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Quercus Muehlenbergii Engelm. Chinkapin Oak Fagaceae Beech Family

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Quercus Muehlenbergii Engelm. Chinkapin Oak Fagaceae Beech Family Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. Chinkapin Oak Fagaceae Beech family Ivan L. Sander Chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), some- generally found on well-drained upland soils derived times called yellow chestnut oak, rock oak, or yellow from limestone or where limestone outcrops occur. oak, grows in alkaline soils on limestone outcrops Occasionally it is found on well-drained limestone and well-drained slopes of the uplands, usually with soils along streams. It appears that soil pH is strong- other hardwoods. It seldom grows in size or abun- ly related to the prescence of chinkapin oak, which dance to be commercially important, but the heavy is generally found on soils that are weakly acid (pH wood makes excellent fuel. The acorns are sweet and about 6.5) to alkaline (above pH 7.0). It grows on are eaten by several kinds of animals and birds. both northerly and southerly aspects but is more common on the warmer southerly aspects. It is ab- Habitat sent or rare at high elevations in the Appalachians (3,4). Native Range Chinkapin oak (fig. 1) is found in western Vermont Associated Forest Cover and New York, west to southern Ontario, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, extreme southeastern Minnesota, and Iowa; south to southeastern Nebras- Chinkapin oak is rarely a predominant tree, but it ka, eastern Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central grows in association with many other species. It is a Texas; east to northwest Florida; and north mostly component of the forest cover type White Oak-Black in the mountains to Pennsylvania and southwestern Oak-Northern Red Oak (Society of American Massachusetts. There are local populations in the Foresters Type 52) and the Post Oak-Blackjack Oak mountains of southeastern New Mexico, Trans-Pecos (Type 40) (2). Texas, and northeastern Mexico (5). It grows in association with white oak (Quercus albu), black oak (Q. velutinu), northern red oak (Q. Climate rubru), scarlet oak (Q. coccineu), sugar maple (Acer red maple hickories The climate in which chinkapin oak grows is succhurum), (A. rubrum), (Curyu humid except for the southwestern fringe of its spp.), black cherry (Prunui serotinu), cucumber-tree natural range, which is moist subhumid to dry sub- (Magnolia ucuminutu), white ash (Fruxinus humid. The average length of frost-free periods ran- americana), American basswood (Elia umericunu), ges from 120 days in Vermont to 240 days in Texas. black walnut (Jug&s nigru), butternut (J. cinereu), Precipitation in the growing season (April 1 to Sep- and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipiferu). tember 30) ranges from an average of about 250 mm American beech (Fugus grundifoliu), shortleaf pine (10 in) in southwest Texas to about 2030 mm (80 in> (Pinus echinutu), pitch pine (I? rigidu), Virginia pine in the southern Appalachians. In southern Indiana (I! uirginiunu), Ozark chinkapin (Custuneu ozurken- and southern Ohio where chinkapin oak grows best, sis), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiunu), growing season precipitation is from 510 to 640 mm bluejack oak (Quercus incunu), southern red oak (Q. (20 to 25 in> (4). fulcutu), blackgum (Nyssu syluuticu), and winged elm (Ulmus ulutu) also grow in association with Soils and Topography chinkapin oak. In the Missouri Ozarks a redcedar- chinkapin oak association has been described. Chinkapin oak is usually found on warm, moist The most common small tree and shrub species Udalf Alfisols, Dystrochrept Inceptisols, Udoll Mol- found in association with chinkapin oak include lisols, and Udult Ultisols over much of its range. In the extreme southwestern part of the range flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sassafras @us- chinkapin oak also grows on warm, dry Ustoll Mol- sufrus ulbidum), sourwood (Oxydendron urboreum), lisols and Astalf Alfisols (9). Chinkapin oak is eastern hophornbeam (Ostryu uirginiunu), Vaccinium spp., Viburnum spp., hawthorns (Crutuegus spp.), and sumacs (Rhus spp.). The most common woody The author is Research Forester (retired), North Central Forest vines are wild grape (Vitis spp.) and greenbrier Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN. (Smilux spp.). 697 &uercus muehlenbergii Figure l-The native range of chinkapin oak. Life History flowers develop from the axils of the current year’s leaves. The fruit, an acorn or nut, is borne singly or Reproduction and Early Growth in pairs, matures in 1 year, and ripens in September or October. About half of the acorn is enclosed in a Flowering and Fruiting-Chinkapin oak is thin cup and is chestnut brown to nearly black (8). monoecious in flowering habit; flowers emerge in April to late May or early June. The staminate Seed Production and Dissemination-Because flowers are borne in catkins that .develop from the chinkapin oak is not common, its seed production leaf axils of the previous year, and the pistillate characteristics have not been studied. Observations 698 Quercus muehlenbergii in the Central States indicate, however, that good tolerant of shade with age. It is regarded as a climax seed crops occur at infrequent intervals. Chinkapin species on dry, droughty soils, especially those of oak acorns are disseminated in the same manner as limestone origin. On more moist sites it is subclimax those of other oaks-by gravity and rodents (4). to climax. It is often found as a component of the climax vegetation in stands on mesic sites with lime- Seedling Development-Studies of oak stone soils. However, many oak-hickory stands on regeneration in the Central States indicate moist sites that contain chinkapin oak are succeeded chinkapin oak seedlings are established and grow by the climax beech, maple, and ash (1,4). much as do other upland oaks (4,7). Germination is hypogeal (8). Chinkapin oak acorns germinate in the Damaging Agents-Severe wildfire kills saplings fall soon after falling, and growth of the radicle con- and small pole-size trees but these resprout. Fire tinues until stopped by cold temperatures. Growth is scars serve as entry points for decay-causing fungi, resumed when the soil warms enough in the spring, however, and the resulting decay can cause serious at which time the epicotyl emerges. A light to losses. moderate litter cover does not hinder germination Oak wilt (Cerutocystis fugacearum), a vascular dis- and seedling establishment. Chinkapin oak seedlings ease, attacks chinkapin oak and usually kills the tree tolerate moderate overstory or understory cover but within 2 to 4 years. Other diseases that attack growth is slow. When an old stand is harvested, the chinkapin oak include the cankers Strumellu species must be present as large advance reproduc- coryneoideu and Nectriu gulligenu, shoestring root tion if it is to be a component of the new stand. rot (Armillureu melleu), anthracnose (Gnomoniu venetu), and leaf blister (Tuphrinu spp.) (4). Vegetative Reproduction-Chinkapin oak The most serious defoliating insects that attack sprouts readily and like other oaks the tops of ad- chinkapin oak are the gypsy moth (Lymuntriu dis- vance reproduction generally are younger than the par), the orangestriped oakworm (Anisotu senutoriu), roots. Stumps of cut trees also sprout but no relation and the variable oakleaf caterpillar (Heterocumpu between sprouting frequency and stump size or age munteo). Insects that bore into the bole and seriously has been determined (7). degrade the products cut from infested trees include Rooting of stem cuttings and budding techniques the carpenterworm (Prionoyxstus robin&), little car- have not been successful in propagating chinkapin penterworm (I? mucmurtrei), white oak borer (Goes oak, but some success has been attained with graft- tigrinus), Columbian timber beetle (Corthylus colum- ing (4). bianus), oak timberworm (Arrhenodes minutus), and twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus bilineatus). The Sapling and Pole Stages to Maturity acorn weevils (Curculio spp.), larvae of moths (Wen- tiniu glundulellu and Melissopus latiferreunus), and Growth and Yield-Chinkapin oak attains a gallforming cynipids (Cullirhytis spp.) attack and height of from 18 to 24 m (60 to 80 ft) and a d.b.h. destroy the acorns (4). of from 61 to 91 cm (24 to 36 in) at maturity. In forest stands it develops a straight columnar bole with a dense rounded crown and fairly small branches; in Special Uses the open it develops a short bole with a broad spread- ing crown. Chinkapin oak acorns are sweet and palatable and Because chinkapin oak is usually found as scat- are eaten by squirrels, mice, voles, chipmunks, deer, tered individuals, its growth characteristics have not turkey, and other birds. Acorns may be taken from been extensively studied. Observations from studies the tree or from the ground. Because trees are scat- in the Central States, particularly southern Indiana, tered, chinkapin oak acorns are an important source indicate its growth is similar to that of white oak on of food only to the extent they contribute to the total similar sites (4). It should respond well to release mast available (4). and there is no reason to discriminate against it in thinnings . Genetics Rooting Habit-No information available. Chinkapin oak intergrades with dwarf chinkapin Reaction to Competition-Chinkapin oak is oak (Quercus prinoides) and both have been recog- classed as intolerant of shade. It withstands nized as varieties of the same species by some moderate shading when young but becomes more in- authors. Dwarf chinkapin oak, however, is commonly 699 - Quercus muehlenbergii a low-growing, clump-forming shrub, rarely treelike, 4. Limstrom, G. A. 1965. Chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii and is a separate distinct species. Engelm.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 577-580. H. A. Fowells, camp. U.S. Department of Two recognized, named hybrids of chinkapin oak Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC. are Q. x introgressa l? M. Thomson (Q. muehlenber- 5. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1971. Atlas of the United States trees, gii x Q. bicolor x prinoides), and Q. x deamii Trel. ~01.1. Conifers and important hardwoods. U.S. Department of (Q. muehlenbergii x macrocarpa).
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