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Freedom in Solidarity Media Working for Peace in South Asia

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Freedom in Solidarity Media Working for Peace in South Asia Freedom in Solidarity MEDIA WORKING FOR PEACE IN SOUTH ASIA United States Institute of Peace FREEDOM IN SOLIDARITY: MEDIA WORKING FOR PEACE IN SOUTH ASIA CONTENTS FREEDOM IN SOLIDARITY: MEDIA WORKING FOR 1. Introduction 1PEACE IN SOUTH ASIA Concept, Research and Writing: 2. Bangladesh: Political Polarisation Feeds Media Partisanship 7 Sukumar Muralidharan, Laxmi Murthy, The Amar Desh case 12 Jacqueline Park 3. India: Problems Persist Despite Strong Foundations 14 Editorial and Administrative Assistance: Deborah Muir, Claire O’Rourke, Manipur: Safeguarding Media Autonomy 17 Cameron Durnsford Special thanks to: 4. Nepal: Protecting a Fledgling Democracy 23 Mazhar Abbas Missions save lives 26 Khurshid Abbasi Big Brother’s long arm 29 Govinda Acharya Yousaf Ali 5. Pakistan: Journalism Under Stress 31 Tanka Aryal Flogging the Media 33 Suraj Bhattarai Press Clubs: Platforms for the Media Community 35 Bharat Bhushan Shujaat Bukhari 6. Sri Lanka: Post War Challenges and a Polarised Media 39 Ramjee Dahal Taranath Dahal Tissainayagam’s conviction 42 Sunanda Deshapriya Mawbima: Targeted for seeking to report for all 46 Muhammad Farouk Hana Ibrahim 7. 47 Conclusions and Recommendations Dharmendra Jha Poshan KC Tareq Mahamud Kanchana Marasinghe Kamrul Hasan Monju Shamsul Islam Naz This document has been produced by the International Federation of Journalists Bishnu Nisthuri (IFJ) on behalf of partners and affiliates. S.K. Pande Pradip Phanjoubam All India Newspapers Employees’ Federation Sobhapati Samom All Manipur Working Journalists’ Union Pervaiz Shaukat Bangladesh Freedom Watch Rai Hussnain Tahir Bangladesh Manobadhikar Sangbadik Forum K.K. Vasudevan Chhattisgarh Shramjeevi Patrakar Sangh Designed and printed by: Impulsive Creations Dhaka Reporters’ Unity Delhi Union of Journalists Published on behalf of the South Asia Media Federation of Media Employees Trade Unions, Sri Lanka Solidarity Network (SAMSN) by the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Asia-Pacific. No part Federation of Nepali Journalists of this publication may be reproduced in any form Free Media Movement, Sri Lanka without the written permission of the publisher. The contents of this book are copyrighted and the rights Indian Journalists’ Union to use contributions rest with the author. Kashmir Press Guild October 2010 Massline Media Centre, Bangladesh Media Watch, Bangladesh National Union of Journalists, India National Union of Journalists, Nepal Nepal Press Union Pakistan Press Foundation This document has been carried out with support Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists of the United States Institute of Peace (USIP). Sri Lanka Working Journalists’ Association The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Institute of Peace. FREEDOM IN SOLIDARITY: MEDIA WORKING FOR PEACE IN SOUTH ASIA INTRODUCTION bol k lab azad hain tere Speak, for your two lips are free; and a Maoist insurgency spread across five states. All these bol zaban ab tak teri hai Speak, your tongue is still your own; situations confront journalists with an unrelenting set tera sutawan jism hai tera This straight body still is yours— of challenges, and the responses have been varied and bol k jan ab tak teri hai Speak, your life is still your own. creative. Other countries in South Asia are undergoing complex dekh k ahangar k dukan main See how in the blacksmith’s forge and multi-dimensional political transitions. Pakistan tund hain shole surkh hai ahan Flames leap high and steel glows red, and Nepal went through nation-wide elections in early khulne lage quflon k dhane Padlocks open wide their jaws, 2008 that promised a transformation of their mode of phaila har ek zanjir ka daman Every chain’s embrace outspread! governance. Journalists’ unions in both countries were a key element in the alliances that changed the course of bol ye thora waqt bahot hai Time enough is this brief hour politics, impelling despotic regimes – of a military stripe in jism-o-zaban k maut se pahle Until body and tongue lie dead; one case and monarchical in the other – to stand aside and bol k sach zinda hai ab tak Speak, for truth is living yet— allow democratic forces to occupy political centre stage. bol jo kuch kahna hai kah le Speak whatever must be said. Nepal’s newly elected Constituent Assembly has since failed to deliver on its promise to enact a Republican Bol (Speak), by Faiz Ahmed Faiz (V G Kiernan translation) Constitution for the nation by May 2010. Two governments have held office, both after complex processes he media in South Asia are engaged in a difficult of bargaining between parties that are otherwise bitterly balancing act in coping with the momentous opposed. The pact between all the parties, that both Tchanges under way in the region. All countries in the governance and constitution writing would be undertaken region could be described as transitional societies. Although on the principle of consensus, was breached immediately the five countries that are covered in this report differ in after the elections. And since the resignation of the second the specifics, they show sufficient elements of commonalty government to take office after the historic national – not least because of their shared histories – to allow for a elections of 2008, Nepal has waited long and so far in vain common regional strategy that addresses the issue of media for a successor administration. freedom as a vital element in the apparatus of conflict Pakistan went through a major struggle in 2007, to resolution. effect a transition to an elected government. The coalition This volume brings together the results of research government led by the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) conducted by the International Federation of Journalists has since, in partial recognition of the role played by (IFJ) with its affiliates and partners, to focus squarely on journalists in restoring democracy, rolled back many of the the role of journalists’ organisations and their capacity to worst laws and procedures introduced by the preceding respond collectively in crises involving media freedom. military administration. But it remains hobbled by There have been numerous cases of successful collective Pakistan’s unique situation in global geopolitical equations. action by journalists’ organisations caught in conflict Pakistan’s destiny has always been entwined with two situations. Equally, there have been instances where among its immediate neighbours – India and Afghanistan. collective action has fallen short of envisaged targets. The situation in Afghanistan today casts a long shadow The research seeks to draw out several such events and knit over Pakistan. To add to the instability induced by the them together to develop a set of strategies for the defence large-scale settlement of Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of media freedom in situations of conflict. Province (previously North-West Frontier Province), India, the largest country in the region, has a fairly Tribal Areas and Balochistan by elements of the Afghan stable political system underpinned by a broad consensus Taliban, the Pashtun and Baloch regions of the country among all parties and institutions on the rules of the game. are in a state of ferment, often refusing to accept the writ But its economy, recognised as an “emerging” presence of the federal government. Journalists have kept up their in the new global order, is going through a significant struggle for decent wages and working conditions and for structural transformation, engendering opportunities and the overarching imperatives of safety and security. These threat perceptions through virtually all strata. Though have had significant successes. But the big media houses India is potentially, on account of its size and diversity, have been lukewarm in their support. And as in Nepal, the the hub for much of the region’s economic activity, this is broad alliance with other civil society groups that made the a potential that remains largely unrealised because of the movement for the democratic restoration a notable success, security anxieties that bedevil its relations with every other has come asunder after the immediate goal was attained. country in the neighbourhood. Within India, tensions Sri Lanka’s long-running civil war produced a deep and continue to simmer in Jammu and Kashmir. Numerous bitter polarisation within civil society and the media. There insurgencies of an ethnic orientation actively operate in were notable efforts during the worst days of the conflict to its north-eastern states and the central region witnesses assert the rights of journalists to report as they see things, violent encounters almost daily between security forces irrespective of communal identity. The ceasefire that was 1 FREEDOM IN SOLIDARITY: MEDIA WORKING FOR PEACE IN SOUTH ASIA Journalists in South Asia suffer threats of physical assault in their daily routine and are occasionally the targets of murderous violence as with the suicide bombing of the Peshawar Press Club. They face a crisis of livelihood and often have to take to the streets to defend their rights to fair wages and decent working conditions. (photos by special arrangement and courtesy: PFUJ, United News of India) declared by both sides to the conflict in 2002 provided new resulted in a decisive victory for the Awami League, civil opportunities for journalists’ organisations to build their society and the media have remained bitterly divided by collective
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