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Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African American Public Policy a Harvard Kennedy School Student Publication Support the Journal Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African American Public Policy A Harvard Kennedy School Student Publication Support the Journal The Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African Donations provided in support of the Harvard American Public Policy (ISSN# 1081-0463) is Kennedy School Journal of African American the second-oldest student-run review published Public Policy are tax-deductible as a nonprofit annually by the John F. Kennedy School of gift under the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. An annual Government at Harvard University’s IRS subscription is $20 for individuals and $40 for 501(c) (3) status. Please specify intent. libraries and institutions. Additional copies of past volumes may be available for $20 each Send address changes to: from the Subscriptions Department, Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African American Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African Public Policy, 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, American Public Policy MA 02138. 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Or by e-mail to [email protected]. Copyright The Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African © 2018 by the President and Fellows of American Public Policy does not accept respon- Harvard College. All rights reserved. Except sibility for the views expressed by individual as otherwise specified, no article or portion authors. No part of the publication may be herein is to be reproduced or adapted to other reproduced or transmitted in any form without works without the expressed written consent the expressed written consent of the editors of the editors of the Harvard Kennedy School of the Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Journal of African American Public Policy. African American Public Policy. Cover Art: No one is just “black”. “Blackness”, however you define it, confers multitudes. It comes with intersecting identities, artful code-switching, overlapping cultures, and conflicting allegiances. It embodies complexity. And this image attempts to capture the myriad of distinctions that drive that complex reality. Every black person is different. They come in various sizes, shapes, personalities and ideologies. They are a vast array of mosaic facets informing a complete and whole identity not capable of being understood monolithically. Though in each person “blackness” does quite certainly reside, it cannot, should not and will not wholly define those individuals. —Cortney Robinson, Facets. ii Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African American Public Policy Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African American Public Policy 2017-18 Volume Editorial Staff Aaron Francis Editor-in-Chief Demarquin Johnsons Managing Editor Akina Younge Associate Editor Amyra Asamoah Associate Editor Ian Abbott Associate Editor Acknowledgements Douglas Elmendorf, Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government Debra Isaacson, Senior Associate Dean for Degree Programs and Student Affairs Richard Parker, Faculty Advisor Martha Foley, Publisher Sarah Abrams, Copy Editor Liliana Ballesteros, Graphic and Layout Designer Deloris Wilson, Alumni Advisor Derecka Purnell, Alumni Advisor iv Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African American Public Policy Table of Contents Editor’s Note Callously Colorblind: 2 39 A Critique of Color- Your National Anthem Neutral Policies Through the Lens of Feminism 5 Clint Smith Aaron Francis Running While Black 7 In League: Demarquin Johnson 43 A Critical Review of the National Football The Invisible Thread: League’s Domestic 11 An Analaysis of Structural Violence Policy and Toxic Racism and its Links Black Masculinity to Lead Poisoning Isis Freeman in Communities of Color Ethan Floyd “Being Left Out”: 51 Black Women in the Law Black and Food Insecure: in the U.S. and Australia 17 Unpacking the Intersection and the Effect on Black of Race and Class American Women’s Psyche Marlysa D. Gamblin Neena Speer Life as a Black Woman Fixing the Harvard 25 Brianna Kennedy 57 Kennedy School Shaniqua McLendon Slavefare Programs: 27 How Slavery and Popularizing Wokeness Neoliberalism Shaped 63 Sam Whiteout the Workfare System Michael Banerjee Black & Yourselves 71 Raven Gibson Race, (In)Justice, and 33 the Prison Industrial Complex in Sister Souljah’s The Coldest Winter Ever Rachel Wagner 2017—18 Volume v Editor’s Note By Aaron Francis Each and every single person you encounter bundle of joy by the name of Bianca. Little Bi- in your day to day uses various identities to anca and you become friends instantaneously. describe themselves. For some, it’s their race. A full three-feet of personality, Bianca had been While for others, it’s their religion. But the list running around the shelter that day looking goes on: gender, sexual orientation, nationality, for someone to help craft a masterful version political or even social ideologies. All of these of the Easter Bunny. She walks up to you, categories – these buckets, if you will – helps looks you up and down, and determines that us craft our own individual narratives. They you are worthy of assisting her in this cause. inform others, and even ourselves at times, She grabs your arm – woefully unaware of about how we interface with everything around your inability to color at even a grade school us. But sometimes, these same identities – level – and sits you down at her work studio these parts of who we really -- a mini desk in the childcare room. But, when taken in are – can also be sources of tandem with each other, tension. Sometimes, these parts Though you’re tempted to save yourself the some of these collective of who we are don’t mesh all embarrassment, you realize how serious of identities reveal some that well together, and in fact, an occasion this actually is. This could very pretty harsh and nuanced they clash. Our identities seem well be this sweetheart’s big break. Muse- social complexities. simple enough. Kind of like ums. Galleries. You’d probably even settle for building blocks, right? Liberal. refrigerators, but deep down, you know the Conservative. Homosexual. Heterosexual. possibilities are endless. So, you sit cautiously Muslim. Christian. White. Black. And the and proceed to help as best you can. list goes on and on. With each unique trait comes a new way with which to view the world. Red. Yellow. Blue. Orange. Green. Magenta. But, when taken in tandem with each other, You realize you’re using a lot of colors that some of these collective identities reveal some don’t really make sense together. But that’s pretty harsh and nuanced social complexities. fine because she’s four. And who cares that And, naturally, a host of inequalities too. This you can’t stay inside the lines. Because, again, might all sound a bit abstract right now, but she’s four. And then, moments before you I actually remember the first time I came to guys are about to finish your masterpiece, as recognize this truth firsthand. you’re laughing together, you watch as your new friend is hoisted out of her chair by her Frustrated. Angry. Upset. Imagine just turning seventeen. mother. Frustrated. Angry. Upset. “Get away “Get away from my baby You’re walking into one of your from my baby girl,” she yells. girl,” she yells. first few real days of community service. Mainly because, up until this point, it was your community that needed servicing. In any event, you find yourself at a domestic violence shelter in your hometown of South Central Los Angeles. There, you meet a wonderful four-year-old 2 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African American Public Policy My blackness and my I’ll never forget that rattled feel- So, unsurprisingly, the first goal of this issue masculinity served jointly ing I felt when it happened. is a tribute to intersectionality; to highlight I stopped, placed the yellow the value and wonder of it as a theory and as a source of visceral crayon I’d been using next a tool worth practical application. But the fear for Bianca’s mother, to the almost-finished Easter second and probably more important goal and it prompted me to Bunny, and smiled softly at is to demonstrate how we can and do utilize think heavily about the Bianca. I thanked her for her intersectional approaches to analyze the historic and sociological time and made my way to the real issues so often at the heart of obstacles relationships between opposite side of the room. Her facing the black community. This edition of men and women. mother deserved the ease. A the journal is a journey across the breadth few weeks later, I found out of subjects within intersectionality that have that Bianca’s mother had been in several direct ties with the black experience. With abusive relationships – all with men of color. pieces ranging from the difficulties facing black And, as a young black male in the center, I folks amidst attempts of social and political served as a reminder of the physical harm and representation to the judicial system and emotional turmoil her ex-partners inflicted welfare regime, the journal attempts to bring on her. My blackness and my masculinity together a series of themes under the auspices served jointly as a source of visceral fear for of intersectionality. Stitched throughout the Bianca’s mother, and it prompted me to think presentation of it all is the artistic vision heavily about the historic and sociological and wonder of Sara Trail and the Social relationships between men and women. But Justice Sewing Academy, an organization that even more specific than that, the relationship demonstrates — quite literally — the unique between men of color and women of color. social realities (fabrics, if you will) of the black And I realized that I wanted to do something. experience and, necessarily, intersectionality. I needed to do something. This edition is a story. And with it, we at the Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African Thanks to notable women of color Little did I know, American Public Policy hope that each and like Kimberlé Crenshaw, Angela I would spend the every reader is able to find their own policy Harris, and Patricia Collins, I spent next several years area to focus on, the fervor to commit to it, and countless hours looking to explore undergoing the in- the arduous thoughtfulness to engage with it.
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