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ANCA--Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitis

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ANCA--Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitis ANCA–Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitis ISHAK A. MANSI, M.D., PH.D., ADRIANA OPRAN, M.D., and FRED ROSNER, M.D. Mount Sinai Services at Queens Hospital Center, Jamaica, New York and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)–associated vasculitis is the most common primary sys- temic small-vessel vasculitis to occur in adults. Although the etiology is not always known, the inci- dence of vasculitis is increasing, and the diagnosis and management of patients may be challenging because of its relative infrequency, changing nomenclature, and variability of clinical expression. Advances in clinical management have been achieved during the past few years, and many ongoing studies are pending. Vasculitis may affect the large, medium, or small blood vessels. Small-vessel vas- culitis may be further classified as ANCA-associated or non-ANCA–associated vasculitis. ANCA–asso- ciated small-vessel vasculitis includes microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Churg- Strauss syndrome, and drug-induced vasculitis. Better definition criteria and advancement in the technologies make these diagnoses increasingly common. Features that may aid in defining the spe- cific type of vasculitic disorder include the type of organ involvement, presence and type of ANCA (myeloperoxidase–ANCA or proteinase 3–ANCA), presence of serum cryoglobulins, and the presence of evidence for granulomatous inflammation. Family physicians should be familiar with this group of vasculitic disorders to reach a prompt diagnosis and initiate treatment to prevent end-organ dam- age. Treatment usually includes corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy. (Am Fam Physician 2002;65:1615-20. Copyright© 2002 American Academy of Family Physicians.) asculitis is a process caused These antibodies can be detected with indi- by inflammation of blood rect immunofluorescence microscopy. Two vessel walls and results in a major patterns of staining are present: cyto- variety of disorders. A good plasmic ANCA (c–ANCA) and peri-nuclear and accepted classification ANCA (p–ANCA). Specific immunochemi- Vsystem for vasculitis has not emerged, cal assays demonstrate that c–ANCA is mainly although it may be categorized by the size or antibodies to proteinase 3, and p–ANCA is type of the involved blood vessel as large-, antibodies to myeloperoxidase. Using antigen- medium-, or small-vessel vasculitis.1 Small- specific immunochemical assay to characterize vessel vasculitis is defined as vasculitis that ANCA (rather than the pattern of immuno- affects vessels smaller than arteries (i.e., arte- fluorescence microscopy) is more specific and rioles, venules, and capillaries); however, more clinically relevant; therefore, the terms small-vessel vasculitis can also involve proteinase 3–ANCA (PR3–ANCA) and my- medium-sized arteries.1 eloperoxidase–ANCA (MPO–ANCA) are Figure 11-3 depicts some major classifica- now in use.4 tions of vasculitis and illustrates the position Figure 23 illustrates the differential diag- of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies nosis of ANCA and non–ANCA-associated (ANCA)–associated vasculitis among other vasculitis. About 10 percent of patients with types. It is the most common cause of small- microscopic polyangiitis (the most com- vessel vasculitis and includes microscopic mon type of ANCA–associated small vessel polyangiitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Churg- vasculitis) and Wegener’s granulomatosis Strauss syndrome, and certain types of drug- have negative assays for ANCA; however, induced vasculitis.1,3 this finding does not completely rule out these diseases and ANCA titers do not What are ANCA? always correlate with disease activity.3 On ANCA are specific antibodies for antigens the other hand, a positive ANCA assay result in cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils and is not solely diagnostic of ANCA–associated monocyte lysosomes, first reported in 1982.4 vasculitis. APRIL 15, 2002 / VOLUME 65, NUMBER 8 www.aafp.org/afp AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 1615 TABLE 1 Clinical Manifestations of ANCA–Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitis System Manifestations Constitutional Fever, weight loss, anorexia, general malaise Musculoskeletal Myalgia, arthralgia Skin Palpable purpura, urticaria nosis of the specific type of small-vessel vas- Kidneys Proteinuria, hematuria, renal insufficiency, renal failure, culitis important?” necrotizing glomerulonephritis Respiratory tract Dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis; lung infiltrate, interstitial IS SMALL-VESSEL VASCULITIS PRESENT? lung disease, pulmonary hemorrhage 5-8 Nervous system Peripheral neuropathy, especially mononeuritis Table 1 summarizes the potential clini- Gastrointestinal tract Fecal blood, elevated liver enzymes; diarrhea, nausea, cal manifestations of ANCA–associated vomiting, abdominal pain small-vessel vasculitis that is generally shared by most types of small-vessel vasculi- Information from references 5-8. tis. Small-vessel vasculitis should be sus- pected in any patient who presents with a multisystem disease that is not caused by an infectious or malignant process (e.g., renal Diagnosis of Small-Vessel Vasculitis dysfunction, skin rashes, pulmonary mani- Small-vessel vasculitis has common fea- festations, or neurologic manifestation).5-8 tures that should alert the family physician to Constitutional symptoms are common. The consider its presence. Three questions should frequency and combination of various sys- be asked in this regard and are addressed in tem involvements vary among individual this article: (1) “Is small-vessel vasculitis pre- disease entities. sent?”; (2) “Which specific type of small-ves- The most common cutaneous lesion is pal- sel vasculitis is present?” and (3) “Is the diag- pable purpura—a slightly raised, non- Clinical Manifestations of ANCA–Associated Small-Vessel Vasculitis Vasculitis Medium-size vessel vasculitis Small-vessel vasculitis Large-vessel vasculitis Polyarteritis nodosa Giant cell arteritis Kawasaki’s disease Takayasu’s disease ANCA–associated small-vessel vasculitis Non-ANCA small-vessel vasculitis Wegener’s granulomatosis Microscopic polyangiitis Churg-Strauss syndrome Drug induced Paraneoplastic Immune-complex small-vessel vasculitis Inflammatory bowel small-vessel Henoch-Schönlein purpura disease vasculitis vasculitis Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis Lupus vasculitis Rheumatoid arthritis Goodpasture’s syndrome Sjörgens disease Drug-induced immune-complex vasculitis Behçet’s disease Infection-induced immune-complex vasculitis FIGURE 1. Major classifications of vasculitis. (ANCA = anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies) Information from references 1-3. 1616 AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN www.aafp.org/afp VOLUME 65, NUMBER 8 / APRIL 15, 2002 Vasculitis blanching eruption that usually begins in the cate that the vasculitis is immune complex- lower extremities.3,5 Occasionally, the rash is mediated rather than ANCA–associated pri- vesicular or slightly ulcerated. Urticaria can mary vasculitis.3 also be a manifestation of small-vessel vas- Renal involvement in vasculitis may progress culitis. Unlike nonvasculitic allergic urticaria, to renal failure. Results of biopsy of the kidney vasculitic urticaria lasts more than one day commonly reveals glomerulonephritis. Focal and may evolve into purpuric lesions. The necrosis, crescentic formation and the absence presence of hypocomplementemia may indi- or paucity of immunoglobulin deposits char- Differential Diagnosis of Small-Vessel Vasculitis Small-vessel vasculitis ANCA–associated Non-ANCA–associated small-vessel vasculitis small-vessel vasculitis Wegener’s granulomatosis Henoch-Schönlein purpura Microscopic polyangiitis Serum cryoglobulin? Churg-Strauss syndrome Granuloma present?* Ig-A dominant immune deposit† Yes No Yes No Asthma and Microscopic Henoch-Schönlein Serum cryoglobulin?† eosinophilia present? polyangiitis purpura Yes No Yes No Churg-Strauss Wegener’s Cryoglobulinemia Other “Non-ANCA” syndrome granulomatosis vasculitis (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease vasculitis) FIGURE 2. Differential diagnosis of ANCA– and non-ANCA–associated small-vessel vasculitis. (ANCA = anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies; Ig-A = immunoglobulin A) *—In ANCA–associated vasculitis, the absence of granulomas differentiates microscopic polyangiitis from other types. Whereas in the presence of granuloma, the symptoms, the organ involved, and type of ANCA differentiate Wegener’s granulomatosis from Churg-Strauss syndrome. †—Testing for ANCA, vascular immunoglobulin A deposits, and serum cryoglobulins facilitates the diagnostic characterization of small vessel vasculitis. Information from Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Small vessel vasculitis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1512-23. APRIL 15, 2002 / VOLUME 65, NUMBER 8 www.aafp.org/afp AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 1617 dominantly a dermal vasculitis.9 The diagnosis ANCA–associated small-vessel vasculitis is the most common is suggested by the clinical history. Malignancy, primary type in adults; whereas, Henoch-Schönlein purpura is such as lymphomas, leukemia, myeloprolifera- most common in children. tive, and myelodysplastic syndromes may be associated with vasculitis; however, solid tumors are less commonly associated with vas- culitis.9 It must be emphasized that underlying acterize glomerulonephritis in patients with infectious or malignant causes should be thor- ANCA–associated vasculitis.6 oughly evaluated before the diagnosis of pri- Lung involvement ranges from fleeting mary vasculitis is made—even if the ANCA focal infiltrates or interstitial disease to mas- assay result
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