Authentication Module Based on the Protocol of Zero- Knowledge Proof*
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Support for U2F FIDO Tokens in Mobile Applications
Masaryk University Faculty of Informatics Support for U2F FIDO tokens in mobile applications Bachelor’s Thesis Marek Hrašna Brno, Spring 2019 Masaryk University Faculty of Informatics Support for U2F FIDO tokens in mobile applications Bachelor’s Thesis Marek Hrašna Brno, Spring 2019 This is where a copy of the official signed thesis assignment and a copy ofthe Statement of an Author is located in the printed version of the document. Declaration Hereby I declare that this paper is my original authorial work, which I have worked out on my own. All sources, references, and literature used or excerpted during elaboration of this work are properly cited and listed in complete reference to the due source. Marek Hrašna Advisor: RNDr. Petr Švenda Ph.D. i Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, RNDr. Petr Švenda Ph.D. his guidance, patience, and helpful advice throughout the mak- ing of this thesis. iii Abstract One of the biggest security problems on the Internet is the usage of weak credentials, such as passwords, for user authentication. Second- Factor Authentication (2FA) provides a valid answer to this threat. Still, there are many 2FA schemes vulnerable to prominent web threats such as phishing attacks. The U2F protocol provides a phishing-resistant 2FA solution, optionally based on secure hardware elements. This thesis provides an analysis of the security brought by the U2F authen- tication scheme and shows its real-world adaptation in mobile plat- forms. It discusses problems that occur while using commercial tokens implementing this standard and describes the process of installing a U2F applet onto a JavaCard while discussing possible problems that may occur. -
FIDO Technical Glossary
Client to Authenticator Protocol (CTAP) Implementation Draft, February 27, 2018 This version: https://fidoalliance.org/specs/fido-v2.0-id-20180227/fido-client-to-authenticator-protocol-v2.0-id- 20180227.html Previous Versions: https://fidoalliance.org/specs/fido-v2.0-ps-20170927/ Issue Tracking: GitHub Editors: Christiaan Brand (Google) Alexei Czeskis (Google) Jakob Ehrensvärd (Yubico) Michael B. Jones (Microsoft) Akshay Kumar (Microsoft) Rolf Lindemann (Nok Nok Labs) Adam Powers (FIDO Alliance) Johan Verrept (VASCO Data Security) Former Editors: Matthieu Antoine (Gemalto) Vijay Bharadwaj (Microsoft) Mirko J. Ploch (SurePassID) Contributors: Jeff Hodges (PayPal) Copyright © 2018 FIDO Alliance. All Rights Reserved. Abstract This specification describes an application layer protocol for communication between a roaming authenticator and another client/platform, as well as bindings of this application protocol to a variety of transport protocols using different physical media. The application layer protocol defines requirements for such transport protocols. Each transport binding defines the details of how such transport layer connections should be set up, in a manner that meets the requirements of the application layer protocol. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Relationship to Other Specifications 2 Conformance 3 Protocol Structure 4 Protocol Overview 5 Authenticator API 5.1 authenticatorMakeCredential (0x01) 5.2 authenticatorGetAssertion (0x02) 5.3 authenticatorGetNextAssertion (0x08) 5.3.1 Client Logic 5.4 authenticatorGetInfo (0x04) -
Security Keys: Practical Cryptographic Second Factors for the Modern Web
Security Keys: Practical Cryptographic Second Factors for the Modern Web Juan Lang, Alexei Czeskis, Dirk Balfanz, Marius Schilder, and Sampath Srinivas Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA Abstract. \Security Keys" are second-factor devices that protect users against phishing and man-in-the-middle attacks. Users carry a single de- vice and can self-register it with any online service that supports the protocol. The devices are simple to implement and deploy, simple to use, privacy preserving, and secure against strong attackers. We have shipped support for Security Keys in the Chrome web browser and in Google's online services. We show that Security Keys lead to both an increased level of security and user satisfaction by analyzing a two year deployment which began within Google and has extended to our consumer-facing web applications. The Security Key design has been standardized by the FIDO Alliance, an organization with more than 250 member companies spanning the industry. Currently, Security Keys have been deployed by Google, Dropbox, and GitHub. An updated and extended tech report is available at https://github.com/google/u2f- ref-code/docs/SecurityKeys_TechReport.pdf. 1 Introduction Recent account takeovers [1{3] have once again highlighted the challenge of securing user data online: accounts are often protected by no more than a weak password [4] and whatever implicit signals (if any) that the online service provider has collected to distinguish legitimate users from account hijackers. Academic research has produced numerous proposals to move away from passwords, but in practice such efforts have largely been unsuccessful [5, 6]. In- stead, many service providers augment password-based authentication with a second factor in the form of a one-time passcode (OTP), e.g., [7, 8]. -
A Tale of Two Studies: the Best and Worst of Yubikey Usability
A Tale of Two Studies: The Best and Worst of YubiKey Usability †∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ z ∗ Joshua Reynolds , Trevor Smith , Ken Reese , Luke Dickinson , Scott Ruoti , Kent Seamons y ∗ z University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brigham Young University, MIT Lincoln Laboratory [email protected], ftsmith, ken.reese, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Two-factor authentication (2FA) significantly device that authenticates the user after the user presses a improves the security of password-based authentication. button on the security key [8]. The button tap is a test of Recently, there has been increased interest in Universal 2nd user presence and prevents malware on the host device from Factor (U2F) security keys—small hardware devices that require users to press a button on the security key to authenticate. To using the security key surreptitiously. Most commonly, security examine the usability of security keys in non-enterprise usage, keys are designed to be plugged into a USB port, though we conducted two user studies of the YubiKey, a popular line they can also communicate with other devices using wireless of U2F security keys. The first study tasked 31 participants protocols (e.g., NFC, Bluetooth). with configuring a Windows, Google, and Facebook account to U2F security keys are designed to be easy-to-adopt and authenticate using a YubiKey. This study revealed problems with setup instructions and workflow including users locking use in day-to-day life, while protecting users against phishing themselves out of their operating system or thinking they had and man-in-the-middle attacks [8]. -
Of Two Minds About Two-Factor: Understanding Everyday FIDO U2F
Of Two Minds about Two-Factor: Understanding Everyday FIDO U2F Usability through Device Comparison and Experience Sampling Stéphane Ciolino, OneSpan Innovation Centre & University College London; Simon Parkin, University College London; Paul Dunphy, OneSpan Innovation Centre https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2019/presentation/ciolino This paper is included in the Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. August 12–13, 2019 • Santa Clara, CA, USA ISBN 978-1-939133-05-2 Open access to the Proceedings of the Fifteenth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security is sponsored by USENIX. Of Two Minds about Two-Factor: Understanding Everyday FIDO U2F Usability through Device Comparison and Experience Sampling Stéphane Ciolino Simon Parkin Paul Dunphy OneSpan Innovation Centre University College London OneSpan Innovation Centre & University College London [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract words and tokens) is widely recognized as an effective tech- Security keys are phishing-resistant two-factor authentica- nique to protect both corporate and personal online accounts tion (2FA) tokens based upon the FIDO Universal 2nd Factor against account hijacking threats. Indeed, there are already ex- (U2F) standard. Prior research on security keys has revealed amples of citizens being advised to use Two-Factor Authenti- intuitive usability concerns, but there are open challenges to cation (2FA) by government agencies (as in the UK [35]). The better understand user experiences with heterogeneous de- most common second factor is a One-Time Passcode (OTP) vices and to determine an optimal user experience for every- received via a text message to a mobile device [5]. -
Report On Next Generation Authentication Technologies
International Telecommunication Union FINANCIAL INCLUSION GLOBAL INITIATIVE (FIGI) TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU (12/2018) Security, Infrastructure and Trust Working Group Discussion Paper: Secure Authentication Use Cases for DFS and Guidelines for Regulators and DFS Providers Report of the Authentication Workstream Security, Infrastructure and Trust Working Group: Secure Authentication Use Cases for DFS and Guidelines for Regulators and DFS Providers FOREWORD The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. A new global program to advance research in digital finance and accelerate digital financial inclusion in developing countries, the Financial Inclusion Global Initiative (FIGI), was launched by the World Bank Group, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (CPMI), with support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Security, Infrastructure and Trust Working Group is one of the three working groups which has been established under FIGI and is led by the ITU. The other two working groups are the Digital Identity and Electronic Payments Acceptance Working Groups -
The Webauthn Standard: Why It Should Matter to the Public Sector and How It Works Executive Summary
WEBAUTHN WHITE PAPER SERIES: MAY 2020 The WebAuthn Standard: Why It Should Matter to the Public Sector and How It Works Executive Summary This paper is the second in a series of WebAuthn whitepapers published by Yubico. For an introduction to WebAuthn and why it is both more secure and easier to use, see the first paper, Introducing WebAuthn: Enabling a Streamlined and More Secure User Authentication Experience. Most websites, services, and applications have difficulty providing secure, convenient authentication for users. Passwords are the problem. They tend to be either so simple they are easily guessed by hackers or so complex they are hard for users to remember. And all passwords, regardless of their complexity, are vulnerable to phishing and data breaches. Fortunately, WebAuthn, a new web authentication standard approved in March 2019 by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), makes it easy for websites, services, and applications to offer strong authenti- cation without relying on passwords. By replacing passwords with strong authentication based on public key cryptography, in which the private key never leaves the user’s device, WebAuthn makes authentication both easier to use and more secure, benefitting users and service providers alike. The WebAuthn standard is already supported by all major browsers and most platforms including: ● Windows 10 ● Android ● Google Chrome ● Mozilla Firefox ● Microsoft Edge ● Apple Safari ● Apple iOS WebAuthn supports various models for account authentication, leveraging both external roaming authenticators, such as hardware security keys, and authenticators built into computing and mobile devices, such as fingerprint readers and facial recognition technology. Applications and web services can choose to implement WebAuthn for passwordless authentication, two-factor authentication (2FA), and multi-factor authentication (MFA). -
A Tale of Two Studies: the Best and Worst of Yubikey Usability
2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy A Tale of Two Studies: The Best and Worst of YubiKey Usability †∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ‡ ∗ Joshua Reynolds , Trevor Smith , Ken Reese , Luke Dickinson , Scott Ruoti , Kent Seamons † ∗ ‡ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brigham Young University, MIT Lincoln Laboratory [email protected], {tsmith, ken.reese, luke}@isrl.byu.edu, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Two-factor authentication (2FA) significantly device that authenticates the user after the user presses a improves the security of password-based authentication. button on the security key [8]. The button tap is a test of Recently, there has been increased interest in Universal 2nd user presence and prevents malware on the host device from Factor (U2F) security keys—small hardware devices that require users to press a button on the security key to authenticate. To using the security key surreptitiously. Most commonly, security examine the usability of security keys in non-enterprise usage, keys are designed to be plugged into a USB port, though we conducted two user studies of the YubiKey, a popular line they can also communicate with other devices using wireless of U2F security keys. The first study tasked 31 participants protocols (e.g., NFC, Bluetooth). with configuring a Windows, Google, and Facebook account to U2F security keys are designed to be easy-to-adopt and authenticate using a YubiKey. This study revealed problems with setup instructions and workflow including users locking use in day-to-day life, while protecting users against phishing themselves out of their operating system or thinking they had and man-in-the-middle attacks [8]. -
Understanding Everyday FIDO U2F Usability Through Device Comparison and Experience Sampling
Of Two Minds about Two-Factor: Understanding Everyday FIDO U2F Usability through Device Comparison and Experience Sampling Stéphane Ciolino Simon Parkin Paul Dunphy OneSpan Innovation Centre University College London OneSpan Innovation Centre & University College London [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract words and tokens) is widely recognized as an effective tech- Security keys are phishing-resistant two-factor authentica- nique to protect both corporate and personal online accounts tion (2FA) tokens based upon the FIDO Universal 2nd Factor against account hijacking threats. Indeed, there are already ex- (U2F) standard. Prior research on security keys has revealed amples of citizens being advised to use Two-Factor Authenti- intuitive usability concerns, but there are open challenges to cation (2FA) by government agencies (as in the UK [35]). The better understand user experiences with heterogeneous de- most common second factor is a One-Time Passcode (OTP) vices and to determine an optimal user experience for every- received via a text message to a mobile device [5]. While this day Web browsing. In this paper we contribute to the growing technique conveniently leverages pre-existing telecommuni- usable security literature on security keys through two user cations infrastructure and mobile devices that users already studies: (i) a lab-based study evaluating the first-time user ex- own, it is vulnerable to Person-In-The-Middle (PITM) at- perience of a cross-vendor set of security keys and SMS-based tacks [8, 23, 32], such as phishing attacks. Hardware-based one-time passcodes; (ii) a diary study, where we collected authentication tokens have historically been deployed for 2FA 643 entries detailing how participants accessed accounts and in closed user communities such as corporations, or for bank- experienced one particular security key over the period of ing customers, particularly in territories such as Europe. -
Security Evaluation of Multi-Factor Authentication in Comparison with the Web Authentication API
Hochschule Wismar University of Applied Sciences Technology, Business and Design Faculty of Engineering, Department EE & CS Course of Studies: IT-Security and Forensics Master’s Thesis for the Attainment of the Academic Degree Master of Engineering (M. Eng.) Security Evaluation of Multi-Factor Authentication in Comparison with the Web Authentication API Submitted by: September 30, 2019 From: Tim Brust born xx/xx/xxxx in Hamburg, Germany Matriculation number: 246565 First supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Andreas Ahrens Second supervisor: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Nils Gruschka Purpose of This Thesis The purpose of this master’s thesis is an introduction to multi-factor authentication, as well as to the conventional methods of authentication (knowledge, possession, biometrics). This introduction includes technical functionality, web usability, and potential security threats and vulnerabilities. Further, this thesis will investigate whether the Web Authentication API is suit- able as an alternative or possible supplement to existing multi-factor authentication methods. The question has to be answered to what extent the Web Authentication API can increase security and user comfort. An evaluation of the security of the Web Authentication API in comparison with other multi-factor authentication solutions plays a crucial role in this thesis. Abstract Internet users are at constant risk, given that data breaches happen nearly daily. When a breached password is re-used, it renders their whole digital identity in dan- ger. To counter these threats, the user can deploy additional security measures, e.g., multi-factor authentication. This master’s thesis introduces and compares the multi- factor authentication solutions, one-time passwords, smart cards, security keys, and the Universal Second Factor protocol with a focus on their security. -
Installation
privacyIDEA Authentication System Release 2.17 Cornelius Kölbel January 10, 2017 Contents 1 Table of Contents 3 1.1 Overview.................................................3 1.2 Installation................................................3 1.3 First Steps................................................ 17 1.4 Configuration............................................... 25 1.5 Components............................................... 70 1.6 Tokenview................................................ 70 1.7 Userview................................................. 75 1.8 Policies.................................................. 79 1.9 Event Handler.............................................. 106 1.10 Audit................................................... 115 1.11 Client machines............................................. 116 1.12 Workflows and Tools........................................... 118 1.13 Application Plugins........................................... 121 1.14 Code Documentation........................................... 129 1.15 Frequently Asked Questions....................................... 254 2 Indices and tables 265 HTTP Routing Table 267 Python Module Index 269 i ii privacyIDEA Authentication System, Release 2.17 privacyIDEA is a modular authentication system. Using privacyIDEA you can enhance your existing applications like local login, VPN, remote access, SSH connections, access to web sites or web portals with a second factor during authentication. Thus boosting the security of your existing applications. Originally -
Yubikey 5 Series
YubiKey 5Ci YubiKey 5 NFC YubiKey 5 Nano YubiKey 5 Series: The Multi-Protocol Security Key YubiKey 5C YubiKey 5C Nano Streamline authentication for existing enterprise systems and pave the way to a passwordless The YubiKey 5 Series security keys deliver future. expanded authentication options ● Strong Single Factor—Passwordless: Replaces weak Relying solely on username and password passwords with passwordless tap-n-go secure login. security puts enterprise data at risk ● Strong Two Factor—Password + Authenticator: Adds a tap- Catastrophic security breaches top world headlines n-go second factor for secure two factor authentication. every day, and for good reason. A single corporate security breach costs an average of $3.86M1, and 81% ● Strong Multi-Factor—Passwordless + PIN: Combines of breaches are caused by stolen or weak passwords.2 tap-n-go authentication with a PIN, to solve high As a result, IT organizations cannot rely exclusively on assurance requirements such as financial transactions, passwords to protect access to corporate data. Adopting or submitting a prescription. stronger employee and customer authentication is The YubiKey delivers strong authentication at scale essential to avoiding risk and becoming the next target. The YubiKey multi-protocol support streamlines authenti- From smart card to a passwordless future cation for existing systems while paving the way forward The YubiKey 5 Series is a hardware based authentication to a passwordless future. solution that provides superior defense against account ● Authentication and cryptographic protocols supported takeovers and enables compliance. The YubiKey offers include FIDO Universal 2nd Factor (U2F), WebAuthn/ strong authentication with support for multiple protocols, FIDO2, Personal Identity Verification-compatible (PIV) including existing Smart Card authentication, and WebAuthn/ Smart Card, and OpenPGP smart card.