Opposite page: Eric Owen Moss Above: Frank Gehry, Danziger Architects, Beehive, 2001, Culver Studio and Residence, 1965, City, CA. Photo: Tom Bonner. Hollywood, CA. Photo: Kathlene Persoff. City of Dust DAVID GISSEN ON ARCHITECTURE AND SUBNATURE IN LOS ANGELES Ecological crises are everywhere, and it is precisely this pervasiveness, Research Institute, focuses on architecture in postwar Los Angeles—a city this immersion, that a growing number of artists and architects today famously dogged by the severe pollution that resulted from its specific aim to address—delving into the complex interchange between our built historical and geographic circumstances. Artforum invited architectural environment and the natural world. A range of exhibitions on view this historian DAVID GISSEN to reflect on the relationship between LA’s archi- summer, such as MoMA PS1’s “EXPO 1: New York,” probe the potential tecture and its environment, revealing the latter’s profound, if often little of participatory art practices to address environmental concerns; while understood, influence on the city’s urban landscape, its gleaming towers and this year’s “Pacific Standard Time” initiative, organized by the Getty industrial wastelands. 314 ARTFORUM SUMMER 2013 315 Left: Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects, Above: Amy Balkin’s Public Smog Opposite: Frank Gehry, 777 Tower, 1990, Los Angeles. (detail), 2004–, mixed media, Danziger Studio and Residence, Photo: Carol M. Highsmith. dimensions variable. 1965, Hollywood, CA. Photo: Kathlene Persoff. The subnatural lurks below even the most immaculate facades of LA: It is everywhere to be found if one wants to look. LOS ANGELES IS DEFINED less by its skyline than by LA’s broader cultural production as well, prompting ties. In the early nineteenth century, London and its all places, is unthinkable without these untamed and ignored for long, and late modernity in Southern of LA architecture, the term Silver clearly denoted the its sky—the actual air that hovers above the city. practices that attempt to analyze and transform the surrounds were the center of a natural architecture, abject forces. The subnatural lurks below even the Californian architecture was ultimately defined less slick skins of this work but also the wealth of the Indeed, the smog-capped basin surrounding LA has city’s environment through a diverse array of artistic characterized by an aesthetic of the picturesque that most immaculate facades of the city: It is everywhere by the attempts to merge interior and exterior that clients who commissioned it, hinting that responding long provided a perversely iconic image of the metrop- and even bureaucratic strategies. relied on often sentimental invocations of a world of to be found if one wants to look. had characterized so many of the Case Study houses to atmospheric impurity through isolation and with- olis, along with the urban and environmental condi- But the interaction between these environmental innocuous and comfortingly familiar flora and fauna. And yet we have almost always understood LA’s and other postwar icons than by efforts to seal off drawal was a strategy available only to a few. tions beneath it: the ecology of the concrete-channeled conditions and the city’s architecture is less obvious, In contrast, we might see postwar LA as one of modern built environment as a “clean” architecture, interiors from their polluted surrounds, as in the In time, a group of emerging architects countered Los Angeles River; the interstices of the city’s con- perhaps because LA’s ecology diverges so drastically the epicenters of subnatural architecture.1 What I call suppressing any underlying murk. The buildings that work of the so-called Silvers. This moniker was the Silvers. Designers such as Frank Gehry, Thom gested highways, postindustrial factory precincts, from typical theorizations of architecture’s relation- a subnatural architecture attempts to negotiate a flourished in LA in the decades preceding and imme- coined in the 1970s to describe the work of architects Mayne, Michael Rotondi, and Eric Owen Moss and polluted harbors. All these denigrated elements ship to the natural world. Indeed, Western architec- milieu that is less than natural, one potentially diately following World War II—the Case Study such as Cesar Pelli and Anthony Lumsden, who devel- attempted to integrate subnature into the seemingly have featured prominently in countless chronicles of ture has historically been defined in relation to the threatening to human existence as we know it and House program of John Entenza, the modernism of oped buildings sheathed in reflective coated glass. sanitized forms and discourses of modernism. This the city over the past half century, many of which idea of nature as divine, beautiful, or pastoral. Late- therefore to the material formations and ideas that William Perreira and Victor Gruen, or the futurism of They responded to the type of setting theorized more subnatural project was an intellectual one, too: deftly mix environmental and spatial history. They seventeenth-century Rome, for example, could be constitute architecture as we typically conceive of it. John Lautner—were predicated on seemingly pollu- recently by Peter Sloterdijk as “atmo-terrorism”—a Various writers, historians, and critics—Reyner appear, too, in critiques of the city’s environmental described as an epicenter of supernatural architec- Subnatures are those forms and processes of nature— tion-free forms and discourse. To the extent that mod- phrase the philosopher uses to describe an external Banham, Peter Plagens, Mike Davis, John Chase, and politics—particularly in battles over the uneven distri- ture: Its Baroque aesthetics were characterized by or the human corruption of it—deemed filthy, fear- ernism considered nature at all, it was as the source world so compromised, harsh, and even hostile, so Kazys Varnelis—aimed to interrogate the more hos- bution of the city’s contaminated atmosphere and the spatial invocations of the otherworldly, ranging from some, or uncontrollable: smoke, dust, garbage, rust, of (presumably pure) light, space, and air. as to necessitate a violent separation between it and tile aspects of LA’s “nature” as a critical component future of its primary river. And they have influenced images of clouded heavens to figures of winged dei- exhaust, gas, smog, debris, overgrowth. And LA, of But the subnatural atmosphere of LA could not be a highly regulated interior environment. In the case of its environmental history. They described the city’s 316 ARTFORUM SUMMER 2013 317 Left: Venturi and Rauch, Guild the Danziger Studio as a type of realism, praising the Subnature is both biological House, 1963, Philadelphia. Shown after Venturi, Scott stucco as an appropriate choice for its environment matter and technological material, Brown and Associates’ 2009 and noting that in contrast to a modernist glass wall, nature and industry, organic dirt rehabilitation. “the stucco is heavily rough-cast to provide a surface and synthetic seepage. Below: Eric Owen Moss Architects, that can absorb the dirt of a heavily used thorough- Samitaur Tower, 2010, Culver 6 City, CA. Photo: Tom Bonner. fare without becoming streaky.” The critic saw this absorption as part of the “as found” aesthetic of Brutalism—an aesthetic approach that exposed the city as it was, versus how it might be idealized. Davis, on the other hand, positioned the work as a cruel ruse, a critical component in the gentrification of the city he called “Fortress L.A.” For Davis, the Danziger Studio was a solution [to] the problem of how to insert high prop- erty values and sumptuary spaces into decaying Frank Gehry, Danziger Studio and neighborhoods. [Gehry’s] Danziger Studio in Residence, 1965, Hollywood, CA. Photo: Kathlene Persoff. Hollywood is the pioneer instance of what has architecture and its surroundings as “industrial,” large, rectangular volumes—a work space, residence, pleted shortly before the Danziger Studio and “grunge,” “noir,” “trashy space,” “dead tech,” and walled garden with textured stucco surfaces— Residence, and, like it, is essentially a boxlike form “freakology,” or even “gangster,” capturing the city’s has been posed as a progenitor of Southern Californian facing a similarly busy urban street. It exemplified louche, postapocalyptic decadence and subversion.2 “sculpturism”—a style influenced by the forms of the landmark concept Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, And in all their aberrant experimentation, the designs contemporaneous sculpture. Its mute volumes, set and Steven Izenour would later describe as the “dec- of Gehry, Mayne, Moss, and others revealed the against a commercial street of storefronts, evokes orated shed,” a building in which all ornamentation ways in which subnature encompasses both the nat- both LA Minimalism and Pop—an engagement with and symbolic reference is compressed into the two- ural and the man-made: Subnature is both biological artistic practices that has continued to be a crucial dimensional facade, turning the edifice into a kind of matter and technological material, nature and indus- part of Gehry’s work. But the austere design is also billboard. Here this surface is dominated by brown try, organic dirt and synthetic seepage. an early experiment in responding to urban pollu- brick, which Venturi, Scott Brown, and Izenour LA has not been unique among American cities in tion. While there is an entire LA vernacular of stucco claimed was “darker than usual” in order “to match confronting pollution, of course. But it has an espe- boxes, extending back to the work of Rudolph the smog-smudged brick of the neighborhood.”5 cially curious and troubling environmental trajec- Schindler and Richard Neutra, here the stucco’s Through the use of dirt-tinted brick, the Guild House tory: LA’s smog problem was exacerbated by the placement, texture, and color were specifically devel- represents pollution as an aspect of what its designers geographical features of the basin within which it sits oped to anticipate the building’s imminent degrada- called the “ugly and ordinary” embedded within the and the city’s sprawling, car-centric patterns of devel- tion from the adjacent busy boulevard.