared to its free-living form. HOW DO LICHENS REPRODUCE? Lichens sexually reproduce with frui ng bodies of various shapes and colors that can o en look like miniature mushrooms. These are called apothecia (Fig. 1) and contain spores that germinate and Figure 1. Apothecia, fruiting grow into the fungus. Each bodies fungus must fi nd the right photosynthe c partner in order to become a lichen.
    [Show full text]
  • Tremella Macrobasidiata and Tremella Variae Have Abundant and Widespread Yeast Stages in Lecanora Lichens
    Environmental Microbiology (2021) 00(00), 00–00 doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15455 Tremella macrobasidiata and Tremella variae have abundant and widespread yeast stages in Lecanora lichens Veera Tuovinen ,1,2* Ana Maria Millanes,3 3 1 2 Sandra Freire-Rallo, Anna Rosling and Mats Wedin Introduction 1Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36, Sweden. The era of molecular studies has shown that most of the 2Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural diversity of life is microbial (Pace, 1997; Castelle and History, Stockholm, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Banfield, 2018). Lichens, symbiotic consortia formed by Sweden. at least two different microorganisms, are a great mani- 3Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química festation of microbial diversity in a unique package; sev- Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, eral studies in the last decade have continued to E-28933, Spain. demonstrate the since long recognized presence of diverse fungal communities within lichen thalli (U’Ren et al., 2010, 2012; Fleischhacker et al., 2015; Grube and Summary Wedin, 2016; Noh et al., 2020). In recent years, attention Dimorphism is a widespread feature of tremellalean has been drawn especially to the presence of previously fungi in general, but a little-studied aspect of the biol- undetected basidiomycete yeasts in different ogy of lichen-associated Tremella. We show that macrolichens (Spribille et al., 2016; Cernajovᡠand Tremella macrobasidiata and Tremella variae have an Škaloud, 2019, 2020; Tuovinen et al., 2019; Mark abundant and widespread yeast stage in their life et al., 2020). However, little is still known about the ubiq- cycles that occurs in Lecanora lichens.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichens of East Limestone Island
    Lichens of East Limestone Island Stu Crawford, May 2012 Platismatia Crumpled, messy-looking foliose lichens. This is a small genus, but the Pacific Northwest is a center of diversity for this genus. Out of the six species of Platismatia in North America, five are from the Pacific Northwest, and four are found in Haida Gwaii, all of which are on Limestone Island. Platismatia glauca (Ragbag lichen) This is the most common species of Platismatia, and is the only species that is widespread. In many areas, it is the most abundant lichen. Oddly, it is not the most abundant Platismatia on Limestone Island. It has soredia or isidia along the edges of its lobes, but not on the upper surface like P. norvegica. It also isn’t wrinkled like P. norvegica or P. lacunose. Platismatia norvegica It has large ridges or wrinkles on its surface. These ridges are covered in soredia or isidia, particularly close to the edges of the lobes. In the interior, it is restricted to old growth forests. It is less fussy in coastal rainforests, and really seems to like Limestone Island, where it is the most abundant Platismatia. Platismatia lacunosa (wrinkled rag lichen) This species also has large wrinkles on its surface, like P. norvegica. However, it doesn’t have soredia or isidia on top of these ridges. Instead, it has tiny black dots along the edges of its lobes which produce spores. It is also usually whiter than P. lacunosa. It is less common on Limestone Island. Platismatia herrei (tattered rag lichen) This species looks like P.
    [Show full text]
  • M. E. Mitchell, Graphic Developments
    HUNTIA A Journal of botanical History VolUme 14 NUmber 1 2009 Hunt Institute for botanical Documentation Carnegie mellon University Pittsburgh The Hunt Institute for botanical Documentation, a research division of Carnegie mellon University, specializes in the history of botany and all aspects of plant science and serves the international scientific community through research and documentation. To this end, the Institute acquires and maintains authoritative collections of books, plant images, manuscripts, portraits and data files, and provides publications and other modes of information service. The Institute meets the reference needs of botanists, biologists, historians, conservationists, librarians, bibliographers and the public at large, especially those concerned with any aspect of the North American flora. Huntia publishes articles on all aspects of the history of botany, including exploration, art, literature, biography, iconography and bibliography. The journal is published irregularly in one or more numbers per volume of approximately 200 pages by the Hunt Institute for botanical Documentation. external contributions to Huntia are welcomed. Page charges have been eliminated. All manuscripts are subject to external peer review. before submitting manuscripts for consideration, please review the “Guidelines for Contributors” on our Web site. Direct editorial correspondence to the editor. Send books for announcement or review to the book reviews and Announcements editor. The subscription rate is $60.00 per volume. Send orders for subscriptions and back issues to the Institute. Hunt Institute Associates may elect to receive Huntia as a benefit of membership; contact the Institute for more information. Hunt Institute for botanical Documentation Carnegie mellon University 5th Floor, Hunt library 4909 Frew Street Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 Telephone: 412-268-2434 email: [email protected] Web site: http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/ HIbD/Publications/HI-Pubs/Pub-Huntia.shtml editor and layout Scarlett T.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling the Coevolutionary Dynamics in the Lobaria Pulmonaria Lichen Symbiosis
    Modeling the Coevolutionary Dynamics in the Lobaria pulmonaria Lichen Symbiosis Simon Carrignon1,2,*,‡, Aina Olle-Vila´ 2,3,*,‡, Salva Duran-Nebreda2,3,*,‡, and Julia N. Adams4 1Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Carrer de Jordi Girona, 29-31, 08034 Barcelona, Spain. 2Institucio´ Catalana per a la Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats-Complex Systems Lab, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 3Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Mar´ıtim de la Barceloneta 37, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 4Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama ABSTRACT Lichenization is an evolutionarily and ecologically successful strategy for Ascomycete fungi, resulting in an estimated 18,000 lichen species. Although the nature of the lichen symbiosis is still widely debated, many sources agree that the lichen symbiosis represents an ecologically obligate mutualistic interaction whereby the net fitness of all partners is maximized. In order to elucidate the potential factors driving the evolution of the lichen symbiosis and the broader ecological and evolutionary interactions in the Lobaria pulmonaria model organism, an agent-based model was constructed using the ECHO framework. The ECHO tag system was used to model molecular recognition (receptors and physical embedding) between algal and fungal agents, two of the partners necessary to reconstitute the L. pulmonaria lichen symbiosis. We compared the simulations’ results with a bipartite reconstruction of L. pulmonaria microsatellite data and our model reproduced some features of this data. Molecular data have shown that the mode of reproduction significantly affects within-population genetic structure of L. pulmonaria, most likely contributing to the modular structure of this population.
    [Show full text]
  • Management Recommendations for Lobaria Hallii (Tuck.) Zahlbr
    Management Recommendations for Lobaria hallii (Tuck.) Zahlbr. version 2.0 CONTENTS SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 1 I. Natural History ..................................................................................................... 2 A. Taxonomy and Nomenclature ........................................................................... 2 B. Species Description ......................................................................................... 2 1. Morphology and Chemistry ...................................................................... 2 2. Reproductive Biology .............................................................................. 2 3. Ecological Roles ........................................................................................ 4 C. Range and Known Sites .................................................................................. 4 D. Habitat Characteristics and Species Abundance ............................................. 4 II. Current Species Situation ....................................................................................... 5 A. Why Species Is Listed Under Survey and Manage Standard and Guideline ... 5 B. Major Habitat and Viability Considerations ................................................... 6 C. Threats to the Species ...................................................................................... 6 D. Distribution Relative to Land Allocations .....................................................
    [Show full text]