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East Africa Royal Commission 1953-1955

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East Africa Royal Commission 1953-1955 - EAST AFRICA ROYAL COMMISSION 19s3-1955 REPORT Presented by the Setetary of State for the Colonres to Parliament by Contnnnd of Her fuIajesty Jutrc 1955 1 LOND ON HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE PRICE 17s 611 r.ipr Cmd 9475 \ \ ,sS- s_l-?* CONTENTS THE ROYAL WARRANTS THE REPORT Pnnr'.tcr Penr I: INtnooucroRY Chapter l: Interpretation of the Terms of Reference Pa.nr II: Basrc PnosrBN{s Chapter 2: The Background Picture 6 4.. Introduction 6 r. Geographical and Physical Features 6 The Coastal Belt 7 1 The Coast Hinterland . The Plateau . 8 The Lake Victoria Depression 9 Other Important Features of the Environment . l0 Summary l0 c. The People Numbers Origins and Principal Characteristics ll p. Historical Summary of the Impact of Other Races and of British and German Rule on the African t4 Early Impacts 14 The Impact of the European 15 Uganda. l5 Kenya l8 Tanganyika 2t s. The Changing African )) r. The Economies of the East African Territories 28 Chapter 3: Population 30 a. African Population 30 Existing Fears 30 Rates of Increase 31 Factors Affecting Popuiation browth : . 32 Concept of Optimum Population. 35 I Age Structure 36 Overcrowded Areas 36 n. Indian and European Populations . 38 c. Birth Control 40 Chapter 4: The Basic Poverty of East Africa 40 a. Comparative Analysis of Geographical Products. 40 Domestic Exports 42 The Relative Economic Position . 43 Net Cash Product 44 s. The Dual Economy and its Implications 46 ii / J Page Chanter 5: The Dilemma of Security 48 Chapter 6: The Kenya Land Commission 53 The Masai 57 The Highlands 59 African Squatters within the Highlands . 6l The Forests . 6l Prnr III: CoNorrroNs FoR EcoNourc lNo Socrar Dnvrr,op- MENT Chapter 7: The Marketing and Distributive System 64 n. Progress and Security in the Distributive System. 64 The Present System 64 Self-Sufficiency . 65 Price Guarantees and Statutory Marketing . 66 n. Regulation and Restriction . 70 Licensing and Administrative;Controls 70 Restricti6n of Credit . ? 7l Quality 72 Communications 74 Differential Pricing. 74 Restrictions on the Use of Marketing Facilities 74 c. Public Policy 75 Chapter 8: Capital, Investment and Financial Policy 77 A. Capital and Investment 77 New Capital 77 Compulsory Saving 80 Non-African Sources of New Capital 83 External Borrowing 85 Government Promotion of Economic Development 86 s. Financial Policy 89 Public Capital Expenditure 94 Chapter 9: Credit for Africans 96 Chapter l0: Manufacturing Industries 105 Limiting Factors 105 The Extent of Manufacturing Industry 107 Labour and Capital 107 African Fears 11 Chapter ll: Mining t3 The Present Position 13 Need for Unified East African Mining Policy t4 Proposals for an East African Prospecting and Mining Leases Board. l6 Fiscal and Economic Principles t7 Chapter 12: Transport t9 Transport and Development 119 e. Railways 120 Inadequate Development 120 Difficulty of Financing Railway Construction in Africa l2l High Costs of Operation 122 Necessity of Long-Term Railway Investment 122 Past Finance of Railway Development . 123 Inadequacy of Existing System of Railway Finance 124 iii b A2 t I \ \ Page Reconstitution of the Railways and Harbours Administra- tion 127 The Unsuitability of the No-Profits Principle 127 Need for Colonial Transport Development Fund 128 Objectives and Management of the Corporation 129 Railway Tribunal 129 Functions of Commissioner for Transport 130 Railway Rates 130 B. Roads 131 Necessity of Road Development 131 Tanganyika 132 Kenya 132 Uganda. 133 Finance 133 Territorial Road Authorities 134 Establishment of an East African Road Corporation 135 Chapter 73: Water Developm?nr 135 Introduction 135 The Finance of Water Development . 136 The Organisation of Water Development Agencies 137 The Staffing of Water Departments 140 Chapter 14: Immigrotion 140 Extent of Immigration . t4t Present Yiews on Immigration Policy r42 Present Requirements 143 Conditions of Immigration 144 Chapter 15:. African Labour . 146 a. Urban Employment 146 The Problem 146 Real Wages . 147 Labour Training 148 Labour Migration 153 Wage Regulation 156 Negotiating Machinery r60 s. Rural Labour. 162 Resident Labour on non-African Faims 163 Resident Labour in the Forest Estate 170 c. Other Methods for Promoting the Stabilisation of Labour . 172 Chapter 16: Health and .t. Public Health . '.ou'.o":" . : . : ill^ n. Education . t74 The Christian Missions 176 Primary and Secondary Schools 177 Wastage . 177 Intermediate Education t79 Secondary Schools . 180 TechnicaiEducation : . : . : : : 180 Apprenticeship . 182 Education of Girls . 183 Language 184 Independent Schools 185 University Education 185 lv I { I I -aarrrrz Page Chapter 17: Statistics 186 Chapter 18: Social and Economic Co-operation 190 Fears and Misconceptions. 190 Historical and Economic Factors t92 Economic Relations 193 Common Objectives 195 Fundamenta l Principles 196 Safeguards 197 Overall Assessment of Economic Potential . t97 Penr IV: CoNnrrroNS FoR UneeN DBvrropl,rsNr Chapter 19: Conditionsfor Urban Development 200 a. The Development of Towns 200 Introduction 200 The Origin of Towns 200 The Pattern of Urban dro*tt 201 Problems arising from the Development of Towns. 203 n. Population 203 The Extent of Urbanisation in East Africa . 203 The Indian Population. 204 The African Population 204 c. Conditions in the Towns 206 Asian Conditions 206 African Conditions. 'condiiions 207 The Causes of Unsatisfactorv in the towns 209 The Problem of Poverty 209 The Problem of Housing 210 The Problems of Social Development 2t2 Land 214 Township Boundaries 214 Urban Land Tenure 215 Non-African Expansion and the Provision of Plots 216 Land occupied by Africans in the Towns 218 African Settlement outside the Township Boundaries . 220 Housing 223 The Housing Policies of the East African Governments 223 Housing Costs and Subsidies . 224 Tenant Purchase Schemes and Loans for Housing . 226 A Change in the Structure of Wages. 227 The Responsibility of Employers regarding the Housing of their Employees 227 Asian Housing 228 Means of Raising the General Level of Housing 229 Housing Standards . 230 Means by which Governments can contribute to the improvement of Housing 232 n. Urban Administration 232 The Administration of African Areas 234 The Administration of the Areas Surrounding the Towns. 236 Urban Administration: the Problems 237 The Administration of Africans Inside the Towns . 239 The Administrative Organisation of the Proposed Units 241 c. Urban Finance 243 The Financing of African Services 244 n. Summary 246 The State of Towns in East Africa 246 The Basis of a New Urban Policy 248 v 10637 .-F- Page P,C.nT V: CoNDITIoNS FoR DTvnTopuENT oF THE LAND Chapter 20: Agricultural Potential 252 l. Rainfall Reliability: The Basic Limitation to Land Use 252 s. The Maps Submitted with the Report. 2s2 c. The Operation of the Rainfall Reliability Factor. 254 o. The Geographical Application of the Rainfall Reliability Factor 255 n. Factors Other than Rainfall Reliability which Limit Land Usage 256 r. Physical and Environmental Factors 256 Tsetse fly infestation and the trypanosomiasis Problem 2s6 The Shortage of Water Supplies 258 The Inadequacy of Communications. 260 Manpower 26r Soils . 262 Disease 263 The Overall Effect of the Several Physical Factors 264 c. Some Technical Obstacles 264 The Lack of Data and Information 264 The Absence of Co-ordination in Research . 265 Financial Limitations 265 n. General Appreciation of the Agricultural Potentiality of the Region . 261 The Limited Potentiality of the Pastoral Areas. 267 The Unproved Nature and IJncertain Potentiality of the Marginal Areas 268 The Fertile Areas of High Potential . 269 r. The Use of Irrigation 270 Irrigation in Kenya 271 Irrigation in Tanganyika 214 Irrigation in Uganda 2'78 Chapter 2l: Present Land Use 279 Introduction 279 l. Pastoral Communitres 280 r. Cultivating Communities 283 Chapter 22: Alternatives to Customary Land Use 290 Introductory Note on Economic Issues 290 a. Pastoral Communities 293 Control of Stock Numbers 293 Water Supplies . 296 PastureMinagement . : . : . : : 297 Tsetse Clearing . 298 Game Preservation . 298 Experimental Ranches . 300 Personnel Problems 301 Stock Marketing 301 StockMarketin!inKenya . : : : : 303 Stock Marketing in Uganda 306 Stock Marketing in Tanganyika 307 The Major Problems of Stock Marketing 308 Stock Breeding Policy . 311 vl Page n. Cultivating Communities 312 The Need for Improved Agricultural Methods 312 The Faults of the Present Methods of Usage 3r3 The Consolidated Holding and the Ley . 3t4 The Problem of Displacement 316 The Use of Fertilisers 318 Crop Specialisation and Inter-Racial Co-operation 319 The Relationship of Land Tenure and Land Usage: Individualisation. 323 Mechanisation and Management. 325 Co-operatives 331 The Encouragement of the Progressive Individual . 332 Research. 333 The Collection of Basic Information. 338 Land Development Boards 339 Some Possible Development Areas 341 Some Development Priorities in Kenya . 342 Some Development Priorities in Tanganyika 343 Some Development Priorities in Uganda 345 Chapter 23: Tenure and Disposition of Land 346 Preamble 346 n. Existing Circumstances in East Africa Affecting the Form and the Application of Measures to Implement Land Tenure Policy 346 Variety of Conditions both Physical and Human 346 The Nature of Customary Land Tenure and Resistance to Change 347 The Local Nature of the Administration of Customary Tenure 348 Insecurity in Land Tenure. 349 Racial Tensions arising out of Land Disposition 350 n. The General Form of the Law required to Implement Land Tenure
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