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Native Seeds for the Ecological Restoration in Mountain Zone Production and Use of Preservation Mixtures

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Native Seeds for the Ecological Restoration in Mountain Zone Production and Use of Preservation Mixtures Native seeds for the ecological restoration in mountain zone Production and use of preservation mixtures Edited by: Mauro Bassignana, Thomas Spiegelberger, Francesca Madormo Authors: Angèle Barrel, Mauro Bassignana, Annalisa Curtaz, Stéphanie Huc, Eva-Maria Koch, Thomas Spiegelberger Native seeds for the ecological restoration in mountain zone Production and use of preservation mixtures Edited by: Mauro Bassignana, Thomas Spiegelberger, Francesca Madormo Authors: Angèle Barrel, Mauro Bassignana, Annalisa Curtaz, Stéphanie Huc, Eva-Maria Koch, Thomas Spiegelberger Native seeds for the ecological restoration in mountain zone Production and use of preservation mixtures Edited by Favier, Stéphanie Gaucherand, Alexis Grellet, Mauro Bassignana, Thomas Spiegelberger, Sophie Labonne, Grégory Loucougaray, Anne- Francesca Madormo Lena Wahl, Irstea, Grenoble (F); Jean-Michel Genis, Thomas Legland, Conservatoire botanique Authors national alpin (CBNA), Gap-Charance (F); Michele Angèle Barrel, Mauro Bassignana, Annalisa Curtaz, Scotton, DAFNAE, Università di Padova (I); Stéphanie Huc, Eva-Maria Koch, Bernhard Krautzer, Höhere Bundeslehr- und Thomas Spiegelberger Forschungsanstalt Raumberg-Gumpenstein, (A); Andrea Carbonari, Luigi Gottardo, Provincia The project autonoma di Trento (I); Luigi Bianchetti, Rita The Alp’Grain project (2013-2015) was co-funded by Bonfanti, Ornella Cerise, Paolo Cretier, Cristina the European Union through the ERDF, in the frame Galliani, Luigi Pepellin, Santa Tutino, Assessorato of the ALCOTRA 2007-2013 program (project n. 219), agricoltura e risorse naturali della Regione by the Italian Republic and the Autonomous Region autonoma Valle d’Aosta (I); Massimo Bocca, of Aosta Valley. The project partners are: Institut Parco Naturale Mont Avic (I); Laura Poggio, Parco Agricole Régional, Aosta (I) (lead partner) and Irstea, Nazionale Gran Paradiso (I); Erik Verraz, Coldiretti Grenoble (F). Valle d’Aosta (I); l’Ordine dei Dottori Agronomi e dei dottori Forestali della Valle d’Aosta (I); i Consorzi Published by Institut Agricole Régional di miglioramento fondiario Chavacourt, Fénis, Rég. La Rochère 1/A, I - 11100 Aosta. Jovençan (I); la società Funivie Monte Bianco (I); Stefano Borre, Eugenio Bovard, Grato Chatrian, Year 2015 Riccardo Desaymonet, Luca Pezzuolo, Dimensione Ingenierie (I); Diego Bovard, Renato Agazzini, Printed by Tipografia Testolin Bruno - Sarre (Ao) Associazione “Lo Gran”, project ALCOTRA Produits d’hauteur (I); Brice Dupin, Sandra Malaval, ISBN 978-88-99349-00-4 Conservatoire botanique national des Pyrénées et de Midi-Pyrénées (CBNPMP), Bagnères-de-Bigorre Translators (F); Société d’Aménagement de la Plagne SAP, La Arianna Viglino, Mauro Bassignana Plagne (F); Parc National de la Vanoise, Chambéry (F); Gilles Briançon, Groupement pastoral de Acknowledgements Macot-La Plagne (F); Valérie Lefèvre, refuge de The authors would like to thank the farmers, the l’Arpont, Termignon (F). business operators and all the people who gave their significant contribution to the project: Photo credits Diego Arlian, Giancarlo Bagnod, Gianmarco Unless otherwise indicated, all photographs included Chenal, Enzo Turille, IAR, Aosta (I); Claude in this handbook were taken by the authors. Bernard-Brunet, Nathan Daumergue, Gilles Contents 1 Introduction 5 6.1 Regulatory framework 56 6.2 Revegetation techniques 56 2 The legal framework 7 6.3 Choice of sites 58 2.1 The legislation governing the production and 6.4 Revegetation of permanent meadows 59 placing on the market of plant species 8 6.5 Revegetation of pastures and skiing slopes 64 2.2 The regulation regarding biodiversity and 6.6 Revegetation of Natural Areas conservation of plant genetic resources 10 at high altitudes 67 2.3 The regulatory framework in Switzerland 14 6.7 Hydroseeding tests at Jovençan and Courmayeur 67 3 The regions of origin and the source areas 17 7 Economic sustainability 3.1 Europe biogeographical regions 18 of preservation mixtures 69 3.2 The regions of origin 19 7.1 Economic aspects of local seed production 70 3.3 The source areas 20 7.2 Production cost of preservation mixtures 72 3.4 Mapping of potential source areas 23 7.3 Comparison between market prices of preservation mixtures 81 4 Harvesting of preservation mixtures 27 7.4 Income statements for farms 4.1 The legal framework 28 producing mixtures 81 4.2 Selection of the collection site 28 4.3 The collection sites of the Alp’Grain project 30 8 Analysis of the demand 4.4 Harvesting time 34 for preservation mixtures 83 4.5 Harvesting techniques 36 8.1 Demand in the Aosta Valley 84 4.6 Characteristics of the harvested materials 40 8.2 Demand in the French Northern Alps 86 4.7 Consequences of seed harvesting on forage production 47 9 Possible structure of preservation mixtures supply chains 87 5 Processing and packaging 9.1 The actors 88 of preservation mixtures 49 9.2 Supply chains for preservation mixtures 90 5.1 Regulatory framework 50 5.2 Processing in order to sell References 92 preservation mixtures 51 5.3 Management of the material after harvesting: Annexes 95 the Alp’Grain experience 52 List of acronyms 95 List of those species whose name 6 Revegetation with preservation mixtures 55 has been changed 96 Chapter 1 Introduction 5 Chapter 1 Introduction The large grassland areas in the Alps are a Despite the considerable efforts made for valuable asset for agricultural activities and for revegetation research in the mountains, the mountain tourism. The earthworks necessary origin of seeds remains an issue to examine for a better agricultural management of land in depth. It is widely recognized that site- or for tourism activities sometimes require specific seeds can better withstand the heavy modelling of the slopes, in a fragile conditions, sometimes extreme, of mountain environment. areas, especially at higher elevations. The Restoration of the vegetation at the end of tests conducted in the Pyrenees and in the the earth moving works is now a common Eastern Alps showed the superiority of local practice. Current methods are very different seeds compared to those obtained from plants from those used a few decades ago. All over not adapted to the hard climatic conditions of the Alps, soil management is treated with more high-altitude environments. attention and revegetation methods are used The use of local seeds should also be promoted that improve the distribution of seeds and their for a second reason: seed collection or persistence in the soil. These innovations allow multiplication can provide an income support to obtain, quickly, a vegetal cover. for farms wishing to invest in this field. The environment protection is now at the Restoration of semi-natural grasslands with centre of the issues related with regional high biodiversity could offer the farmers a development. The local authorities, as well real chance for diversification, by allocating a as private facilities (for example, ski resorts, portion of their grassland to the production of contractors, etc.), are more sensitive to seeds of native species that can be used on the environmental sustainability of these surfaces to be reseeded. operations. The context, therefore, seems favourable Mountain agriculture as a whole and, in for the emergence and development of a particular, livestock farming is recognized new economic and sustainable mountain today as a source of biodiversity, related to agriculture supply chain, based on a dynamic management of grasslands that host rare perspective: sustainable land management. species or remarkable plants, typical of the alpine environments. Enhancing the role of The authors of this publication wish to contribute agriculture in providing goods and services that to increase the knowledge on the feasibility of promote biodiversity in these areas appears, direct harvest of local seeds, analysing the within this context, an interesting possibility to legal framework, the technical and economic diversify farm incomes. point of view and the environmental outcomes. 6 Chapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2 The legal framework 7 Chapter 2 The legal framework 2.1 1 The legislation governing The intellectual property the production and placing on the of plant species market of plant species Plant species and their seeds are subject to the norms set by the Community protection The European Union has been legislating the regime for new plant varieties (Community production and placing on the market of plant plant variety rights; Council Regulation (EC) species including seeds since the 1960s. No. 2100/94 of 27 July 1994) which grants Community rights to the person who creates Rules to be abided by or discovers and develops the variety, named Considering that “placing on the market” is the the “breeder”2. transfer of plant products to third parties, even This regime includes limitations to the at no cost, for commercial purposes, the EU Community rights for acts carried out for has established that: non-commercial purposes, for experimental 1 The seeds can only be placed on the market purposes as well as for presenting, discovering once they have officially been examined and or developing new varieties. certified asbasic seeds, certified seeds, Furthermore, the system allows derogation commercial seeds and standard seeds; for 21 plant species in order to safeguard 2 The varieties allowed to be marketed have to agricultural production (the “farmer’s be listed in catalogues; privilege”). These species include eight fodder 3 A variety listed in catalogues has undergone plants, all grain legumes (field bean,
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