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Demystifying Myths the Role of Tourism As a Sustainable Development Strategy

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Demystifying Myths the Role of Tourism As a Sustainable Development Strategy DEMYSTIFYING MYTHS THE ROLE OF TOURISM AS A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ANTONIO MARTINEZ SANCHEZ THESIS PhD in International Studies of Peace, Conflict, and Development UNESCO Chair of Philosophy for Peace DEMYSTIFYING MYTHS THE ROLE OF TOURISM AS A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ANTONIO MARTINEZ SANCHEZ THESIS First part UK PhD in International Studies of Peace, Conflict, and Development UNESCO Chair of Philosophy for Peace Supervised by Irene Comins Mingol Jaume I University 2017 - 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS FIRST PART ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………….1 CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………………………………...4 ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 IDENTIFICATION OF THE MANAGEMENT ISSUE ………………………………………………………….6 AIM, RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVES ……………………………………………………………6 INTRODUCTION_ THESIS OF THE PROJECT ………………………………………………………………..7 CHAPTER 1_ TOURISM, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY ………………………………………9 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………9 BACKGROUND …………………………………………………………………………………………..9 THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOPIC ……………………………………………….10 THE NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT …………………………………………………………………..11 PURPOSE ………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTERS ………………………………………………………………………..12 CHAPTER 2_ LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………………………..14 INTRODUCTION: Why tourism? ……………………………………………………………………….14 SETTING THE SCENE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ……………………………………………..14 THE RISE OF ENVIRONMENTALISM ………………………………………………………………..14 ORIGINS AND INTERPRETATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ………………………..16 BACKGROUND …………………………………………………………………………………………16 WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT …………………………………………………………19 DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM ………………………………………………………………………20 THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT ………………………………………………………………………..22 SUSTAINABILITY ……………………………………………………………………………………….23 THE APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TO TOURISM ………………………...24 SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………………………...25 CHAPTER 3_ METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………….27 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY AND APPROACH ……………………………………………………….27 RESEARCH STRATEGY AND METHODS …………………………………………………………...28 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN ………………………………………………………………...29 BASIS FOR SELECTING THE SAMPLE ……………………………………………………………...30 INSTRUMENTATION: DESCRIBING RESEARCH TOOLS AND PROCEDURES ………………...34 DATA ANALYSIS ………………………………………………………………………………………36 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY ……………………………………………………………………….37 RESEARCH CONSTRAINTS AND PROBLEMS ……………………………………………………..38 CHAPTER 4_ EXPLORATION OF THE THESIS ……………………………………………………………..40 NATURAL CAPITAL VALUATION …………………………………………………………………..41 ECONOMIC SAVINGS VALUATION …………………………………………………………………42 CHAPTER 5_ CASE STUDIES …………………………………………………………………………………46 PHILIPPINE CORAL REEFS UNDER THREAT ……………………………………………………...46 SAN JOSE SUSTAINABLE CITY STATUS …………………………………………………………...48 CHAPTER 6_ INVESTIGATION OUTCOMES ………………………………………………………………..50 SECONDARY AND PRIMARY RESEARCH OUTOCOMES ………………………………………...50 CHAPTER 7_ RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS …………………………………………………………………..60 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………………………………...63 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………………………...126 SECOND PART TOURISM: FROM EVIL TO CUSTODIAN INTRODUCTION_ THESIS OF THE PROJECT: SECOND PART …………………………………………...71 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SUBJECT ………………………………………………………………….71 THE NATURE OF PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES ……………………………...72 REVERSE EVIDENCE: THE CASE OF GHADAMES OASIS. LIBYA …………………………….73 CHAPTER 1_ TOURISM, SUSTAINABILITY, COMMON RESOURCES …………………………………..77 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………77 THINKING THE UNTHINKABLE ……………………………………………………………………77 CHAPTER 2_ LOOKING BACKWARDS IN ORDER TO GO FORWARDS ………………………………..79 PLACE-MYTH DECONSTRUCTION: THE OTHER’S GAZE ……………………………………………….79 CONTEXT: SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONSTRUCTION OF SPACE …………………………...79 COASTAL PLAINS: A NEW SOCIAL CONSTRUCT ……………………………………………….80 CHANGING THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION ……………………………………………...80 CONSTANT TRANSFORMATION OF SPACE: PLACE REPRESENTATION ……………………81 FURTHER SIGHTS / INSIGHTS: MYTH, PARADISE, NEOCOLONIALISM ……………………..82 CHANGING SOCIAL SPATIALISATION: BEACH AS A ZONE OF EXCLUSION / INCLUSION 83 MYTH AND NEOCOLONIALISM ……………………………………………………………………83 CARIBBEAN LEISURE LANDSCAPES ……………………………………………………………..84 CASE STUDY: The case of Punta Cana and Bávaro Beach. Dominican Republic ……………………85 CHAPTER 3_ TOURISM, ECONOMIC PROGRESS, INEQUITY ……………………………………………89 POLITICAL ECONOMY, TOURISM PLANNING AND THE ROLE OF THE STATE TO OVERCOME INEQUITY. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………89 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT ………………………………..91 MODERNISATION ……………………………………………………………………………………92 DEPENDENCY ………………………………………………………………………………………...92 ECONOMIC NEOLIBERALISM ……………………………………………………………………...93 ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT …………………………………………………………………...93 DEVELOPMENT, INEQUALITIES, TOURISM PLANNING: THE CASE AND CONTEXT OF MEXICO AND LOMBOK (INDONESIA) …………………………………………………………….94 THE CASE AND CONTEXT OF MEXICO: 25 YEARS OF TOURISM (Adapted from Clancy, 1999) THE CASE AND CONTEXT OF LOMBOK. INDONESIA. (Adapted from Fallon, 2001) ………….95 CONCLUDING REMARKS …………………………………………………………………………...99 CHAPTER 4_ HOSTS, HOSPITALITY, ENTREPRENEURSHIP …………………………………………...100 ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP: THE CASE AND CONTEXT OF SRI LANKA ……………………………….100 RESEARCH ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP …………………………………………………………...102 Qualitative versus quantitative ………………………………………………………………………...103 New perspectives ……………………………………………………………………………………...103 EXPERIENCES FROM THE GLOBAL IN A LOCAL SETTING …………………………………..104 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND FIRM’S CREATION ………………………………………………...105 THE CASE AND CONTEXT OF SRI LANKA (Adapted from Kodithuwakku and Rosa, 2002) …...105 CONCLUDING REMARKS ………………………………………………………………………….107 CHAPTER 5_ OTHERNESS: RECOVERING LINKS ………………………………………………………..110 BHUTAN KEEPS THE LINKS AMONG INHABITANTS, HABITS, HABITATS ………………..110 CHAPTER 6_ TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS: ANY LESSON? ………………………………………………...114 ON THE LONG-STANDING SUSTAINABILITY OF ENDOGENOUS COMMON RESOURCES Subak traditional system in Bali ………………………………………………………………………117 Sasi traditional system in Raja Ampat, Indonesia …………………………………………………….118 Nakaiy traditional calendar in Maldives Islands ………………………………………………………118 CHAPTER 7_ OUTCOMES ……………………………………………………………………………………120 ARMCHAIR THINKING, DESK RESEARCH, FIELD TRIPS ……………………………………..120 Ifugao. Philippines …………………………………………………………………………………….121 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………………….123 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………………………...126 OVERVIEW IN SPANISH……………………………………………………………………...........................140 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express gratitude to all those Organisations, companies and public Institutions that have collaborated in this investigation. I am thankful to each one of the persons who have devoted their time and have shared their thoughts and perceptions with respect to this research subject. To my father and my mother, the best persons I have ever met. Antonio Martinez Sanchez 1 FIRST PART ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………….1 CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………………………………...4 ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 IDENTIFICATION OF THE MANAGEMENT ISSUE ………………………………………………………….6 AIM, RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVES ……………………………………………………………6 INTRODUCTION_ THESIS OF THE PROJECT ………………………………………………………………..7 CHAPTER 1_ TOURISM, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY ………………………………………9 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………………9 BACKGROUND …………………………………………………………………………………………..9 THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TOPIC ……………………………………………….10 THE NATURE OF DEVELOPMENT …………………………………………………………………..11 PURPOSE ………………………………………………………………………………………………..12 OUTLINE OF THE CHAPTERS ………………………………………………………………………..12 CHAPTER 2_ LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………………………..14 INTRODUCTION: Why tourism? ……………………………………………………………………….14 SETTING THE SCENE: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ……………………………………………..14 THE RISE OF ENVIRONMENTALISM ………………………………………………………………..14 ORIGINS AND INTERPRETATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ………………………..16 BACKGROUND …………………………………………………………………………………………..16 WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT …………………………………………………………19 DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM ……………………………………………………………………….20 THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT ………………………………………………………………………...22 SUSTAINABILITY ………………………………………………………………………………………..23 THE APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT TO TOURISM ………………………...24 SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………………………...25 CHAPTER 3_ METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………….27 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY AND APPROACH ……………………………………………………….27 RESEARCH STRATEGY AND METHODS …………………………………………………………...28 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN ………………………………………………………………...29 BASIS FOR SELECTING THE SAMPLE ……………………………………………………………...30 INSTRUMENTATION: DESCRIBING RESEARCH TOOLS AND PROCEDURES ………………...34 DATA ANALYSIS ………………………………………………………………………………………36 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY ……………………………………………………………………….37 RESEARCH CONSTRAINTS AND PROBLEMS ……………………………………………………..38 2 CHAPTER 4_ EXPLORATION OF THE THESIS ……………………………………………………………..40 NATURAL CAPITAL VALUATION …………………………………………………………………..41 ECONOMIC SAVINGS VALUATION …………………………………………………………………42 CHAPTER 5_ CASE STUDIES …………………………………………………………………………………46 PHILIPPINE CORAL REEFS UNDER THREAT ……………………………………………………...46 SAN JOSE SUSTAINABLE CITY STATUS …………………………………………………………...48 CHAPTER 6_ INVESTIGATION OUTCOMES ………………………………………………………………..50 SECONDARY AND PRIMARY RESEARCH OUTOCOMES ………………………………………...50 CHAPTER 7_ RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS …………………………………………………………………..60
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