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Geometric Morphometrics of the Shoulder Girdle in Extant Turtles (Chelonii) Marion Depecker, Christine Berge, Sabine Renous, Xavier Penin

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Geometric Morphometrics of the Shoulder Girdle in Extant Turtles (Chelonii) Marion Depecker, Christine Berge, Sabine Renous, Xavier Penin Geometric morphometrics of the shoulder girdle in extant turtles (Chelonii) Marion Depecker, Christine Berge, Sabine Renous, Xavier Penin To cite this version: Marion Depecker, Christine Berge, Sabine Renous, Xavier Penin. Geometric morphometrics of the shoulder girdle in extant turtles (Chelonii). 2006. hal-00109990 HAL Id: hal-00109990 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00109990 Preprint submitted on 6 Nov 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. J. Anat. (2006) 208, pp35–45 GeometricBlackwell Publishing Ltd morphometrics of the shoulder girdle in extant turtles (Chelonii) Marion Depecker,1 Christine Berge,1 Xavier Penin2 and Sabine Renous1 1Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France 2Département d’Orthodontie, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Montrouge, France Abstract The aim of this study was to identify shape patterns of the shoulder girdle in relation to different functional and environmental behaviours in turtles. The Procrustes method was used to compare the shoulder girdles (scapula and coracoid) of 88 adult extant turtles. The results indicate that four shape patterns can be distinguished. The shoulder girdles of (1) terrestrial (Testudinidae), (2) highly aquatic freshwater (Trionychidae, Carettochelyidae) and (3) marine turtles (Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae) correspond to three specialized morphological patterns, whereas the shoulder girdle of (4) semi-aquatic freshwater turtles (Bataguridae, Chelidae, Chelydridae, Emydidae, Kinosternidae, Pelomedusidae, Platysternidae, Podocnemididae) is more generalized. In terrestrial turtles, the long scapular prong and the short coracoid are associated with a domed shell and a mode of locomotion in which walking is predominant. By contrast, highly aquatic freshwater turtles share traits with marine turtles. In both, the short scapular prong and the long coracoid are associated with a flat shell, and swimming locomotion. The enlarged attachment sites of the biceps, coracobrachialis magnus, and supracoracoideus also give these strong swimmers a mechanical advantage during adduction and retraction of the arm. Increasing size leads to allometrical shape changes that emphasize mechanical efficiency both in terrestrial and in aquatic turtles. Key words Chelonians; coracoid; locomotion; Procrustes analysis; scapula; shape pattern. the coracoid, reaches maximal complexity with a large Introduction range of size and shape variations in the lower tetrapods, Over the last decade, anatomical studies have been especially in turtles with an extremely developed acromial complemented by geometric morphometrics, allowing process. The girdle constitutes a structure for which the the calculation and visualization of global shape changes Procrustes method provides a powerful tool for func- in organs or organisms. Procrustes superimposition is tional morphology and taxonomy. In previous studies, the most effective method (Gower, 1975; Bookstein the Procrustes method was used to distinguish between et al. 1985; Rohlf & Slice, 1990; Goodhall, 1991, 1995) size-related shape changes (allometry) and shape changes for creating spatial graphical representations of shape corresponding to taxonomic differences (Penin et al. 2002; variations in complex anatomical structures using three- Berge & Penin, 2004). In the present study, the same dimensional (3D) data (O’Higgins et al. 1990; Penin, approach is applied to distinguish morphological groups, 1997; Penin & Baylac, 1999; Penin & Berge, 2001; Ponce in terms of allometry, and functional adaptations. The de León & Zollikofer, 2001; Hennessy & Stringer, 2002). material includes a wide range of specimens represent- The shoulder girdle of turtles, formed by the scapula and ing numerous species of many sizes (due to continuous growth at the adult stage). Therefore, we have not Correspondence studied systematics but rather functional shape changes. Dr Sabine Renous, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Département d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, USM 302 (FRE 2696 CNRS), Adaptations et Evolution des Systèmes Ostéomusculaires, Background to ecological and locomotor comparison Case Postale 55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France. T: 01 40 79 33 09; F: 01 40 79 37 73, E: [email protected] Extant turtles live in a wide range of terrestrial and Accepted for publication 23 October 2005 fresh- and sea-water environments (ponds, lakes, streams, © 2006 The Authors Journal compilation © 2006 Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 36 The chelonian shoulder girdle, M. Depecker et al. large rivers, torrents, estuaries, ocean, etc.). For this can be used to characterize morphofunctional groups reason, Romer (1956) distinguished land tortoises, marine of turtles. Our aim is to discuss shape differences in and freshwater turtles, whereas Walker (1973) used the relation to body shape and the use of the forelimbs for terms ‘terrestrial’, ‘semi-aquatic’ and ‘aquatic’. Pritchard different locomotor behaviours related to specific (1979) introduced the term ‘semi-terrestrial’ to describe habitats. The method does not predict any phylogenetic some freshwater turtles. Ecological differences may affinities because Pleurodira and Cryptodira are not correspond to functional differences in the patterns of considered separately in this study. Size scaling in turtles locomotion. Walker (1971a) was among the first to is particularly important. Body weight in adult terrestrial study the involvement of the shoulder girdle in the turtles ranges from 140 g (Homopus signatus) to 300 kg movement of the forelimb during walking in a fresh- (Dipsochelys gigantea), and in adult marine turtles from water turtle (Chrysemys picta). Other studies concern 45 kg (Lepidochelys kempii) to 900 kg (Dermochelys analyses of gait during walking in various freshwater coriacea). To summarize, the purpose of the study is to and terrestrial turtles (Hildebrand, 1966; Zug, 1972; understand how size interacts with locomotor adapta- Walker, 1979; Jayes & Alexander, 1980; Williams, 1981). tions in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Van Leeuwen et al. (1981) specified mechanical stresses in tortoise leg muscles during walking. The movements of marine turtles were analysed (Walker, 1971b; Renous, Material and methods 1988, 1993, 1995; Renous & Bels, 1989; Renous et al. Sample 1999), and compared with the swimming movements of freshwater turtles. Davenport et al. (1984) and The shoulder girdles of 88 extant adult specimens, Pace et al. (2001) compared the kinematics of forelimbs corresponding to 13 families and 57 species, were in two species of freshwater turtles, one species measured (Table 1). The specimens belong to the col- (Trachemys scripta) being more generalized and the other lections at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Apalone spinifera) morphologically highly specialized (Paris), except for one specimen (Carettochelys insculpta) for swimming. They demonstrated that there are two belonging to the Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna). different functional patterns, corresponding, respect- ively, to species which travel frequently over land and Anatomy of the shoulder girdle those which spend little time out of water. Several studies pointed out variations in the structure of the The shoulder girdle of extant turtles is a triradiate structure locomotor apparatus (Boulenger, 1889; Hoffmann, 1890) with a dorsal scapular prong, a ventral anterior acromial in relation to environment (Romer, 1956; Walker, 1973). process and a ventral posterior coracoid (Fig. 1). The More specifically, Walker (1962, 1971a, 1972) attempted acromial process is an extension of the scapula (Friant, to establish relationships between limb structure, body 1942; Walker, 1973; Lee, 1996) rather than a separate form and walking patterns in one species (C. picta). Zug element, homologous to the anterior part of the coracoid, (1971) made an extended comparative study of pelvic as in other reptiles (Gaffney, 1990). The scapular prong and hindlimb morphology and locomotion in crypto- constitutes a vertical column, dorsally and medially diran turtles. articulated with the shell. Ventrally, the acromial process also has a column-like shape. The two ends of the scapula are capped by cartilages and are connected by ligaments Aim of the study to the entoplastron. The triangular coracoid is essen- The shoulder girdle seems to be particularly appropri- tially horizontally orientated. The coracoid is capped by ate for comparative study because of the predominant an epicoracoid cartilage, but is not connected by liga- role of the forelimb in propulsion, both in terrestrial ments to the entoplastron (Walker, 1973). The glenoid and in aquatic environments. This is particularly true cavity is formed by both the coracoid and the scapula. for marine turtles, in which propulsion is mainly driven by the forepaddles (Davenport et al. 1984; Renous, 1988, Landmarks 1993; Renous & Bels, 1989; Renous et al. 1999). In the present study, we use geometric morphometrics to Sixteen landmarks have been defined according to the
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