DOCSLIB.ORG

Anthurium Reproductive Morphology and Evolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Reproductive Characters in Anthurium (Araceae) Benjamin Durrington Sofia Wolfson Mentor: Dr. Mónica Carlsen ® REU Coordinator: Dr. David Bogler Overview I. Introduction II. Research Goals III.Methods IV. Results & Discussion V. Conclusion VI. Future Research I. Introduction Anthurium (Araceae) • 912 species (and counting) • Large Neotropical distribution • Present in a variety of ecosystems • Variable vegetative and reproductive morphology • Usually bee, beetle or fly-pollinated • Epiphytic, lithophytic, or terrestrial • Some members economically important https://earth.google.com/ I. Introduction Classification • Croat & Sheffer (1983) proposed 18 sections and 2 series • Carlsen & Croat (2013) generated molecular phylogeny with 17 highly supported clades • Series Multinervia, series Pachyneurium, and sections Calomystrium, Leptanthurium, Tetraspermium, Dactylophyllium, and Polyphyllium supported by Carlsen & Croat Carlsen & Croat (2013) I. Introduction Characters and Classification Grayum (1990) • For classification, reproductive morphology is generally more useful than vegetative morphology • Reproductive morphological changes reproductive isolation speciation Carlsen & Croat (2013) • “Reproductive characters…seem to be more reliable to characterize clades within Anthurium” II. Research Goals Research Goals 1. Use reproductive morphology to characterize clades proposed by Carlsen & Croat (2013) 2. Evaluate the importance of reproductive character shifts in the evolution of Anthurium A. huixtlense A. formosum A. flexile A. acaule A. willdenowii aroidpictures.fr III. Methods Materials and Methods: Data Collection A. armeniense Reproductive morphology: • 32 characters • 98 species A. oxyphyllum Pollen: • 15 characters • 60 species III. Methods Inflorescence Data Collection A. antioquiense Observation of specimen under A. andicola A. olfersianum dissecting scope Berries Spadix Epiphytic bryophyte III. Methods Reproductive characters (32) Inflorescence (18) Fruit (6) Flower (8) Quantitative (6) Qualitative (12) Quantitative (2) Qualitative (4) Quantitative (6) Qualitative (2) • Peduncle length • Inflorescence length/leaf length • Berry • Berry color • Flowers/ • Stamens • Spathe length • Peduncle thickness /petiole length • Shape of right spiral habit • Spathe width thickness • Berry width berry tip • Flowers/ • Presence • Stipe length • Peduncle length/petiole length • Berry seed left spiral of tepal • Spadix length • Spathe shape abundance • Flowers/ protuber- • Spadix diameter • Spathe 3D-shape • Spathe principle ances • Spathe disposition at anthesis persistence spiral • Spathe color when plant is • Flowers/se • Presence of punctations on in fruit condary spathe spiral • Presence of stipe • Flower • Spadix shape length • Spadix position • Flower • Spadix color width A. moodeanum A. muyunense A. buganum A. wagenurianum A. crenatum III. Methods Collecting Pollen Data Pollen from herbarium specimens Kimwipes™ packets Removal of anthers Eppendorf tubes Pollen from pickled collections Dehydration series Sputter-coater (Denton Vacuum Desk V) Scanning electron microscope (JCM 5000 Critical-point dryer (Emitech K850) Neoscope) III. Methods Pollen Characters (15) Quantitative (5) Qualitative (10) • Lumen size • Pollen unit • Pollen range of sizes • Pollen shape • Pollen size • Pollen symmetry • Pollen range (variability) • Pollen polarity • Aperture number • Pollen aperture type • Pollen aperture shape • Exine ornamentation • Muri type • Presence of crystals • Other characters A. digitatum A. besseae A. friedrichsthalii III. Methods Materials and Methods: Data Analysis • Mesquite software (Maddison & Maddison 2011) used to map character states onto molecular phylogeny (Carlsen & Croat 2013), for 47 different characters • Trace Character History function used under Maximum Parsimony • Synapomorphies identified for each clade IV. Results Results: Clade synapomorphies Anthurium_andicola Character: Anthurium_parvispathum Anthurium_berriozabalense Tepals_protuberances_( Anthurium_lancetillense presence) Anthurium_clarinervium Anthurium_leuconeurum Parsimony Anthurium_umbrosum reconstruction ( Anthurium_pedatoradiatum Anthurium_sagittatum Unordered) [Steps: 6] Anthurium_trilobum 0 Anthurium_balaoanum 1 Anthurium_dolichostachyum Anthurium_sp_1 Anthurium_cuspidatum Anthurium_urbanii Anthurium_longicaudatum Anthurium_mindense Anthurium_microspadix Anthurium_furcatum Anthurium_macleanii Anthurium_pedatum Anthurium_tremulum Anthurium_antioquiense Anthurium_formosum Anthurium_hoffmannii Anthurium_obtusilobum Anthurium_veitchii Anthurium_curvispadix Anthurium_huixtlense Anthurium_dressleri Anthurium_subsignatum Anthurium_crystallinum Anthurium_sp_2 Anthurium_brownii Anthurium_besseae Anthurium_willifordii Anthurium_oxyphyllum Anthurium_napaeum Anthurium_carchiense Anthurium_palenquense Anthurium_lancea Anthurium_cf_michelii Anthurium_maculosum Anthurium_michelii Anthurium_fornicifolium Anthurium_spectabile Anthurium_bradeanum Anthurium_halmoorei Clade 9: pointed berries Anthurium_schottianum Anthurium_spathiphyllum Anthurium_protensum Anthurium_crenatum Anthurium_venosum Anthurium_gracile Anthurium_vittariifolium Anthurium_sp_4 Anthurium_bakeri Anthurium_lancifolium Anthurium_sp_3 Anthurium_margaricarpum Anthurium_ovatifolium Anthurium_punctatum Anthurium_wendlingeri Anthurium_morae Anthurium_bicollectivum Anthurium_peltigerum Anthurium_friedrichsthalii Anthurium_citrifolium Anthurium_laciniosum Anthurium_cf_obtusum Anthurium_obtusum Anthurium_scandens Anthurium_chiapasense Anthurium_lucens Anthurium_verapazense Anthurium_brevipedunculatum Anthurium_clavigerum Anthurium_sinuatum Anthurium_digitatum Anthurium_longissimum Anthurium_thrinax Anthurium_eminens Anthurium_croatii Anthurium_polydactylum Anthurium_kunthii Anthurium_acaule Anthurium_cordifolium Anthurium_willdenowii Anthurium_cordatum Anthurium_grandifolium Anthurium_dominicense Anthurium_bellum Anthurium_longipes Anthurium_radicans Anthurium_bromelicola Anthurium_harrisii Anthurium_lucidum Anthurium_olfersianum Anthurium_coriaceum Anthurium_parvum Anthurium_flexile Clade 10: purple berries Anthurium_clidemioides Modified from GYCHACHS MrB Anthurium_only Tepal protuberances: present or absent IV. Results Results: Best characters • Fifty-eight synapomorphic character states identified • Twenty-nine (62%) useful characters • 100% fruit characters, 67% general inflorescence characters, 63% flower characters, and 40% pollen characters yielded synapomorphies • Berry color, spadix color, peduncle/petiole length ratio, and berry width were most important IV. Results Each clade was supported by 1-9 synapomorphies Clades A, 3, 4 and 7 were best supported IV. Results Clade A Clade 3 A. digitatum A. flexile 25 µm http://sura.ots.ac.cr/ Synapomorphy: orange, pointed berries Synapomorphy: large pollen grains Clade 7 Clade 13 A. huixtlense A. bakeri Synapomorphy: spinulose muri Synapomorphy: white/lavender spadix Conclusion Since all 17 clades could be identified with reproductive character shifts, we conclude that reproductive changes have played a major role in the diversification of Anthurium, as proposed by Grayum (1990). Future Studies • Increase sample size, given that current datasets include only ca. 7-11% of Anthurium species (some characters may be more or less important when sampling size is increased) • Include more characters • Redefine some character states (e.g. colors) • Pollination and fruit dispersal could be compared to morphological data Acknowledgements • Angie Macias • Dr. Tom Croat • Washington University – Microscopy & Digital Imaging Core • REU Students • Missouri Botanical Garden and Staff • National Science Foundation – REU Program .
Recommended publications
  • Hamamelis.Pdf

    Hamamelis.Pdf

    Amer. J. Bot. 77(1): 77-91. 1990. COMPARATIVE ONTOGENY OF THE INFLORESCENCE AND FLOWER OF HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA AND LOROPETALUM CHINENSE (HAMAMELIDACEAE)' Department of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 A B S T R A C T A comparative developmental study of the inflorescence and flower of Hamamelis L. (4- merous) and Loropetalum (R. Br.) Oliv. (4-5 merous) was conducted to determine how de- velopment differs in these genera and between these genera and others of the family. Emphasis was placed on determining the types of floral appendages from which the similarly positioned nectaries of Hamamel~sand sterile phyllomes of Loropetalum have evolved. In Hamamelis virginiana L. and H. mollis Oliv. initiation of whorls of floral appendages occurred centripetally. Nectary primordia arose adaxial to the petals soon after the initiation of stamen primordia and before initiation of carpel primordia. In Loropetalum chinense (R. Br.) Oliv. floral appendages did not arise centripetally. Petals and stamens first arose on the adaxial portion, and then on the abaxial portion of the floral apex. The sterile floral appendages (sterile phyllomes of uncertain homology) were initiated adaxial to the petals after all other whorls of floral appendages had become well developed. In all three species, two crescent shaped carpel primordia arose opposite each other and became closely appressed at their margins. Postgenital fusion followed and a falsely bilocular, bicarpellate ovary was formed. Ovule position and development are described. The nectaries ofHamamelisand sterile phyllomes of Loropetalum rarely develop as staminodia, suggesting a staminodial origin. However, these whorls arise at markedly different times and are therefore probably not derived from the same whorl of organs in a common progenitor.
  • Plant Terminology

    Plant Terminology

    PLANT TERMINOLOGY Plant terminology for the identification of plants is a necessary evil in order to be more exact, to cut down on lengthy descriptions, and of course to use the more professional texts. I have tried to keep the terminology in the database fairly simple but there is no choice in using many descriptive terms. The following slides deal with the most commonly used terms (more specialized terms are given in family descriptions where needed). Professional texts vary from fairly friendly to down-right difficult in their use of terminology. Do not be dismayed if a plant or plant part does not seem to fit any given term, or that some terms seem to be vague or have more than one definition – that’s life. In addition this subject has deep historical roots and plant terminology has evolved with the science although some authors have not. There are many texts that define and illustrate plant terminology – I use Plant Identification Terminology, An illustrated Glossary by Harris and Harris (see CREDITS) and others. Most plant books have at least some terms defined. To really begin to appreciate the diversity of plants, a good text on plant systematics or Classification is a necessity. PLANT TERMS - Typical Plant - Introduction [V. Max Brown] Plant Shoot System of Plant – stem, leaves and flowers. This is the photosynthetic part of the plant using CO2 (from the air) and light to produce food which is used by the plant and stored in the Root System. The shoot system is also the reproductive part of the plant forming flowers (highly modified leaves); however some plants also have forms of asexual reproduction The stem is composed of Nodes (points of origin for leaves and branches) and Internodes Root System of Plant – supports the plant, stores food and uptakes water and minerals used in the shoot System PLANT TERMS - Typical Perfect Flower [V.
  • Auxin Regulation Involved in Gynoecium Morphogenesis of Papaya Flowers

    Auxin Regulation Involved in Gynoecium Morphogenesis of Papaya Flowers

    Zhou et al. Horticulture Research (2019) 6:119 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-019-0205-8 www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access Auxin regulation involved in gynoecium morphogenesis of papaya flowers Ping Zhou 1,2,MahparaFatima3,XinyiMa1,JuanLiu1 and Ray Ming 1,4 Abstract The morphogenesis of gynoecium is crucial for propagation and productivity of fruit crops. For trioecious papaya (Carica papaya), highly differentiated morphology of gynoecium in flowers of different sex types is controlled by gene networks and influenced by environmental factors, but the regulatory mechanism in gynoecium morphogenesis is unclear. Gynodioecious and dioecious papaya varieties were used for analysis of differentially expressed genes followed by experiments using auxin and an auxin transporter inhibitor. We first compared differential gene expression in functional and rudimentary gynoecium at early stage of their development and detected significant difference in phytohormone modulating and transduction processes, particularly auxin. Enhanced auxin signal transduction in rudimentary gynoecium was observed. To determine the role auxin plays in the papaya gynoecium, auxin transport inhibitor (N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA) and synthetic auxin analogs with different concentrations gradient were sprayed to the trunk apex of male and female plants of dioecious papaya. Weakening of auxin transport by 10 mg/L NPA treatment resulted in female fertility restoration in male flowers, while female flowers did not show changes. NPA treatment with higher concentration (30 and 50 mg/L) caused deformed flowers in both male and female plants. We hypothesize that the occurrence of rudimentary gynoecium patterning might associate with auxin homeostasis alteration. Proper auxin concentration and auxin homeostasis might be crucial for functional gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya flowers.
  • A Study of Morphophysiological Descriptors of Cultivated Anthurium

    A Study of Morphophysiological Descriptors of Cultivated Anthurium

    HORTSCIENCE 47(9):1234–1240. 2012. 1970s, many more accessions were intro- duced from The Netherlands (Dilbar, 1992). There are no standardized morphophysio- A Study of Morphophysiological logical descriptors for anthurium available in the literature to characterize accessions of Descriptors of Cultivated Anthurium A. andraeanum Hort. or differentiate between them. Furthermore, the introduced acces- andraeanum Hort. sions have not been systematically evaluated for horticultural performance and adaptabil- Winston Elibox and Pathmanathan Umaharan1 ity under local conditions. This information Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, The University is critical for selecting parents for subse- of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, College Road, St. Augustine, Republic quent studies and for embarking on a breed- ing program. of Trinidad and Tobago The objective of the study was to deter- Additional index words. coefficient of variation, correlation, descriptors, frequency distribu- mine useful morphophysiological descriptors tion, index of differentiation, showiness, principal component analysis for horticultural characterization of cultivated anthurium accessions as well as to identify a Abstract. Sixteen morphophysiological parameters of horticultural importance were promising ideotype for breeding purposes. investigated in 82 anthurium accessions grown in the Caribbean. The spathe colors included red, pink, white, green, orange, purple, coral, and brown and obake types with Materials and Methods red, pink, and white spathe colors accounting for 63.4% of the accessions. There was wider variation in spadix color combinations than spathe color. There was wide variation Location. The experiment was conducted for the cut flower and leaf parameters evaluated with productivity and peduncle length in a commercial farm, Kairi Blooms Ltd., having the smallest and largest range, respectively.
  • Understanding the Origin and Rapid Diversification of the Genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), Integrating Molecular Phylogenetics, Morphology and Fossils

    Understanding the Origin and Rapid Diversification of the Genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), Integrating Molecular Phylogenetics, Morphology and Fossils

    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 8-3-2011 Understanding the origin and rapid diversification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), integrating molecular phylogenetics, morphology and fossils Monica Maria Carlsen University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Carlsen, Monica Maria, "Understanding the origin and rapid diversification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), integrating molecular phylogenetics, morphology and fossils" (2011). Dissertations. 414. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/414 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mónica M. Carlsen M.S., Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2003 B.S., Biology, Universidad Central de Venezuela – Caracas, 1998 A Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School at the University of Missouri – St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Biology with emphasis in Ecology, Evolution and Systematics June 2011 Advisory Committee Peter Stevens, Ph.D. (Advisor) Thomas B. Croat, Ph.D. (Co-advisor) Elizabeth Kellogg, Ph.D. Peter M. Richardson, Ph.D. Simon J. Mayo, Ph.D Copyright, Mónica M. Carlsen, 2011 Understanding the origin and rapid diversification of the genus Anthurium Schott (Araceae), integrating molecular phylogenetics, morphology and fossils Mónica M. Carlsen M.S., Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, 2003 B.S., Biology, Universidad Central de Venezuela – Caracas, 1998 Advisory Committee Peter Stevens, Ph.D.
  • Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum Italicum (Araceae)

    Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum Italicum (Araceae)

    M. GIBERNAU,]. ALBRE, 2008 101 Size Variations of Flowering Characters in Arum italicum (Araceae) Marc Gibernau· and Jerome Albre Universite Paul Sabatier Laboratoire d'Evolution & Diversite Biologique (UMR 5174) Bat.4R3-B2 31062 Toulouse cedex 9 France *e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION In Arum, bigger individuals should An extreme form of flowering character proportionally invest more in the female variations according to the size is gender function (number or weight of female modification, which occurs in several flowers) than the male. The aim of this species of Arisaema (Clay, 1993). Individ­ paper is to quantify variations in repro­ ual plant gender changes from pure male, ductive characters (size of the spadix when small, to monoecious (A. dracon­ parts, number of inflorescences) in rela­ tium) or pure female (A. ringens) when tion to plant and inflorescence sizes. The large (Gusman & Gusman, 2003). This appendix represents 44% of the spadix gender change is reversible, damaged length. The female zone length represents female individuals will flower as male the 16.5% of the spadix length and is much following year (Lovett Doust & Cavers, longer than the male zone (6%). Moreover 1982). These changes are related to change these three spadix zones increase with in plant size and are explained by the plant vigour indicating an increasing size-advantage model. The size-advantage investment into reproduction and pollina­ model postulates a sex change when an tor attraction. It appears that the length of increase in body size is related to differen­ appendix increased proportionally more tial abilities to produce or sire offspring than the lengths of the fertile zones.
  • Peduncle Detection of Sweet Pepper for Autonomous Crop

    Peduncle Detection of Sweet Pepper for Autonomous Crop

    1 Peduncle Detection of Sweet Pepper for Autonomous Crop Harvesting - Combined Colour and 3D Information Inkyu Sa1∗, Chris Lehnert2, Andrew English2, Chris McCool2, Feras Dayoub2, Ben Upcroft2, Tristan Perez2 Abstract—This paper presents a 3D visual detection method for the challenging task of detecting peduncles of sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) in the field. Cutting the peduncle cleanly is one of the most difficult stages of the harvesting process, where the peduncle is the part of the crop that attaches it to the main stem of the plant. Accurate peduncle detection in 3D space is therefore a vital step in reliable autonomous harvesting of sweet peppers, as this can lead to precise cutting while avoiding damage to the surrounding plant. This paper makes use of both colour and geometry information acquired from an RGB-D sensor and utilises a supervised-learning approach for the peduncle detection task. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated and evaluated using qualitative and quantitative results (the Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) of the detection precision-recall curve). We are able to achieve an AUC of 0.71 for peduncle detection on field-grown sweet peppers. We release a set of manually annotated 3D sweet pepper and peduncle images to Fig. 1. Sweet pepper picking in operation showing a robotics arm equipped assist the research community in performing further research on with an end-effector tool to harvest the pepper by cutting its peduncle. The this topic. photo highlights the presence of occlusions and varying lighting conditions of peduncles and sweet peppers grown in a field environment.
  • The Evolution of Pollinator–Plant Interaction Types in the Araceae

    The Evolution of Pollinator–Plant Interaction Types in the Araceae

    BRIEF COMMUNICATION doi:10.1111/evo.12318 THE EVOLUTION OF POLLINATOR–PLANT INTERACTION TYPES IN THE ARACEAE Marion Chartier,1,2 Marc Gibernau,3 and Susanne S. Renner4 1Department of Structural and Functional Botany, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria 2E-mail: [email protected] 3Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Ecologie des Foretsˆ de Guyane, 97379 Kourou, France 4Department of Biology, University of Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany Received August 6, 2013 Accepted November 17, 2013 Most plant–pollinator interactions are mutualistic, involving rewards provided by flowers or inflorescences to pollinators. An- tagonistic plant–pollinator interactions, in which flowers offer no rewards, are rare and concentrated in a few families including Araceae. In the latter, they involve trapping of pollinators, which are released loaded with pollen but unrewarded. To understand the evolution of such systems, we compiled data on the pollinators and types of interactions, and coded 21 characters, including interaction type, pollinator order, and 19 floral traits. A phylogenetic framework comes from a matrix of plastid and new nuclear DNA sequences for 135 species from 119 genera (5342 nucleotides). The ancestral pollination interaction in Araceae was recon- structed as probably rewarding albeit with low confidence because information is available for only 56 of the 120–130 genera. Bayesian stochastic trait mapping showed that spadix zonation, presence of an appendix, and flower sexuality were correlated with pollination interaction type. In the Araceae, having unisexual flowers appears to have provided the morphological precon- dition for the evolution of traps. Compared with the frequency of shifts between deceptive and rewarding pollination systems in orchids, our results indicate less lability in the Araceae, probably because of morphologically and sexually more specialized inflorescences.
  • Introduction to Plant Science Flower and Inflorescence Structure Introduction

    Introduction to Plant Science Flower and Inflorescence Structure Introduction

    INTRODUCTION TO PLANT SCIENCE FLOWER AND INFLORESCENCE STRUCTURE INTRODUCTION Seed or fruit production is a major contributor of food for our welfare. There are numerous reasons for this but some of the major factors are the high nutritional value of the seed and fruit we produce as well as the storability of the seed itself. These are products of the process of sexual reproduction. As such, we put an emphasis on the understanding of this process. Plant reproduction is the production of offspring in plants, which can be accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces offspring by the fusion of gametes, resulting in offspring genetically different from the parent or parents. Asexual reproduction produces new individuals without the fusion of gametes, creating genetically identical (clones) to the parent plants except when mutations occur.. This laboratory exercise will cover (a) the diversity of flower types in respect to structure and classification, (b) the differing anatomy associated with the male and female floral structures of both dicot and monocot plants, and (c) the different structural differences with the various types of inflorescences found with economically important species. LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Understand the process of sexual reproduction of economically important plants and the characteristics related to the process. 2. Be able to correctly use the terminology and identify the structure of the flowers produced by common agronomic and horticultural species. 3. Learn the characteristics and the associated terminology of inflorescences that support the floral structures during the process of sexual reproduction. MATERIALS & METHODS – SEED DIVERSITY 1. Flowering plants of various plant species of both monocots and dicots.
  • Titan Arum Amorphophallus Titanum

    Titan Arum Amorphophallus Titanum

    Titan Arum Amorphophallus titanum Amorphophallus titanum (Titan arum, corpse plant) is native to the rainforests of Sumatra, Indonesia, where i ts habitat is threatened by deforestation. It has the largest unbranched flowering structure (inflorescence) of any plant. In cultivation, it generally takes 7-10 years for the first bloom. What looks like a giant flower, green on the outside and deep red- purple on the inside, is actually a modified leaf, called a spathe. The column-like structure in the middle of the plant is the spadix. Groups of small male and female flowers are located at the base Cornell’s Titan Arum Story of the spadix, hidden by the spathe surrounding it. It takes about In 2012 one of Cornell’s two mature Titan arums – named ‘Wee six weeks from the time the inflorescence first emerges until full Stinky’ by popular vote – famously bloomed for the first time. flowering. Titan arum flowerings were relatively rare at that time of that first What’s that smell? flowering, which attracted more than 10,000 visitors who stood in line for an hour or more to catch a glimpse – and get a whiff. But When the flowers are ready for pollination, the spadix emits a since then, the species has become popular in conservatories powerful odor which smells like rotting flesh. Simultaneously the around the world. Titan arum generates heat, which helps to diffuse the od or, moving it upward and advertising the bloom to pollinators far and During that first flowering, Wee Stinky was pollinated by hand wide, such as carrion flies and beetles.
  • Vegetative Vs. Reproductive Morphology

    Vegetative Vs. Reproductive Morphology

    Today’s lecture: plant morphology Vegetative vs. reproductive morphology Vegetative morphology Growth, development, photosynthesis, support Not involved in sexual reproduction Reproductive morphology Sexual reproduction Vegetative morphology: seeds Seed = a dormant young plant in which development is arrested. Cotyledon (seed leaf) = leaf developed at the first node of the embryonic stem; present in the seed prior to germination. Vegetative morphology: roots Water and mineral uptake radicle primary roots stem secondary roots taproot fibrous roots adventitious roots Vegetative morphology: roots Modified roots Symbiosis/parasitism Food storage stem secondary roots Increase nutrient Allow dormancy adventitious roots availability Facilitate vegetative spread Vegetative morphology: stems plumule primary shoot Support, vertical elongation apical bud node internode leaf lateral (axillary) bud lateral shoot stipule Vegetative morphology: stems Vascular tissue = specialized cells transporting water and nutrients Secondary growth = vascular cell division, resulting in increased girth Vegetative morphology: stems Secondary growth = vascular cell division, resulting in increased girth Vegetative morphology: stems Modified stems Asexual (vegetative) reproduction Stolon: above ground Rhizome: below ground Stems elongating laterally, producing adventitious roots and lateral shoots Vegetative morphology: stems Modified stems Food storage Bulb: leaves are storage organs Corm: stem is storage organ Stems not elongating, packed with carbohydrates Vegetative
  • Harvard Papers in Botany Volume 22, Number 1 June 2017

    Harvard Papers in Botany Volume 22, Number 1 June 2017

    Harvard Papers in Botany Volume 22, Number 1 June 2017 A Publication of the Harvard University Herbaria Including The Journal of the Arnold Arboretum Arnold Arboretum Botanical Museum Farlow Herbarium Gray Herbarium Oakes Ames Orchid Herbarium ISSN: 1938-2944 Harvard Papers in Botany Initiated in 1989 Harvard Papers in Botany is a refereed journal that welcomes longer monographic and floristic accounts of plants and fungi, as well as papers concerning economic botany, systematic botany, molecular phylogenetics, the history of botany, and relevant and significant bibliographies, as well as book reviews. Harvard Papers in Botany is open to all who wish to contribute. Instructions for Authors http://huh.harvard.edu/pages/manuscript-preparation Manuscript Submission Manuscripts, including tables and figures, should be submitted via email to [email protected]. The text should be in a major word-processing program in either Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh, or a compatible format. Authors should include a submission checklist available at http://huh.harvard.edu/files/herbaria/files/submission-checklist.pdf Availability of Current and Back Issues Harvard Papers in Botany publishes two numbers per year, in June and December. The two numbers of volume 18, 2013 comprised the last issue distributed in printed form. Starting with volume 19, 2014, Harvard Papers in Botany became an electronic serial. It is available by subscription from volume 10, 2005 to the present via BioOne (http://www.bioone. org/). The content of the current issue is freely available at the Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries website (http://huh. harvard.edu/pdf-downloads). The content of back issues is also available from JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/) volume 1, 1989 through volume 12, 2007 with a five-year moving wall.