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Business As Mission and Mission As Business Taylor University Pillars at Taylor University Business as Mission Theses and Dissertations Other Collections 3-2016 Business as Mission and Mission as Business: Case Studies of Financially Sustainable Christian Mission Ventures with a Focus on Anglican Dioceses in East Africa Dennis Obura Tongoi Follow this and additional works at: https://pillars.taylor.edu/business-as-mission-td Part of the Missions and World Christianity Commons, and the Nonprofit Administration and Management Commons BUSINESS AS MISSION AND MISSION AS BUSINESS: CASE STUDIESOF FINANCIALLYSUSTAINABLE CHRISTIAN MISSION VENTURES WITH A FOCUS ON ANGLICAN DIOCESESIN EAST AFRICA. by Mr Dennis Obura Tongoi submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject MISSIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROF JNK MUGAMBI CO-SUPERVISOR: PROF A VAN SCHALKWYK MARCH 2016 DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE I declare that “Business as Mission and Mission as Business: Case Studies of Financially Sustainable Christian Mission Ventures with a Focus on Anglican Dioceses in East Africa” is my own work, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Signed: -------------------------------------------Date: ----------------------------- The Rev. Dennis Tongoi DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR This is to declare that this thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as the university supervisor. Signed: ------------------------------------------Date: --------------------------- Professor JNK Mugambi ii DEDICATION This work is dedicated, first, to God who gave me the grace to persevere and, second, to my wife Irene Tongoi, who supported me in more ways than I can recount towards the completion of this Thesis. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I want to thank Professor Jesse Mugambi for an enriching experience. During the various stages of my research, never once did he fail to respond to me promptly,and with valuable insights. I also acknowledge the following for their priceless input: Professor Annalet Van Schalkwyk, who provided valuable perspectives to sharpen my arguments. Viola Wambugha-Mekene, who typed my transcripts. Lewis Jones, Leanne Wohoro, Tabitha Tongoi, CarolyneLuttah,ProfessorAlooMojola, AgisoOdhuno and Irene Tongoi, who read and edited my manuscript at the various stages. Mary Mshila, who translated the interviews from Kiswahili to English.Joshua Watilla for transcribing interviews from Kiswahili to English. To you all, I say a big Thank You! iv ABSTRACT Anglican dioceses established by The Church Mission Society and other Western- founded Christian denominations in East Africa were envisaged to grow and become self-governing, self-propagating and self-supporting. The first two goals(to be self- governing and self-propagating) have more or less been achieved. The third goal (the pursuit of self-support) is at a critical stage, especially considering that resources, in terms of funding and personnel, are in decline. This research sought to document the factors that contribute to, or hinder, the role that lay people (business people in particular) can play in sustaining the ministry and mission of Anglican dioceses. The research methods chosen for data collection consisted of interactive fieldwork. In this, formal and informal interviews were conducted. The interviewees were selected mainly from Anglican dioceses, with their input beingcorroborated by Methodists, Evangelical Lutheran and PresbyterianChurch leaders from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Interviews were conducted, first, with church leaders who were in office at the time when John Gatu declared a moratorium on Western missionaries in 1974. Next came interviews with leaders of the 1990s and 2000s. For each leader, a corroborative project was documented. A limited quantitative questionnaire was administered for triangulation purposes.The data were analysed to identify the themes and patterns that emerged. This phase was followed by an extensive literature review. The research methodology utilised the Praxis Cycle, developed by Cochrane, De Gruchy and Peterson (1990) in their book, In Word and Deed,which has its roots in the “see, judge, act” method of the Belgian Cardinal, Joseph Cardijn,founder of the Young Christian Workers movement. The analysis allowed me to examine the interplay between business and mission, using the seven-point Praxis Cycle, modified by JNJ Kritzinger(2008:771) to assess the spirituality of BAM and its contribution to Christian mission. Other movements of the Praxis Cycle are practical projects, theological reflection, contextual analysis, ecclesial analysis, agency and reflexivity. The literature review was analysed in terms of four primary dimensions: Business as Business (profit maximisation), Mission as Business(profit from v philanthropy),Mission as Mission(philanthropy from profits), and Business as Mission (profit for the common good). The fourth dimensionwas exploredas an overarching visionfor churches seeking to grow towards financial sustainability. Also considered was how such sustainability could be implemented in the East African context. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS KEY TERMS xii ABBREVIATIONS xii CHAPTER ONE: THE RESEARCH DESIGN 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Problem statement and research objectives 2 1.3 Discussion of key terminology used in this research 4 1.3.1 Mission 4 1.3.2. Business 10 1.3.3. Financial sustainability 13 1.3.4. Church 15 1.4. Background to the research: The quest for financial sustainability 17 1.5. Hypotheses 22 1.6. The research questions 23 1.7. Justification for the research 23 1.7.1 Historical: Business and Christian mission 23 1.7.2 The challenge of resourcing Anglican dioceses today 27 1.7.3 The challenge of responding to youth unemployment 27 1.7.4 Business as mission: An opportunity for better stewardship 32 1.7.5. Business as mission: Strategy for financially sustainable diocesan programmes 33 1.8 Conceptual framework 36 1.9. BAM as Christian mission 36 1.10. Research methodology 42 1.10.1. Research approach and research subjects 46 1.10.2. Limitations of the research 47 1.10.3. The research questions 48 1.11. Case studies: interviews with various stakeholders 51 1.11.1. Case studies of church leaders at the time of the moratorium declaration 51 1.11.2 Case studies of financially sustainable projects 51 1.12. Questionnaire for congregants from parishes related to case studies 51 1.13.Overview of chapters 52 CHAPTER TWO: PRESENTATION OF THE CASE STUDIES AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE FINDINGS 54 2.1. Introduction 54 2.2. CASE STUDIES FROM CHURCH LEADERS WHO WERE PART OF THE CALL FOR MORATORIUM 56 2.2.1. Case 1: Discussion of the results of an interview with John Gatu, held at Kerarapon Road, Ngong (Nairobi-Kenya), on 21 September 2010. 56 vii 2.2.1.1. Sustainable project: PCEA Church, headquarters Nairobi 57 2.2.1.2. Conclusion 59 2.2.2. Case 2: Results of the interview with Kodwo Ankrah, held at Ankrah Foundation offices in Mukono, Uganda, on 3rd October 2010 60 2.2.2.1. Sustainable project: The Ankrah Foundation Hotel 61 2.2.2.2. Conclusion 63 2.2.3. Case 3: Results of interview with Erastus Kweka, held in Moshi, Tanzania, on 25th September, 2010 64 2.2.3.1. Sustainable project: Large-scale farming in Moshi, Tanzania 68 2.2.3.2. Conclusion 69 2.3. CASE STUDIES OF CHURCH LEADERS A GENERATION AFTER THE MORATORIUM CALL 69 I: ANGLICAN CASE STUDIES 69 2.3.1. Cases from Kenya 69 Case 4: Results of interview held with Bishop Joseph Kanuku on Tuesday, 3rd September 2013, at Wote in Makueni Diocese, Kenya. 69 2.3.1.1. Sustainable project: Makueni Christian Social Centre 71 2.3.1.2. Conclusion 72 2.3.2. Case from Uganda 73 Case 5: Results of interview held with Bishop Joel Obetia in Arua, Uganda, on 18th April, 2011. 73 2.3.2.1Sustainable project: The building of the Anglican Cathedral in Arua. 75 2.3.2.2Conclusion 77 2.3.3. Case from Tanzania 78 Case 6: Results of an interview conducted with Bishop Godfrey Sehaba on 14 January 2011 in Morogoro, Tanzania 78 2.3.3.1Sustainable project: Erection of 52 premises for business people on the perimeter wall of the cathedral 79 2.3.3.2Conclusion 81 II. OTHER WESTERN FOUNDED CHURCH CASE STUDIES 81 2.4.1. Case 7: Results of interview with Godfrey Kibua, held at Methodist Guest House on 2nd August, 2012. 81 2.4.1.1Sustainable project: Methodist Guest House and Conference Centre 83 2.4.1.2 Conclusion 84 2.5 Testing of hypothesis 85 2.6Assessment of Financial Sustainability of select Anglican Case studies. 92 2.6.1Morogoro Diocese in the Anglican Province of Tanzania. 93 2.6.2Madi-West Nile Diocese of the Church of Uganda. 93 2.6.3Makueni Diocese in the Anglican Province of Kenya. 93 2.7Discussion of themes emerging from the evaluation of data coding of case studies 94 2.8. Patterns and themes emerging from the evaluation of the randomly administered quantitative questionnaire 95 2.8. Reflections on the impact of the moratorium on case studies 97 2.9. Conclusion 100 viii CHAPTER THREE: BUSINESS AS BUSINESS: PROFIT MAXIMISATION 103 3.1 Introduction 103 3.2 Economic factors that affect BAM in East Africa 104 3.2.1 Western capitalism in crisis and the rise of state capitalism in the East 105 3.2.1.2 The quest for alternatives to free market capitalism and state capitalism 111 3.2.1.3 Measuring economic growth 113 3.2.1.4Africa arises: the emerging continent. 118 3.2.1.5 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 121 3.3 Political factors that impact on BAM in Africa 121 3.3.1 The need to overcome the colonial legacy 122 3.3.2The impact of globilisation on business in Africa 124 3.4 Social-cultural factors that impact BAM in East Africa 127 3.4.1Social capital 131 3.4.2Financial capital 134 3.4.3 Public capital 135 3.4.4 Corruption 136 3.5 Environmental factors that impact on BAM in Africa 138 3.6 Conclusion 140 CHAPTER FOUR: BUSINESS AS MISSION: BEYOND LIBERATION 142 4.1 Introduction 142 4.2.
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