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RAPP, Linda Ruth, 1948- an INVESTIGATION of the DEVELOPMENT of MORAL CONDUCT and MORAL JUDGMENT AMONG TRAINABLE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN

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RAPP, Linda Ruth, 1948- an INVESTIGATION of the DEVELOPMENT of MORAL CONDUCT and MORAL JUDGMENT AMONG TRAINABLE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN 76 - 10,033 RAPP, Linda Ruth, 1948- AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL CONDUCT AND MORAL JUDGMENT AMONG TRAINABLE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1975 Psychology, social Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL CONDUCT AND MORAL JUDGMENT AMONG TRAINABLE MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University. By Linda Ruth Rapp, B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 197 5 Reading Committee Approved by Henry Leland, Ph.D. George G. Thompson, Ph.D. Dorothy W. Jackson, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express her sincere thanks to the members of her committee, Dr. Henry Leland, major advisor; Dr. George Thompson and Dr. Dorothy Jackson for their assistance throughout this thesis. Gratitude is also extended to the staff and stu­ dents of The Franklin County Program for the Mentally Retarded for their participation and cooperation, The author also wishes to thank Miss Mary Kellar for her assistance in the collection of the data and Mrs. Mary Kellar for the typing of the final manuscript. Special recognition and appreciation are extended to Dr. Francis Bennett for his critical advice and assistance in statistical analysis. Without his under­ standing, patience, and encouragement during difficult times, this thesis would not have been possible. Finally, appreciation is also expressed to Ms. Linda Bott for her assistance in completing the various administrative requirements. ii VITA October 31, 1948 . Born - New Rochelle, New York 1970 ................... B.S. St Lawrence University, Canton, New York. 1971 ................... Research Assistant, College of Administrative Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1971-1973 ...............Psychology Trainee, Nisonger Center, The Ohio State Univer­ sity, Columbus, Ohio. 1973 ................... M.A. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1973 ................... Psychology Internship, Parsons State Hospital & Training Center, Parsons, Kansas. 1973-1975 ............ Psychology Intern, Franklin County Program for the Mentally Retarded Columbus, Ohio. 1975 ................... Developmental Psychologist, St. Lawrence County Mental Health Services, Potsdam, New York. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Undergraduate: Psychology, Sociology Masters: Developmental Psychology Doctors: Developmental Psychology H i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................. ii VITA ................................................. iii LIST OF T A B L E S ................................... viii LIST OF FI G U R E S ................................. xi Chapter I STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .............. 1 Introduction ! Statement of Purpose. Need for The Study Statement of Hypothesis II REVIEW OF LI T E R A T U R E .................. 15 MORAL J U D G M E N T ........................ 18 Theoretical Orientation Piaget Kohlberg Measurement of Moral Judgment Research Age Sex Intelligence SES Peer Interaction Transitional Processes Consistency across Moral At­ tributes Kohlberg1s Model Studies Using Retarded Samples iv Page MORAL CONDUCT........................... 62 Moral Character Specificity of Moral Conduct Factors Related to Character Age Sex Intelligence SES Learning Theory Imitative Modeling Laboratory Experiments Resistance to Temptation Inhibition of Aggression Child Rearing Descriptive Techniques Research Power Assertion Love Withdrawal Induction RELATION BETWEEN JUDGMENT & CONDUCT . 97 Theoretical Orientation Piagetian Approach Kohlberg’s Approach Social Learning Theory Research SUMMARY.................................. 107 Ill PROCEDURES ............................. 110 Sample Variables Sex Age Race Intelligence Socioeconomic Status Description of Measures Moral Conduct Moral Judgment v Page Procedures for Data Collection Administration of Moral Conduct Test Moral Conduct Scoring Administration of Moral Judg­ ment Stories Moral Judgment Scoring Treatment of Data IV RESULTS ................................ 129 MANOVA ANOVA Pair Comparison for Age Linear Trend Correlational Analysis Factor Analysis V DISCUSSION & APPLICATIONS............ 159 Moral Conduct Sex Age Race and SES Moral Judgment Sex Age Race and SES Relationship between judgment and conduct Factor Structure Implications Limitations and Further Research SUMMARY ................................ 175 vi Page APPENDIX A ...............................................178 B ...............................................188 C ...............................................190 D ...............................................192 E ...............................................194 F ...............................................198 G ..........................., ................. 201 BIBLIOGRAPHY '* 203 vll LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Means and Standard Deviations of Age and IQ ............................. 115 2 Inter-rater Reliability Coeffi­ cients on Moral Conduct Measures . 119 3 Inter-rater Reliability Coeffi­ cients for Moral Judgment Stories 122 4 Test-Retest Reliability Coeffi­ cients for Moral Judgment Stories 123 5 Analysis of Variance for Age Based on Behavioral Responses in Moral Conduct Situations ............ 132 6 Analysis of Variance for Age Based on Verbal Responses to Moral Conduct Stories .............. 133 7 Analysis of Variance for the interaction of Sex and Age Based on Behavioral Responses in Moral Conduct Situations ................... 136 8 Analysis of Variance for the In­ teraction of Sex and Age Based on Verbal Responses to Moral Conduct Stories . ........................... 137 9 Analysis of Variance for Sex Based on Behavioral Responses in Moral Conduct Situations ............ 138 10 Analysis of Variance for Sex Based on Verbal Responses to Moral Con­ duct Stories ........................... 139 viii Table Page 11 An analysis of Variance for Age in Moral Conduct Situations with Black Subjects Deleted .......... 140 12 An analysis of Variance for Age on Moral Conduct Stories with Black Subjects Deleted .............. 141 13 An analysis of Variance for Age in Moral Conduct Situations with SES Levels 1 and 3 Deleted .......... 142 14 An analysis of Variance for Age on Moral Conduct Stories with SES Levels 1 and 3 Deleted .......... 143 15 Means and Standard Deviations for Three Age Groups Based on Behavioral Responses in Moral Conduct Situations ................... 146 16 Means and Standard Deviations for Three Age Groups Based on Verbal Responses to Moral Con­ duct S to r i e s ........................... 147 17 Polynomial Analysis for Trends for Three Age Levels Based on Behavioral Responses in Moral Conduct Situations ................... 148 18 Polynomial Analysis for Trends for Three Age Levels Based on Verbal Responses to Moral Con­ duct Stories ........................... 149 19 Correlation Coefficients Between Behavioral Responses in Moral Con­ duct Situations and Verbal Responses to Analagous Moral Conduct Stories 154 20 Rotated Factor Matrix for Moral Conduct and Moral Judgment Vari­ ables for the Total Group ............ 155 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Linear Trends for Moral Conduct Situations Across Three Age Levels of TMR Children ................... 152 2 Linear Trends for Moral Conduct Stories Across Three Age Levels of TMR Children ................. 153 x CHAPTER I /• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM INTRODUCTION For hundreds of years, morality was the cen­ tral category -for defining.social relationships and development. Many theorists of the early twentieth century considered morality to be the key to understanding !socia1 development. This approach is indicated in a statement by McDougall (1908): The fundamental problem for social psy­ chology is the raoralization of the indi- vidual into the society into which he is born as an amoral and egoistic infant. There are successive stages, each of which must be traversed by every indi­ vidual before he can attain the next higher: (1) the stage in which the op­ eration of the instinctive impulses is modified by the influence of rewards and punishments, (2) the stage in which conduct is controlled in the main by anticipation of social praise and blame, (3) the highest stage in which conduct is regulated by an ideal that enables a man to act in the way that seems to him right regardless of the praise and blame of his immediate social en­ vironment (p. 10). 1 2 Moral development is only one aspect of the child’s growth and it may be affected by the course of other aspects of development, intellectual, emo­ tional and social. Moral development is a complex subject which is defined by different people in var­ ious ways and is determined by the interaction of a great number of influences. This study uses a multi-dimensional approach to moral development. Some of the components of moral development are moral knowledge, behavioral conformity, social a- wareness, empathy and role playing. Some of the prerequisites necessary for moral development in­ clude cognitive and conceptual skills and attributes of personal development, such as social adjustment and social maturity. Moral development and other forms of socializa­ tion are viewed as the "process by which a child be­ comes an individual who fits into his society, who shares its beliefs and values, and who has acquired and uses skills that are important for maintenance of the society" (Baldwin,
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