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Division Anthophyta © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORCHAPTER SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER OUTLINE 4.1 Division Anthophyta 4.3 Geographic Distribution 4.5 Global Marine Primary Submerged Seagrasses Production © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Mammalian Grazers of Seagrasses Seasonal Patterns of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION4.4 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Emergent Flowering Plants Marine Primary Production Temperate Seas 4.2 The Seaweeds Warm Seas Structural Features of Seaweeds Coastal Upwelling © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Photosynthetic Pigments Polar Seas NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Reproduction and Growth Kelp Forests © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION new caption to come 1ST REVISE © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Marine Plants © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION enthic marine plants are probably more familiar to even casual seashore observers than are phytoplankton because © Jones &B Bartlettthey are Learning, conspicuous, LLC coastal, macroscopic,© Jones multicellular & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORorganisms SALE OR typically DISTRIBUTION large enough to pick up NOTand examine. FOR SALE They OR DISTRIBUTION all belong to a single kingdom, the Plantae (Fig. 4.1). Like phy- toplankton, these plants need sunlight for photosynthesis and are confined to the© Jones photic & zone, Bartlett but Learning, the additional LLC need for a © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC hard substrate onNOT which FOR to SALE attach OR limits DISTRIBUTION the distribution of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION benthic plants to that narrow fringe around the periphery of the oceans where the sea bottom is within the photic zone (the inner© shelfJones of & Fig. Bartlett 1.45). Learning, Some benthic LLC plants inhabit intertidal© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC areasNOT and FOR must SALE confront OR DISTRIBUTION the many tide-induced stressesNOT that FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION affect their animal neighbors (discussed in Chapter 9). Their restricted near-shore distribution limits the global importance of benthic plants as primary producers in the marine environ- © Jones &ment. Bartlett Yet Learning,within the LLC near-shore communities© Jones in which & Bartlett they Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION live, they play major roles as first-trophic-level organisms. The abundant plant groups so familiar on land—ferns, mosses, and seed plants—are poorly represented or totally ab- sent from the sea.© Instead,Jones & most Bartlett marine Learning, plants LLC belong to two © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC divisions, PhaeophytaNOT FOR and Rhodophyta,SALE OR DISTRIBUTION that are almost com- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION pletely limited to the sea. Two other divisions, Chlorophyta and Anthophyta, are found most commonly in fresh water and on land,© Jones yet & they Bartlett are importantLearning, LLCmembers of some shallow© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC coastalNOT marine FOR SALE communities. OR DISTRIBUTION The characteristics of theseNOT di- FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION visions are summarized in Table 4.1. We begin our examination of marine plants with a familiar group, the Anthrophyta or © Jones &flowering Bartlett Learning,plants, and LLC then proceed to the seaweeds.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 97 1ST REVISE © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC MONERA © JonesPROTISTA & Bartlett Learning,PLANTAE LLC Rhodophyta NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION “Bacteria” NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 Divisions “Phytoplankton” Phaeophyta introduced 2 Divisions Chlorophyta in Chapter 2 introduced Anthophyta in Chapter 3 Earliest FUNGI © JonesLife & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 Kingdom© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Forms introduced in NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION“Protozoa” ChapterNOT 5 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 Phyla introduced ANIMALIA in Chapter 5 25 Phyla introduced in © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesChapters & Bartlett 5–7 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Figure 4.1 The phylogenetic tree introduced in Figure 2.7,emphasizing the four divisions of kingdom Plantae described in this chapter. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Major Divisions of Marine Plants and Their General Characteristics NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Approximate Percentage Division number of of species General size Photosynthetic Storage (common name) living species marine and structure pigments products Habitat Phaeophyta 1500 99.7 Multicellular, Chlorophyll a,c Laminarin Mostly benthic Table 4.1 Table © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC (brown algae) macroscopic Xanthophylls and others NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Carotenes NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Rhodophyta 4000 98 Unicellular and Chlorophyll a Starch and Benthic (red algae) multicellular, Carotenes others mostly macroscopic Phycobilins © JonesChlorophyta & Bartlett Learning,7000 13LLC Unicellular and © JonesChlorophyll & a,b BartlettStarch Learning, Mostly LLCbenthic (green algae) multicellular, Carotenes NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION microscopic to NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION macroscopic Anthophyta 250,000 0.018 Multicellular, Chlorophyll a,b Starch Benthic (flowering plants) macroscopic Carotenes © Jones & BartlettAdapted Learning, from Segal et al.,1980;Dawson,1981;and LLC Kaufman et al.,1989. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Submerged Seagrasses Twelve genera of seagrasses (classified in four families), Division Anthophyta © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCincluding about 60 species,© are Jones dispersed & aroundBartlett coastal Learning, LLC 4.1 Marine flowering plants are abundant in lo- waters of the world. Half of these species are restricted NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION calized areas along some seashores and in backwater to the tropics and subtropics and are seldom found bays and sloughs. Seagrasses are exposed to air only deeper than 10 m. The four common genera found in during very low tides, whereas salt marsh plants and the United States are Thalassia, Zostera, Phyllospadix, mangroves are emergent and are seldom completely and Halodule. Thalassia, or turtle grass (Fig. 4.2a), is inundated© Jones by & seawater.Bartlett These Learning, plants representLLC a sec- common© in Jones quiet waters & Bartlett along most Learning, of the Gulf LLC Coast ondaryNOT FOR adaptation SALE to OR the DISTRIBUTIONmarine environment by a from FloridaNOT to FOR Texas. SALE Zostera, ORor eelgrass DISTRIBUTION (Fig. 4.2b), few species of a predominantly terrestrial plant group, is widely distributed along both the Atlantic and Pa- the flowering plants (division Anthophyta). Flower- cific coasts of North America. Zostera normally inhab- ing plants are characterized by leaves, stems, and roots, its relatively quiet shallow waters but occasionally is © Jones & Bartlettwith water- Learning, and nutrient-conducting LLC structures run-© Jonesfound & Bartlettas deep as 50Learning, m in clear water.LLC Surf grass, Phyllo- NOT FOR SALEning throughOR DISTRIBUTION all three of these basic structures. NOT FORspadix SALE(Fig. 4.2c), OR DISTRIBUTIONis found on both sides of the North 98 CHAPTER 4 Marine Plants 1ST REVISE © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. another plant (also covered with a surface film of slime), © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the two slime layers combine to produce a firm bond NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTbetween FOR theSALE pollen OR grain DISTRIBUTION and the stigma, and fertiliza- tion follows. This two-component adhesive acts like epoxy glue to produce a strong bond after the sepa- rate components are mixed. It also provides a mech- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,anism LLC for selecting between ©compatible Jones & and Bartlett foreign Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtypes of pollen grains. Only onNOT contact FOR with SALE pollen OR of DISTRIBUTION the same species will the stigma–pollen bond be formed. Foreign pollen grains do not adhere and are washed away, possibly to try again on another plant.
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