10 Facts You Should Know About Occupational Carcinogens

10 facts you should know about occupational carcinogens

Carcinogens are the “time bombs” of hazardous substances in the workplace. But many substances do not develop their deadly effect until years after exposure. It’s a risk for the worker that is often underestimated – and represents an enormous challenge for industrial hygienists. The good news is that occupational cancer can be prevented through monitoring and protective measures.

1. Cancer is a major health hazard in the workplace. Cancer in the workplace is twice as common as occupational accidents.

Every year, 660,000 deaths occur worldwide due to work-related cancer.1

2. Plastic is a deadly threat. 3. Carcinogens are toxic to cells. For many years, vinyl chloride was considered to be safe. This com- Carcinogenic substances are a subgroup of toxic agents, which have pound of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine is a raw material used in the the potential to cause cancer in living tissues. Carcinogen exposure production of PVC. In 1974, seven cases of severe (and very rare) can occur from the inhalation, ingestion, or absorption of many dif- liver cancer were found in individuals who worked at a PVC plant in ferent types of substances in our bodies. Louisville, Kentucky. Five of the afflicted workers, all of whom had Carcinogens may increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular worked with vinyl chloride for 20 years, had already died.2 metabolism or damaging substances such as proteins, ribonucleic It is only because of the efforts of the National Institute for Occup- acids, and especially DNA directly in cells – which interferes with ational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the energetic probing of a biological processes. This causes genetic abnormalities to develop few scientists that the connection between cancer and vinyl chloride in the normal cell. With cancer, cells go out of control, multiply wit- became known. The authorities reacted quickly: In 1974 OSHA es- hout order, and invade and destroy the surrounding tissue. tablished a threshold limit for vinyl chloride that was 500 times more The changes in a cell’s DNA are called genetic “blueprint”. Some of rigorous that before. As a result, liver tumors in workers as a result these changes may be inherited from our parents and grandparents. of vinyl chloride exposure have not occurred since. If, and to what degree, a carcinogen actually causes cancer is highly dependent on each individual organism.

4. Substances are acutely toxic at first, then 5. Carcinogens pose a lifelong risk. carcinogenic. Carcinogens do not cause cancer in every case. Substances labeled Exposure time is a critical factor for carcinogenic substances in as carcinogens may have different levels of cancer-causing potential. the workplace. Most carcinogens do not develop their carcinogenic It is true that a large amount of a cancer-causing substance leads effect in a brief exposure. However, they can cause toxic effects to cancer much more frequently. But even very small doses can in other ways. For instance, acute inhalation of chromium IV com- develop a harmful effect – although the probability is clearly lower. pounds starts by causing nausea, but can lead to caustic effects on the skin and mucous membranes. The risk of developing cancer due to contact with a carcinogen remains throughout one‘s lifetime, since in many cases cell damage For the threat of cancer to exist, long-term exposure to a carcinogen does not develop until years after contact with the substance. And is often necessary. For example, many workers who were exposed for any particular person, the risk of developing cancer depends on to asbestos for a prolonged period developed a particular form of many factors – including how they are exposed to a carcinogen, lung cancer called mesothelioma. It takes at least 20 years – and in the length and intensity of the exposure, and the person´s genetic many cases 40 years – before the cancer appears. Since asbestos makeup. is no longer used in the construction industry, no new cases of occupational mesothelioma are expected to occur in the United States after 2042.3

6. Occupational cancer is more common than previously thought.

USA: Each year, there Approximately 3 to 6% Europe: More than are as many as 90,000 of all cancer cases are 100,000 deaths every new cases of cancer due to substances in the year are due to job-rela- and 30,000 work-related workplace 4,5 ted cancer 6 deaths globally 7

7. A mouse is not a human, and vice versa. stances known to cause cancer in humans, only seven prove to Detecting the cancer-generating property of a chemical agent is be carcinogenic in rodents.9 Here’s another example: The artificial often very difficult. It is not ethical to test a substance by exposing sweetener saccharine gives rise to bladder cancer in male rats, but people to it and seeing if they get cancer. That’s why scientists must not in female rats – or humans.10 use other types of tests – which may not always give clear answers. This is why multiple sources should be used and combined, such as: For example, it is not easy to deduce whether or not a substance is – Lab studies in animals and examinations carcinogenic from animal testing. – Tests and lab studies of human cell cultures Rodents and humans often react to chemical substances in entirely – Human case and epidemiologic studies and observations from different ways. 19 out of 20 test substances that are considered practice safe for humans cause cancer in rodents.8 However, of 19 sub-

8. The chemical industry is subject to a WHEN IS A SUBSTANCE LABELED particularly high risk. AS CARCINOGENIC? From benzene to formaldehyde and acid aerosols: Carcinogenic substances are found in many areas of the chemical industry. When the evidence is conclusive, the substance is The protection of employees from carcinogens is therefore one labeled as a carcinogen. When the available evidence of the central challenges for occupational health and safety. is compelling but not felt to be conclusive, the substance may be considered to be a probable carcinogen. But in some cases, there simply isn‘t enough information to be certain one way or the other.

Nasopharynx Lung Formaldehyde Asbestos, crystalline silica, diesel engine exhaust, arsenic, chromium, nickel Larynx Acid mists, asbestos Liver and biliary tract Trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride Mesothelioma Asbestos Bladder Aromatic amines Ovary Asbestos

Leukemia Benzene, formaldehyde Skin mineral oils, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Non-hodgkin lymphoma trichloroethylene

Graphic modified according to Siemiatycki, J, et al. Listing occupational carcinogens. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 112, no. 15 (2004). p. 1447-1459

9. Binding occupational exposure limits brings 10. More knowledge leads to more safety. greater safety. All types of occupational cancer are preventable. To minimize the Most people know that asbestos is a potential cancer threat in the risk of cancer caused by on-the-job exposure, substances consi- workplace. But what about trichloroethylene, benzene, or the various dered to be carcinogenic should not be used at all. But that is chromium compounds? The European Trade Institute has listed 71 not always possible. However, taking appropriate measures can si- cancer-causing substances that constitute 80% of the carcinogens to gnificantly reduce the health danger to workers. Strong regulatory which people may be exposed in the workplace.11 Binding occupational control – including occupational exposure limits, worker education, exposure limits are being mandated for at least 50 substances that and constant attention to safe practices – are needed to minimize cause work-related cancer.11 Various organizations test chemicals for workplace exposure to carcinogens. their cancer-causing potential. Chemicals, mixtures, substance groups, and other carcinogens are divided into different groups, as follows: Binding occupational exposure limits are only one aspect of better health and safety at work - hazardous substances can still pose a IARC* health hazard. In addition to the minimization of exposure, appro- IARC* priate protective and safety equipment is therefore important. In Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans addition, all employees dealing with carcinogenic substances should Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans be trained and treated with medical care.

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans Group 3: Not classifiable with regard to carcinogenicity to humans Group 3: Not classifiable with regard to carcinogenicity to humans Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans. Danger Benzene Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic *International Agency for Research on Cancer to humans(IARC)/Division of the EC no: 200-753-7 World Health Organization (WHO)

Occupational cancer has been known since 1755

1895: 2011: Identification of 2-naphthylamine Classification of formal- as cause of bladder cancer in dehyde as carcinogenic dye plant workers

1755: 1974: Recognition of testicular Recognition of vinyl chloride as cancer in chimney sweeps the cause of liver tumors in the as an occupational cancer plastics industry

SOURCES:

1 Nenonen N., Hämäläinen P., Takala J., et al. (2014) Global estimates of occupational accidents and fatal work-related diseases in 2014, Singapore, Workplace Safety & Health Institute. http://goo.gl/UlZorD

2. Mundt, KA, Dell, LD, Austin, RP et al. Historical cohort study of 10,109 men in the North American vinyl chloride industry, 1942–72: update of cancer mortality to 31 December 1995. Occup Environ Med. 2000; 57: 774–781

3. Price B, Ware A. Time trend of mesothelioma incidence in the United States and projection of future cases: an update based on SEER data for 1973 through 2005. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2009;39(7):576-88

4. Straif K. The burden of occupational cancer. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008;65(12):787-788

5. Driscoll T, Takala J, Steenland K, et al. 2005. Review of estimates of the global burden of injury and illness due to occupational exposures. Am J Ind Med 48:491-502

6. Figures of the European Trade Institute (ETUI) at https://www.etui.org/Topics/Health-Safety/Occupational-cancers (Accessed: October 31, 2016)

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Cancer Incidence Statistics: an Interactive Atlas. https://nccd.cdc. gov/DCPC_INCA/. (Accessed October 29, 2016)

8. Ennever FK, Noonan TJ, Rosenkranz HS. The predictivity of animal bioassays and short-term genotoxicity tests for carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity to humans. Mutagenesis. 1987 Mar;2(2):73-78

9. Salsburg, D. The Lifetime Feeding Study in Mice and Rats - An Examination of Its Validity as a Bioassay for Human Carcinogens. Fundamental & Applied Toxicology 1983;3:63-67

10. National Cancer Institute: What have studies shown about a possible association between specific artificial sweeteners and cancer? At https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/artificial-sweeteners-fact- sheet#q2 (Accessed: October 31, 2016)

11. Wriedt H. Carcinogens that should be subject to binding limits on workers’ exposure. 2016. At http://www.etui.org/ Publications2/Reports/Carcinogens-that-should-be-subject-to-binding-limits-on-workers-exposure (Accessed: October 31, 2016)

For an extensive list of potentially carcinogenic substances that includes IARC, ACGIH and OSHA classifications, go to: https://www.ehs.uci.edu/programs/sop_library/CARCIN.pdf

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