DOCSLIB.ORG

Criticality of Metals and Metalloids

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Criticality of Metals and Metalloids Criticality of metals and metalloids T. E. Graedela,b,1, E. M. Harpera, N. T. Nassara, Philip Nussa, and Barbara K. Recka aCenter for Industrial Ecology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; and bStellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa Edited by B. L. Turner, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, and approved February 27, 2015 (received for review January 8, 2015) Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or antici- Despite one’s intuition that it should be straightforward to pated, have inspired the concept of metal criticality. We here designate one element as critical and another as not, determining characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in a 3D criticality turns out to be very challenging indeed. This is because “criticality space” consisting of supply risk, environmental implica- criticality depends not only on geological abundance, but on tions, and vulnerability to supply restriction. Contributing factors a host of other factors such as the potential for substitution, the that lead to extreme values include high geopolitical concentra- degree to which ore deposits are geopolitically concentrated, the tion of primary production, lack of available suitable substitutes, state of mining technology, the amount of regulatory oversight, and political instability. The results show that the limitations for geopolitical initiatives, governmental instability, and economic many metals important in emerging electronics (e.g., gallium and policy (10). As various organizations (e.g., refs. 11–13) have selenium) are largely those related to supply risk; those of plati- attempted to determine resource criticality in recent years, a va- num group metals, gold, and mercury, to environmental implica- riety of metrics and methodological approaches have been cho- tions; and steel alloying elements (e.g., chromium and niobium) as sen. The predictable result has been that criticality designations well as elements used in high-temperature alloys (e.g., tungsten have differed widely (14), thus offering relatively little guidance and molybdenum), to vulnerability to supply restriction. The met- to industrial users of the resources or to governments concerned als of most concern tend to be those available largely or entirely as about the resilience of their supplies. byproducts, used in small quantities for highly specialized applica- In an effort to bring enhanced rigor and transparency to the tions, and possessing no effective substitutes. evaluation of resource criticality, we have developed a quite comprehensive methodology. It is applicable to users of different economic geology | materials science | substitution | supply risk | organizational types (e.g., corporations, national governments, sustainability global-level analysts) and is purposely flexible so as to allow user control over aspects of the methodology such as the relative odern technology relies on virtually all of the stable ele- weighting of variables. As with any evaluation using an aggre- Mments of the periodic table. Fig. 1, which pictures the gation of indicators, the choice of those indicators is, in part, an concentrations of elements on a printed circuit board, provides exercise in judgment (15), but alternative choices have been an illustration of that fact. The concentrations of copper and iron evaluated over several years and we believe all of our final are obviously the highest, and others such as cesium are much choices to be defendable in detail. lower, but concentration clearly does not reflect elemental im- We have applied the methodology to 62 metals and metal- portance: all of the elements are required to maintain the func- loids (hereafter termed “metals” for simplicity of exposition)— tions for which the board was designed. However, some elements essentially all elements except highly soluble alkalis and halo- may not be routinely available well into the future. How is this risk ’ “ ” “ ” gens, the noble gases, nature s grand nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, of availability, or elemental criticality, to be determined? oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur), and radioactive elements such as ra- Some perspective on elemental origins and availability is dium and francium that are of little technological use. Detailed useful in discussing criticality. As is now well established, the results for individual groups of elements have been published sep- elements of the periodic table, which together create and define arately (16–21). Here we report on the patterns and dependencies the composition of our planet, were created over the eons in the centers of exploding stars (1, 2). Their relative abundances in the Significance universe are not duplicated in Earth’s crust, however, because of the differentiating processes of material accretion, geological segregation, and tectonic evolution (3). A feature of Earth’s ore- In the past decade, sporadic shortages of metals and metalloids forming processes is their creation of large spatial disparities in crucial to modern technology have inspired attempts to de- “ ” elemental abundance, with some locales hosting rich stores of termine the relative criticality of various materials as a guide mineable resources, others almost none. It is these resources, to materials scientists and product designers. The variety of rich or not, dispersed or not, that enable modern technology and methodologies that have been used for this purpose have hence modern society. (predictably) resulted in widely varying results, which are there- Until the second half of the 20th century, only a modest fore of little use. In the present study, we develop a comprehen- fraction of the elements was used in technology to any significant sive, flexible, and transparent approach that we apply to 62 degree, and limits to those resources were not thought to be metals and metalloids. We find that the metals of most con- matters for useful discussion. The situation began to change with cern tend to be those with three characteristics: they are available largely or entirely as byproducts, they are used in the publication of the “Paley Report” in 1952 (4), which sug- small quantities for highly specialized applications, and they gested that resource limitations were, in fact, possible. A decade possess no effective substitutes. later, a civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo caused a significant, if temporary, decrease in the supply of cobalt (5), Author contributions: T.E.G. and B.K.R. designed research; T.E.G., E.M.H., N.T.N., P.N., and indicating that the Paley Report’s concerns might indeed have B.K.R. performed research; E.M.H., N.T.N., and P.N. analyzed data; and T.E.G., E.M.H., N.T.N., merit. More recently, a decrease in exports of rare earth ele- and B.K.R. wrote the paper. ments by China resulted in a variety of technological disruptions The authors declare no conflict of interest. (5, 6). The result has been numerous calls in recent years (e.g., This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. refs. 7–9) to better assess elemental resources and to determine 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: [email protected]. SCIENCE “ ” which of them are critical, the aim being to minimize further This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. SUSTAINABILITY disruptions to global and national technologies and economies. 1073/pnas.1500415112/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1500415112 PNAS | April 7, 2015 | vol. 112 | no. 14 | 4257–4262 Downloaded by guest on September 24, 2021 like. Formally, the results that follow are for a “snapshot in time”: the year 2008, largely because much of the necessary data are reported with long time delays. We are now in the process of updating our database to 2012, the most recent year with satis- factory data availability. Our initial review of this information indicates only modest revisions in the determinations, so we regard the results that we present here as fully applicable over the medium and longer time scales we have aimed to capture. Metal Criticality By making use of the global-level methodology described in previous paragraphs and with additional details provided in SI Appendix,sections6–10, we have evaluated each of the criticality- related indicators for the 62 metals of our analysis. In Fig. 3 the indicator results at both global and national (US) levels are shown on a common color scale. These determinations permit us Fig. 1. The concentrations (parts per million) of 44 elements found on to investigate the degree of independence of the indicators in printed circuit boards (33). our criticality methodology. As is illustrated and discussed in SI Appendix, section 11, there is little to no correlation among any of the indicators. The determinations of Fig. 3 form the basis for our of the entire suite of studies (thus, for some two-thirds of the pe- analyses of overall criticality, as described below for the global riodic table), present both general results and exceptions of par- level and in SI Appendix,section12for the United States. ticular interest, and discuss the implications of the results for An overview of the 62 metal criticality results is provided modern technology now and in the future. by plotting the three-axes results for each metal in criticality Our methodology locates individual metals in a 3D “criticality A ” space (Fig. 4 ). A number of metals of quite different criti- space, the axes being supply risk, environmental implications, cality properties are concentrated at the middle of the diagram; and vulnerability to supply restriction. Evaluations of each axis they may rank moderately high on one or two of the axes, but not involve a number of criticality-related indicators, each measured extremely high. Another group of metals is concentrated toward – SI Appendix – on a 0 100 scale and weighted equally ( , sections 1 the lower left front corner. For those metals, criticality concerns 3). Related methodologies address global, national, and corpo- are relatively low on all three axes. A third group is located to- rate levels.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physical and Chemical Properties of Platinum Group Metals 2 Chapter 2 | Physical and Chemical Properties of Platinum Group Metals Contents
    PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS 2 CHAPTER 2 | PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS CONTENTS 2.1 OVERVIEW OF PGMS 04 2.2 METALLIC PGMS 05 2.3 COMPOUNDS OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS 06 SIMPLE COMPOUNDS 06 COMPLEX COMPOUNDS 07 REFERENCES 13 2 CHAPTER 2 | PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS SUMMARY • Six elements of Groups 8, 9, and 10 in the periodic table constitute the platinum group metals (PGMs): platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), and osmium (Os). • The physical and mechanical properties of the PGMs and their compounds indicate a wide range of properties with widely varying densities and solubilities (see Table 2-1). • Metallic forms of PGMs are generally considered to be ‘inert’, i.e., not chemically reactive. However, this is dependent in part on dimensional characteristics. Thus, while massive metal forms have low chemical reactivity, fi nely-divided metal powders with high surface area show greater reactivity. • Simple binary compounds exist for each of the PGMs. They also form a vast array of complex coordination compounds in which the central metal atom is bound to a variety of ligands by coordinate bonding, including halides, sulphur, amines, and other atoms and groups. • This unique coordination chemistry has made PGM compounds of great industrial value, but also can have implications for the health of workers exposed to certain of these compounds due to the linkages with biological behaviour and toxicity (see Chapter 6). • The complex halogenated platinum compounds (CHPS) are among those which are industrially and toxicologically important.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of Platinum Group Minerals (PGM) Inclusions in Chromite Deposits of the Urals
    minerals Article Origin of Platinum Group Minerals (PGM) Inclusions in Chromite Deposits of the Urals Federica Zaccarini 1,*, Giorgio Garuti 1, Evgeny Pushkarev 2 and Oskar Thalhammer 1 1 Department of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics, University of Leoben, Peter Tunner Str.5, A 8700 Leoben, Austria; [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (O.T.) 2 Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Str. Pochtovy per. 7, 620151 Ekaterinburg, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +43-3842-402-6218 Received: 13 August 2018; Accepted: 28 August 2018; Published: 31 August 2018 Abstract: This paper reviews a database of about 1500 published and 1000 unpublished microprobe analyses of platinum-group minerals (PGM) from chromite deposits associated with ophiolites and Alaskan-type complexes of the Urals. Composition, texture, and paragenesis of unaltered PGM enclosed in fresh chromitite of the ophiolites indicate that the PGM formed by a sequence of crystallization events before, during, and probably after primary chromite precipitation. The most important controlling factors are sulfur fugacity and temperature. Laurite and Os–Ir–Ru alloys are pristine liquidus phases crystallized at high temperature and low sulfur fugacity: they were trapped in the chromite as solid particles. Oxygen thermobarometry supports that several chromitites underwent compositional equilibration down to 700 ◦C involving increase of the Fe3/Fe2 ratio. These chromitites contain a great number of PGM including—besides laurite and alloys—erlichmanite, Ir–Ni–sulfides, and Ir–Ru sulfarsenides formed by increasing sulfur fugacity. Correlation with chromite composition suggests that the latest stage of PGM crystallization might have occurred in the subsolidus.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrolytic Extraction of Platinum Group Metals from Dissolver Solution of Purex Process
    Journal of NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, 30(11), pp. 1195~1197 (November 1993). 1195 In this note, the proper deposition potential, SHORT NOTE nitric acid concentration, temperature, and Electrolytic Extraction of Platinum electrode materials were investigated, and the effect of coexisting ions was examined. Group Metals from Dissolver 1. Experimental Solution of Purex Process The experimental apparatus is shown in 1. The electrolytic cell (500 ml) consistedFig. KenjiKOIZUMI, Masaki OZAWA of a counter electrode (1 mmo, Pt wire), a re- and TornioKAWATA ference electrode (SCE), and a working elec- Power Reactor & Nuclear Fuel Development Corp.* trode. Ti and Ta were used as the elec- trode material. The electrolyte was agitated Receired May 19, 1993 to maintain a constant temperature. Elec- Revised July 30, 1993 trode potential were controlled by the po- KEYWORDS: electrolytic extraction, tentiostat. Pt group metals concentration deposits, palladium, rhodium, ruthe- was adjusted to about 1.0E-4 mol/l. Urani- nium, purex process, solvent extrac- um (VI) ion was tested as a main coexisting tion, deposition potential, recovery, actinide ion in this experiments. Potential- electrodeposition, dissolver solution time sequences for metal deposition and potential-current curves corresponding to Pd- In the commercial light water reactor fuel dissolution are shown in Fig.2. First the at a burn-up of 33 MWd/kg, approximately working electrode was cathodically polarized 4 kg of Pt group metals are included per ton in nitric acid solution containing Pt group of heavy metals(1). Elimination of the ionic metal. The polarization potential (05) was Pt group metals (Pd, Rh, Ru) from dissolver changed from +0.5 to -0.5 V.
    [Show full text]
  • The Platinum Group Metals As Coating Materials
    Issue No. 38 – February 2012 Updated from Original August 2002 Publication The Platinum Group Metals as Coating Materials How precious is your metal - An overview on The platinum group metals consist of platinum and palladium, as well as rhodium, iridium, the use of the platinum osmium, and ruthenium. They can be found in the transition metals on the periodic table of the elements. A close-up of this part of the table is shown in Figure 1. Palladium is currently the group metals as contact surfaces for electronic only metal of the group in widespread use in electrical contacts, although platinum was widely connectors. used in the past. Rhodium is only used in electrical contact applications requiring very high hardness and wear resistance. The other three metals in the group are used mainly in other industrial applications. Pure, electroplated platinum and palladium have a hardness of around 200 to 400 HV, although . Platinum they may also be applied by cladding. Both have a conductivity of around 16% IACS. Thus they are harder than gold, but slightly less conductive. At one time, their prices were . Palladium competitive with gold, and gold-flashed palladium coatings were even used as less expensive alternatives to gold coatings. However, both of these metals are much more expensive than gold . Rhodium (at least at the time of this writing). Due to its cost, gold-flashed palladium is now used mainly in applications which require greater hardness and wear resistance than hard gold alone. Ruthenium Rhodium is much harder than platinum and palladium, typically 800-1000 HV, with an .
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from High Level Radioactive Waste POSSIBILITIES of SEPARATION and USE RE-EVALUATED by R
    Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from High Level Radioactive Waste POSSIBILITIES OF SEPARATION AND USE RE-EVALUATED By R. P. Bush AEA Technology, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, England When nuclear fuel is irradiated in a power reactor a wide range of chemical elements is created by the fission of uranium and plutonium. These fission products include palladium, rhodium and ruthenium, and could in principle constitute a valuable source of these three metals. Their separation from the fuel during reprocessing operations is, however, a complex matter. Various processes have been proposed and evaluated, mainly on a laboratory scale. To date none of them has been established as applicable on a commercial scale, but investigations with this aim are continuing in several countries. Even a complete separation of the platinum group metals from other nuclides would yield a radioac- tive product, because of the presence of active isotopes of the platinum group metals. These would be expected to restrict the practical utilisation of platinum group metals created by nuclear jisswn, unless an isotope separation technique can be developed, or the metals are stored until the radioactivity has decayed. The irradiation of nuclear fuels in power reviewed in Platinum Metals Review in 1970 reactors leads to the production of atoms of a (1). The current revival of interest has resulted wide range of fission products, ranging in partly because of the increasing economic im- atomic mass from 70 to 160. These fission pro- portance of rhodium. This metal is a crucial ducts generally constitute components of the component of the three-way catalysts used for radioactive waste generated by the nuclear fuel automobile emission control, and the demand cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • Platinum Group Metal Chalcogenides
    Platinum Group Metal Chalcogenides THEIR SYNTHESES AND APPLICATIONS IN CATALYSIS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE By Sandip Dey and Vimal K. Jain* Novel Materials and Structural Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India * E-mail: [email protected] Some salient features of platinum group metal compounds with sulfur, selenium or tellurium, known as chalcogenides, primarily focusing on binary compounds, are described here. Their structural patterns are rationalised in terms of common structural systems. Some applications of these compounds in catalysis and materials science are described, and emerging trends in designing molecular precursors for the syntheses of these materials are highlighted. Chalcogenides are a range of compounds that will consider first a selection of the structures primarily contain oxygen, sulfur, selenium, telluri- adopted, followed by their catalytic and electronic um or polonium and which may also occur in uses. nature. The compounds may be in binary, ternary or quaternary form. Platinum group metal chalco- Ruthenium and Osmium genides have attracted considerable attention in Chalcogenides recent years due to their relevance in catalysis and Ruthenium and osmium dichalcogenides of materials science. Extensive application of palladi- composition ME2 (M = Ru, Os; E = S, Se, Te) are um (~ 27% of global production in year 2000) in usually prepared by heating stoichiometric quanti- the electronic industry in multilayer ceramic capac- ties of the elements in evacuated sealed ampoules itors (MLCCs) and ohmic contacts has further at elevated temperatures (~ 700ºC) (13). Single accelerated research activity on platinum group crystals, such as RuS2, see Figure 1, are grown metal chalcogenide materials. either from a tellurium flux (4) or by chemical The platinum group metals form several vapour transport techniques using interhalogens as chalcogenides: transporting agent (5).
    [Show full text]
  • Platinum-Group Metals in New Mexico
    ity within the Dakota to allow passageof the solutions; 4) presence of an impermeable Platinum-groupmetals in NewMexico caprock to contain the solutions, which are thought to have risen stratigraphically dur- by VirginiaT. McLemore, Robeft W. Eveleth, Lynn A. Brandvold,and James M. Robensln ing their migration northward toward the NewMexico Bureau of Minesand Mineral Resources. Socorro. NM 87801 San |uan Basin or westward toward the Gal- lup sag;and 5) availability of organic material in the Dakota to reduce and thereby precip- PGM reported in New Mexico itate the uranium from the rising solutions. Introduction (Blairet al.,1977) The author's observations agree with those Platinum-group metals (PGM) consist of of Piersonand Green (1980). six elements:platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), Tampa mine, Bromide district, AcxNowlrpcrr.rrr.rrs-This report would not rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os), and Rio Arriba County have been completed without the encour- ruthenium (Ru); platinum and palladium are The Tampa mine in the northern part of agement of Virginia T. Mclemore of the New the most abundant of the group. The PGM the county is one of the largest mines in the Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Re- typically occur together as natural alloys (for Bromide district with a 400-ft shaft and 800- sources. Thanks are owed to Leo E. Little, example, osmiridium-an alloy of osmium 1000ft of drifts (Bingler, 1968).Sulfide re- Manager of the Grand Junction projects of- and iridium) and to a lesserextent as sulfides placement veins containing chalcopyrite, fice of the DOE for accessto the AEC records and arsenides.All the metals are rare (Table molybdenite, pyrite, malachite,and somefree stored in the DOE archives at Grand Junc- 1) and therefore expensive.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title A BONDING MODEL FOR STRONG GENERALIZED LEWIS ACID-BASE INTERACTIONS IN INTERMETALLICS Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3zh9n133 Author Brewer, L. Publication Date 1987-05-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California LBL-23614 C'.~ Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Materials & Chemical Sciences Division RECEIVED lAW~ENCE BERKEL~YlA~0RATORY AUG 21 1987 Presented at the 5th International Conference on High Temperature and Energy-Related LIBRARY AND Materials, Rome, Italy, May 25-29, 1987 DOCUMENTS SECT/ON A BONDING MODEL FOR STRONG GENERALIZED LEWIS ACID-BASE INTERACTIONS IN INTERMETALLICS L. Brewer May 1987 TWO-WEEK LOAN COpy , .11 This is a Library Circulating Copy ':t which may be borrowed for two weeks . .. ~ ~ ________ :",,"Jl.c;' __. ~...:. __ • .:;_-.;:-: ~ .... - ~"';'i!~' ~_~.... "I' '" ",~8~, _ ...... ·;J\:.~t~' ,~:~ ~._..... -:l~ _~" ~.. ? )/,/,., ;~~ Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California.
    [Show full text]
  • Platinum-Group Metal Prospecting National Program - a Summary
    MINISTÉRIO DE MINAS E ENERGIA - MME COMPANHIA DE PESQUISA DE RECURSOS MINERAIS – CPRM PLATINUM-GROUP METAL PROSPECTING NATIONAL PROGRAM - A SUMMARY - 1996 By Mario Farina CONTENTS 1. PLATINUM-GROUP METALS (PGM) 05 1.1 - INTRODUCTION 05 1.2 - USES 05 1.3 - INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO 06 1.4 - NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 07 1.5 - IMPORTANCE OF PGM 07 2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING 08 QUANTITATIVE GITOLOGY 3. THE NATIONAL PROGRAM OF PLATINUM-GROUP METALS 10 GENERAL REMARKS 4. PROSPECTING METHODOLOGY 11 4.1 - TRAINING 11 4.2 - TARGET SELECTION 12 4.3 - SELECTIVE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING 12 4.4 - MINERALOGICAL PAN-CONCENTRATED PROSPECTING 12 4.5 - GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING 13 4.6 - GROUND GEOPHYSICS PROSPECTING 13 4.7 - EXPLORATORY DRILLING SERVICES 13 4.8 - LAB ANALYSIS 13 4.9 - DATA PROCESSING 14 4.10 - MAPS AND REPORTS DEVELOPPING 14 4.11 - RESULTS RELEASE 14 5. WORKS ALREADY DONE 14 5.1 - FIELD WORKS PERIODS 14 5.2 - SAMPLES ALREADY COLLECTED AND ANALYSED 15 5.3 - WORK AREAS CHARACTERIZATION 16 5.4 - MAPS AND REPORTS ALREADY DONE 17 6. RESULTS 17 6.1 - LI TYPE - LAYERED INTRUSIONS 18 6.2 - FB TYPE - FLOOD BASALTS 19 6.3 - GB TYPE - GREENSTONE BELTS 20 6.4 - AL TYPE - ANOROGENIC INTRUSIONS 21 6.5 - MU TYPE - UNCLASSIFIED MAFIC-ULTRAMAFIC COMPLEXES 22 7. FINAL REMARKS 23 8. WORK TEAM 25 9. REFERENCES 25 2 PLATINUM GROUP METAL PROSPECTING NATIONAL PROGRAM - A SUMMARY 1. PLATINUM-GROUP METALS (PGM) 1.1 - INTRODUCTION The platinum-group metals consist of six chemical elements: platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium and iridium. They have similar physical and chemical proprieties and they occur associated in Nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Platinum-Group Metal (PGM) Substituted Complex Oxide Catalysts
    V.N.16 Platinum-Group Metal (PGM) Substituted Complex Oxide Catalysts to us that a perovskite like BaCeO3, which we have explored Principal Investigator: Ram Seshadri in some detail, behaves very differently from simple oxide supports like Al2O3. The objectives include exploring the Materials Department and Department of Chemistry 2+ 2+ and Biochemistry catalytic role/activity of PGM ions such as Pd , Pt , and 3+ Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Au substituted in complex oxide hosts. The target reactions Santa Barbara, CA 93106 are H2, CO and hydrocarbon transformations, although the Phone: (805) 893-6129 widespread use of PGM-based materials in many areas of Email: [email protected] catalysis means that the work will likely impact other areas of chemical conversion and energy as well. Our principal theme Names of Team Members: is the design of complex, multi-cation oxide hosts containing • Lauren Misch: Current graduate student. low quantities of substituted PGM ions, and their use as Email: [email protected] sinter- and poison-resistant replacements for conventional • Dr. Alexander Birkel: Post-doctoral fellow. oxide-supported PGM catalysts. Email: [email protected] • Joshua Kurzman: Former graduate student, now post- doctoral fellow in France. Technical Barriers • Stephanie Moffitt: Former undergraduate student, now graduate student at Northwestern: The chief technical barrier to carrying out the work as described has been in learning how to prepare and stabilize DOE Program Manager: Dr. Raul Miranda the different oxides with either small PGM substitution, or Phone: (301) 903-8014 that are stoichiometric in PGM-content. In general, PGM Email: [email protected] ions are oxophobic, which means that they do not easily form stable oxides, and the stability of the oxide decreases at increasing temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • The Elements.Pdf
    A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group** Period 1 18 IA VIIIA 1A 8A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIAVIIA He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr NbMo Tc Ru Rh PdAgCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuHg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 7 Fr Ra Ac~RfDb Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () () http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/ (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM] A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd TbDyHo Er TmYbLu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk Cf Es FmMdNo Lr 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.
    [Show full text]
  • Platinum-Group Metals in 1998 1
    PLATINUM-GROUP METALS By Henry E. Hilliard Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Evangeline J. Hemphill, statistical assistant, and the world production tables were prepared by Regina R. Coleman, international data coordinator. For the third consecutive year, slow shipments from Russia platinum loading (Metals Monthly, 1999). in the first half of the year caused tightness in the major Platinum finds a variety of industrial uses owing to its unique platinum-group metals (PGM) market that resulted in higher chemical and physical properties. The electronics and the glass prices. Despite the later resumption of Russian shipments, industries were in the forefront of demand. Growth in the borrowing cost remained high, briefly supporting platinum and personal computer market was instrumental in the increase in palladium prices above $400 per ounce. demand for both markets. Glass industry demand was driven World mine production of PGM increased by about 2%, to by the need for high-quality glass for liquid crystal displays and 287,000 kilograms (kg) compared with that of 1997. South cathode ray tubes, and demand in the electronic sector was Africa, the world’s largest producer, increased its palladium driven by the need for data storage disks that are often coated and platinum output by about 2%. Production in Russia, the with platinum alloys. The addition of a thin platinum-cobalt world’s second largest producer, was estimated to have been layer improves the data storage capabilities of the disk, unchanged. Johnson Matthey however, estimated that Russian allowing more data to be stored in a smaller space. production was down by about 7% (Johnson Matthey, 1999, p.
    [Show full text]