Quick viewing(Text Mode)

Solar Power Economics Policies Economics and Power Solar Harvesting Solarpower Requirements Area of Source Astrophysics: California Management Review  

Solar Power Economics Policies Economics and Power Solar Harvesting Solarpower Requirements Area of Source Astrophysics: California Management Review  

– Resources - - on Based Industry U.C.V.Haley and D.A. Schuler. 2011. R.L. ConventionalAlternative and Resources. Nersesian     Outline . Solar economics policies economics and power Solar Harvesting SolarPower Requirements Area of Source Astrophysics: California Management Review   . 2007. Photovoltaic Thermal Sustainable Energy Sustainable Renewables - Government Policy and FirmStrategy in the Solar Photovoltaic , Vol., 54, No.1: 17-38. Chapter 9 of Energyfor the 21 power Solar st Centrury : A ComprehensiveAto : Guide

.

utdallas edu 1 Page

metin /~ Siege of Syracuse, by Gieulio Parigi 17th century, Uffizi Museum www.uffizi.org Feasibility of SolarFeasibility Energy Then and Now Then • • and was attacked by Romans.and wasattackedbycity ≈ Syracuse,Sicilythe siegeof energyin Solar killed byRomansoldiers. old year and 75+ the city was Archimedes ships. Roman end, Romeconquered At the Archimedes-designed mirrors burned According toa legend, duringthe siege, 212 BC. Syracusewas aHellenistic 214-212

.

utdallas edu 2 Page

metin /~         at lowerat . objectsmore emitpower but Highercurve. P An formulaapproximate for appendix. squaremeter Units of power iswattsper area under The total power emitted isthe different wavelengths 𝜆𝜆 Depending on its temperatureonDepending its blackbodydoes notappear .black to blackbody does not reflect anylight but emitcan its own. idealAn modelfor ’s emission isblackbody . A and then .It emits light. heatedmetal up (substanceA not burn)that does becomes first red surface Sun’s temperature the centerat mega Heliumfusion reactions take place inthe sun’s core and mass(4 𝜆𝜆 Nuclear energy  , 𝑇𝑇 tons is offered byPlanck. offeredis ≈ 5 / second) is convertedenergy.second) into is / P ,7 per per 𝜆𝜆 00 (= , 𝑇𝑇 ; Planck . 273+ see see T, blacka body emits power 5,423 5,423 ≈ 15,000,000 Celsius Celsius). Electromagnetic Energy less energy, safe and onthe 0.6- 4G network A P 2.5 Giga Hz 𝜆𝜆 , 𝑇𝑇 at at m ore etect infrareddetect waves goggles Infrared less higher Y heat meters = nanometer =nm. =nm. = nanometer meters Source: Figure 3.8 Carroll &Carroll 3.8 Figure Source: Ostite X in 10 in - axis is the power power the is axis - of emission in 10 in of emission Modern Astrophysics. Modern axis is the wavelength the is axis and energy, danger  . 2006. Introduction to . 2006. 4 sr ( steradian per per 𝑚𝑚 P 2

). − . , nm

utdallas edu 𝜆𝜆 9 3

, Page

𝑇𝑇

metin /~ Source: www.lbl.gov      on and SurfaceSolar onAtmosphere Power atmosphere isapproximately the areaof the triangle 𝑛𝑛 Insteadintegral, of The Planck ;Lightneitherboth.anor wave a is is it Take the blackbody radiationPlanck curve5777 atfrom K the previous page. – – ) radiation that falls on the outside atmosphere ismorethan the radiation on the surface. . The The . The empirical ,(ozone, oxygen, Atmosphere wavelength (high energy) emissions. Lack of ozone Lackemissions. energy)(high wavelength equation:has Light O theoreticalirradiance (area of the triangle) is 1312.5 3 approximate is energy the theby areaof the triangle 1361 ∝ carbondioxide its frequency 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 / 𝑚𝑚 2 . This is known as waveknown asThis is ) absorbs particular wavelengths of emission. E.g., Ozone O E.g.,Ozone emission. of wavelengthsabsorbs particular ) = ⟹ 1/wavelength. with High energyemissions base 1750-250wavelengthheight 1.75 nm and 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 1) Remarks: Maravelias Figure Source: 3) 2) technologies irradiance curve total reachingarea spectral per underpowerThe area the the earth is The unit of of unit The Solar power reaches earth in several wavelengths in reaches earth ( power Solar accessed June 2014.accessed June Irradiance: Air Mass1.5, electron1 volt from the blackradiance body Total Total Power per area of squaremetre Fromnuclear energy, 1eV=1.6*10 / 𝑚𝑚 -particle duality in quantum physics. above. 2 . 2015. . . ⟹ Energy 2 𝑊𝑊 Skin . Skin of JA Herron, J Kim, AA Herron, J JA of / A general framework for the assessment of solar fuel solar fuel assessment of the general framework for A Empirical data are fromEmpirical are data ( The The 𝑚𝑚 & Environmental 2 ∗ Units for these these in are Unitsdata for power that reachesthe earth’s 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∗ http 𝑛𝑛 ://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/ theoretical model. ) on the right the on Science, 8: = Upadhye Reference Solar Spectral Reference Solar ∫ 0 ∞ 3 𝑃𝑃 - hand vertical is axis absorbs short 𝜆𝜆 -19 𝑊𝑊 126- , , GW Huber &Huber CT GW , 𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊 / J. = 𝜆𝜆 ( 157. 𝑚𝑚 ) / 5777 not just just not one. 2 ( 𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑛𝑛 2 𝑑𝑑 ∗ ) 𝑑𝑑

. .

utdallas edu 4 Page

, metin /~   Solar Power Accounting for ZenithSolar AccountingAngle Power It provides less after passing through the atmosphere. atmosphere. the through passing after less provides It powerSolar provides ~ 1360 W/m AM = Cos 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍 𝑍𝑍 1 푍 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 cos AM 0 = = 1 1 2 ; ; outside the earth’s atmosphere. This is also called AM0 irradiance. AM0 called also is This atmosphere. earth’s the outside      cos AM 48 = per area per power solar average wide Earth Industry rounds AM1.5 . atmosphericat the longer in the atmosphereand drops more of its energy wider, is travel must the When light the Half reflected back to or absorbed by atmospherethe . absorbed or space back to reflected – 1 = .5 W 0 is higher on hazyor cloudy days. various directions.in calledThisdiffuse radiation, which Solar radiation bouncing fromatmospheric particles move of of .67 48 hen the sun is falling directly, ( massair directly, falling is sun the hen irradiance is generally about 827 W/m 827 about generally is irradiance 1360 0 ; ; W/m cos AM AM1.5 2 60 = reaches solar panels. panels. solar reaches The rest is 2 = up to 1000 W/m up to 0 60 .5 ; ; 0 cos AM 2 ≈ . 90 = 650 W/m ∞ 9 = 2 0 . AM 0 0 ; ;

)=1. )=1.

.

utdallas edu 5

2 Page

.

metin /~ Solar Accounting Power 1 kW/m  AM1.5’s irradiance 1 kW/m 1 irradiance AM1.5’s 2 measures solar radiation solar measures Power/area 1 Day1 total 5.4 kWh/m 9 17 2 (=1,000 W/m 2 Night 1 2 ) Day2 total 4.4 kWh/m is available during the when the sun visible. is sun daywhen the the during available is 9 for & 17 Night 2 H Average1715.5annual kWh/m A ours verage daily based ononlyand 2 day1 4.7 kWh/m 2

.

utdallas edu 6 Page

2

metin /~ 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Zenith angle at dawnzero is degrees. Air(AM) Mass in solar energyrefers tothe massof air in1 Depletionofozone in the atmosphere increases the solar power reaching the panels on earth’s surface. hottersubstanceA emitshigheramounta of power at somebut not all wavelengths. substancethroughhot power emits electromagnetic A different at waves wavelengths. Lower frequency electromagnetic wavescarry less energy. Onlyvisible light generated theby sunreaches the earth. The energygenerated bythe sunisdue tofusion reaction. Diffuse radiation outside the atmospherelargest.the is X, zenith angle at is 90degrees.is dawn at angle X, zenith X, AM and angle)is the 1/cos(zenith is used theto air mass measurethe lightthrough travels the in atmosphere. it X, emits higheramount of power at all wavelengths. X, light reaches in different wavelengths including infrared and . atmosphere.the outside radiation nodiffuse is X, there T/X Questions T/X cubicmetre T T volume at various altitudes. T T

.

utdallas edu 7 Page

metin /~    December. Texas solar December. solar Texas Total US generation capacity was 1,000,000,000 SouthwestUS receives moresolar energykW/mabout 6 Overton, North Texasreceives Solar parabolic panels, Mojave desert 250,000 – – – at every hour. How manym Optimistically suppose Where to find such a large deserted ? In a desert! desert! a In land? deserted a large such find to Where (=(6/2)*0.3) desert panels)? More likely scenario » » – Solar AreaRequirement Power 560,000 football fields. football fieldfootball is 350,000/0.4 =875,000m 350,000/0.4 350,000/0.9 = 388,888 m of radiation irradiance irradiance has sunout 8 4,500 sun isout 12 hours/day at everyhour.at m many How maximum maximum 2 m 2 which can be made up byamade be which can database is kW? generaterequired350,000 to kW? 2 . About 90 footballAbout 90 fieldsneeded. are. 2 which be623 can madeup by a hours/day20 and irradiance of of irradiance www.me.utexas.edu/~solarlab k W in 2007, whichin W requires 1,100,000,000 and 30%and conversion about 2 . 935 % conversion efficiency,weget 0.4 so 2 required(capacitygenerate to 350,000of kW 6 kW/m 5000- Mojave desert desert Mojave x 935 metre 2 metre 6000 W/m in August and minimumof about efficiency, . x 623 square. 2 metre football fields are needed are fields About 200football so we square. A (American) Asquare. get – 2,500,000,000 m 0.9 kW/m kW/m 2 2 kW/m of of 2 Mojave radiation 2 2 or or

.

in

utdallas edu 8 Page

.

http://sroeco.com/solar Source:

metin /~     Roofs forSolar at andRoofs around Power UTD Utility companies arerequired to invest in energyefficiencies in their service areas. This buildings qualifiedalso anotherUTD for $98,371 In 2013, UTDinstalls able to participateto able ina – – brought the total incentive in 2013 to totalbrought incentive the in CenterPoint Oncor about 20% of building’s powerannual need. In 2014, FedEx installs 1,400 installs In2014, FedEx mounted solar panels. 4,622 panels provide that are more arethat FedEx distribution center Hutchins, TX Hutchins, center distribution FedEx runs the “Take a Loadoff Texas”“Take runsproject,a the which funded $62million 2013. in invested $42 millionprojects in 2013. in Source: Merit Report: Plugging into Energy Efficiency. 2014. Z. Cologlu, D. Flom, T. Junt, S. Patel and A. and Patel S. Junt, T. Flom, D. Cologlu, Z. Efficiency. 2014. Energy into Plugging Report: Merit Source: 220 Solar Program efficient kilo solar panels on the new Parking Structure, see the photo below. With this, UTDwas northwest of SOM building SOM of northwest In Fall 2013, parking lot parking 2013, Fall In than the kilo watt watt kilo funded by in incentives2012efficientin during for chiller installationsconstructingby and code code $302,093 requirement. Oncor ~0.3 kW/panel . and qualified to receive $203,722 efficiency UTD’s Energy projects on projects campus. Savings from the projectsthe fund. refill Revolving Fund about 40% of building’s powerannual need. mounted solar panels. 2,000 panels provide In 2015, ATTIn installs ATT distributionLancaster,ATT center TX reinvests reinvests . kilo watt ground watt 677 kilo these these incentives in Pizaňa . energy

.

utdallas edu 9 Page

metin /~    thermal solar power power solar thermal as harvested be can Sun’s energy Photovoltaics Dwarfed Dwarfed 374 of capacity power solar Thermal  Installed thermalsolar powercapacity: EuropeChina17 GW.Canada 262GW; and US GW; 44 Nuclear photovoltaic capacity photovoltaic Power Power Solar 2014- Harvesting Solar Power Harvesting 2018” publishedSolarby Solar Power Solar Photovoltaic Solar Power Solar of 139GWof end 2013, of p.17 “ of Thermal W end 2013, of GW Power Europe Europe Power and as as and Steam http://www.iea photovoltaic solar power solar photovoltaic http:// solarpowereurope.org Global Global -shc.org/solar Turbine Market Outlook for for Outlook Market Direct Use of Use Direct Hot WaterHot -heat . . - worldwide

.

utdallas edu 10 Page

metin /~   (): Solar (Concentrated Thermal needs. water hot serve to or buildings heating for used Thermal Direct – – – – – secondary power source (electric or gas) canused. be Heat transferHeat agent: concentrator (flatmirrors), dish Collectors: Hot wateris used togenerate steamfor electricity turbines. theStoragekeeps tank throughpasses towardsit the storage tank. Collectorabsorbs the solar heat and passes tothe waterit as » » » → remainmolten. temperatureto it has 550 F,leastto down drops at flowsthrough exchangerheat coolsa down. and Salt’s tracking mirrors. Whenpower isneeded molten -salt Molten salt heated Synthetic can which Water, Mojave Desert, CA.Mojave Desert, Steam: Indirect Use Steam: Use Indirect to Electricitygenerate arabolic Parabolic se: Use: power Solar later water is that oil Focal point Thermal Solar Power Thermal heated heated troughs (convextroughs mirrors), Fresnel water hot be hard to comeby in a desert. upto upto 1050 towerF ina by 735 stirling and F by convex mirrors, . A insulated . (dish shaped mirror). www.global collector Sources: Sources: - www.dipol.com.tr/solar_energy.htm - warming.com/solar Ivanpah Solar Thermal Power Power Solar Thermal - parabolic storage tank - trough.html

.

utdallas edu 11 Page

metin /~ 2010 kilowatt 200-kilowatt http     Mirror Thermal ://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010- Jinshawan Airthe bottom at be can warmed up with thermal solar power mirrors. This windoperate can turbines at the bottom of the tower. If hot collectedair is and fed into tower,a it will generate wind inside the tower while rushing to the top of the tower. Windis due toair pressure difference Intake Air power generatingpower unit Tower, Tower, InnerMongolia, China → Turbines

Updraft inside Wind: the tower Tower height of 100, Intake 200, 1000metres 12/27/c_13666710.htm Air Mirror   Solutionsthattower proposed a Challenges: – – – – – Bends tominimizethe effect of strong Floats,inflated light gas with constructedIs from againsttowerResistance strong windsof stabilityCost & tall of a tower lighter materials, e.g.,cloth

Chi et al. 2014. Dynamics and optimal

.

control of flexible solar updraft towers. utdallas edu

12

http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/471/2173/20140539 Page

metin /~       : Movement of electrons materialsby exposed to light. Excited Electron’s Excursion from Valence to Conduction Band Conduction to Valence from Excursion Electron’s Excited awayfromits nucleus, dropit can back to its valence band. electronconductionanIf the in band not directed is throughcircuit out tocomea readyto breakthatfromaway are their nucleus. Conduction furtherband is fromawaythe nucleusaccommodates and electrons electron’san energy,in rise A ). electronan increasesupon receiving Energyof photovoltaic light energy(through a Whileresiding in its valence band, electronan certainhas a amountof energy. Eachelectron residesits regular in (its valence band) around nucleus.the – • • conduction band, fall back totheir valence band and emitlight. excite electronsgas in the lampwith electricity. The electrons go uptotheir In the process of fallingback, the electron emitslight: Fluorescent lamps If large, moveselectronan fromits valence band to the conduction band. If small, = Conduction band band Conduction = warmsup the material. Photovoltaic SolarPhotovoltaic Power: - Valence band Ultraviolet Infrared

Visible light Wide band- InSb Ga GaAs InP crystal. Silicone,Si: GaSb Germanium Ge: InAs Narrow band- x : Indium Phosphide, crystal of Indium and . of Indium crystalPhosphide, Indium : Al : Indium: : Indium Arsenide, crystal of Indium and Arsenide. Indium of crystal Arsenide,Indium : : Gallium : Gallium Arsenide,andcrystalof Gallium Arsenide. 1 - x As: GalliumAluminum Arsenide As: gap semiconductor. Antimonide gap semiconductor used in infrared detectors. Antimonide electron Light , crystal of Indium and Antimony.Indium of crystal , , crystalof Gallium and to conduction band increases the energyof an from Conduction Valence valence band band band Antimony level. level

.

utdallas edu

13 . Page

metin /~ Silicone has 14 electrons; 10 of them are stable in lower ; 4 (valence electrons) are in the external orbit. external the in are electrons) (valence 4 orbits; lower in stable are them of 10 electrons; 14 has Silicone Silicone . do electrons crust, the into go not does pizza your in topping cheese As . . Photovoltaic Energy level to excite electrons depend on the composition of n of on composition depend the electrons excite to level Energy Multiple n Multiple and their n their and Al, Ga, Ge, As, are: Si Toppings efficiency. and increase wavelengths the p -layer and finally returnsto -layer.n L p n not naturally move to p to move naturally not -layerdeprived is of electron it ispositivelyso charged. -layerrich is in electrons so itisnegatively charged. ight brings electrons to a valance band of an n-layer.an of bandvalance A circuit ight bringsa electrons to takes them to Excitable Semiconductors to Harvest crystal - - layers (as multiple topping pizza) can catch different different can pizza) catch topping (as multiplelayers and p- cells (PV) have two layers ( two (PV)layers have cells (c - Si) layers. Photovoltaic SolarPhotovoltaic Power Fosfor electron - n layer in an n an in layer - with extra layer in c in -Si - as youras pizza p two p Boron electron in c electron in - layer semiconductor. with p - ) layer s pace -Si for for - layer. n -layer Electron flow Circuit flow p p -layer n -layer -layer → → n p -layer -layer

Source: http://science.nasa.gov .

utdallas edu 14 Page metin

Source: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu /~ Efficiently Capturing Solar Energy Solar is matching Capturing Efficiently Sun the wavelengths (energy) of valence band band gaps (energy)valence of wavelengths the with radiation solar of wavelengths the Efficiently CapturingMatchingSolarEnergy is byusing appropriate mix semiconductorsof Solar Radiation Ultraviolet Infrared

. wavelengths in nanometers 2000 1500 1000 2500 500 2 1 GaAsAl eV:Electron volts measuringgaps bandvalence GaAs Band Gaps Semiconductors of Gaps Band EnergyConstant /Wavelength= InP Si GaSb Ge InAs InSb

.

utdallas edu 15 Page

metin /~ highest solar Activeresearch using materials by (Gallium, Arsenide) other than silicon electricity efficiency.Such high efficiency cells arenot produced industrialat scale yetbut areonly for spaceapplicati ons Research: Photovoltaic CellsTypesEfficiencies & -to - electricity conversion efficiencyconversion Source: NREL (National NREL Renewable Source: (National Laboratory) as of of as Laboratory) 2015 Aug at the timeat of writing this and byusing document: 46%. multiple(junctions). layers This is higher than coal-to The The

.

utdallas edu

16 . . Page

metin /~     about 15- modules A Silicon Cells Photovoltaic of Types from range can energy electric to energy solar of converting Efficiency       PV cell Crystalline limited cells, solar filmThin 30%+: 15- 14%: 7 wafers. wafers. -    13%: wafers used in PV cells are as thin as 200 microns200 as thin as are PV cells in used wafers 18% : and arrays with serial connections serial with arrays and 20 square centimeters. square 20 is the building block producing about 1- - Multi starting Crystallization Polycrystalline: at multiplecells cell a single from starting Crystallization Monocrystalline: Low Gallium Arsenide PV cells PV cells Arsenide Gallium Thin Industry: Photovoltaic Cells High - end polysilicon end junction: Multiple p Multiple junction: - layer PV - end polysilicon polysilicon end cells deposited on or on (glass steel). plastic deposited cells market share, low cost and efficiency and cost low share, market made up of cleaner more pure silicon - n junctions in tandem in n junctions used in the space program. program. in space the used . 2 watts 2 . It is assembled into into It assembled is . (10 - 6 meters) meters) Types and Source: http://science.nasa.gov Source:

.

utdallas edu 17 Page

metin /~  Global Global      Industry: Photovoltaic Cells US hasUS competitive edge on thin - price the that believe managers Poly GCL plantaboutbillion. cancost $1 Polysilicon Poly. GCL company: asingle from came this of Half Chineseproduction is production polysilicon of 69,000is tons2009. in plantsthanmore should have 20,000 tons. PV PV and Module Production in 2009 film film PV production . Chinese firms 5,000 should tons of annual capacity to becompetitive. be about $28/kg; Global Production Haley and SchulerHaley (2011).and others Yingli suggest and Trina higher are are prices. prices. closing thegap. A 10,000- ton ton

.

utdallas edu 18 Page

metin /~   Governments offer incentives offer Governments Germany, PVInstalled Capacity2010 in PV Supply andPV DemandCapacity,    from Haley and Schuler (2011) andfrom Schuler Haley 30% in 2010. Consequently,in 2010.30% polysilicon Spain introduced Germany introduced conventionalin yearsextended(20time energyfor period of In a FiT Spain and USA are the first three in terms of leading installed capacity. installed leading of termsin three first the USAare and Spain (Feed -in FiT Rate) contract governmenta paysconsumers to reduce the gap between solar and FiT subsidies in 2007 at about 2007 at subsidies in subsidies in 2000 and has been reducingbeen them.hassubsidies 2000 and in to consumersto adopt solarenergy. price collapsedfrom its heights of $450/kg. €0.45/kWh and reduced 35%it by in2008 and also by G ermany PV Overcapacity ). ).

.

utdallas edu 19 Page

metin /~ Production and Consumption Assistance     Both production and consumptionassistance No production but consumptionassistance but assistance Production No production and noconsumptionassistance – – – – – – – – – – – – – Both may be unnecessaryBothbe may Spain’s experience Downstream companies should not be addicted to consumption assistance Upstreamcompanies want may tostop import boom benefitAll fromdemand.higher installationsresidential in areas. utilities,limitationsrestrictionsRemoverooftop residentialas widespread on such on users. use Downstreamcompanies:Find non-traditional customersmunicipal such as power companies, public production companies. Midstream companies: Fierce leadcan toacquisitions of midstreamcompanies by Upstream Solarnot cost-competitive is without assistance. million federally guaranteed loans. Solyndra China’s experience Midstream companieswant tosell in the international markets Production grows, upstream companies benefit – – Expand demand:Net-zero affordable Arizona, homesin California, Colorado, Nevada Usedomestic content requirement in Ontario’sas to qualify for FiT Government Policies: (Production) companies:Consolidatewithdraw. or casein US: Inability to competewith the manufacturing $535 cost causedpay failure to no consumptionassistance . .

.

utdallas edu 20 Page

metin /~     A 2,000 Scenario: The installation cost of panels at panels of cost installation The Scenario: Say 30%. credit. tax the reducing are governments the this, Realizing The assistance). (consumption 50% of credit tax and W per $8 at panels of cost installation The Scenario: – – – – – – – – – – squarefeet latest gains in efficiency is puling the cost down cost the puling is in efficiency gains latest The The Tax credit compensatesthe consumerleft forthis cost so withof 30%is The installation cost togenerate 2000 is $6,000. W Withoutconsumption 50% assistance,consumersinstall panels.not will If the retail price of electric$0.08 is per kW panels: 100,000energygeneratedthesetotal The kW by Tax credit compensates for 50% of this costthe so consumeris left with $8,000. The installation cost togenerate 2000 is $16,000.W With or without 30% orWith If the retailthe priceelectric$0.08 of kW per is » » » » total energy generated by these panels: 100,000energygeneratedthesetotal kW by 25 years of lifetime for panels. for lifetime of 25 years 365 daysyear.per 5.5 hours forper day:accountingclouds, sun at the during twice the day. per2 kWh hour. Economics of Solar Power house needsapproximately 2,000 W power.of Consumer’s Perspective tax credit, consumers will $3 -hour,the saving over panel’s$8,000.lifeis -hour,the saving over $8,000. panelstime lifeis per W and tax credit of 30%. of credit tax and W per install . Say W. $3 per panels. – – hour25 365 * 5.5=* * 2 hour25 365 * 5.5=* * 2 $4,200.

.

utdallas edu 21 Page

metin /~     Finally, the saving electricitywith saving the Finally, E Select Go . . . . nter nter top Savings at UTD PanelRoof-topUTD SolarSavings at to to about 30m You the roof for fixed slope the angle is The tilt 180 is degrees. angle azimuththe directly, south facing is panel your Most A silicon. use, likely to they are mostbe residential polycrystalline Consider PV system Annum Oct Jul Apr Jan over Averages http the data for this location. The closest data location is TMY3 Dallas/Addison. TMY3Dallas/Addison. is location data The closest location. for this data weather the 4 kW system is likely to have 16 solar panels. With panels of the standard 1.6 1.6 of standard the panels With panels. 16 to have solar likely is 4 kW system ://pvwatts.nrel.gov can keep the default system loss of of loss system default the keep can - one to opposed (as fixed are panels residential a 4 kW system with standard () module type. If modules are for for are modules If type. module silicon) (polycrystalline standard with system kW a 4 2 information kWh/( A: of roof of space. panels, panels, m 2 *day) 3.96 6.69 4.55 2.76 and to obtain columns A and E below E below A and columns obtain to you can put 20 degrees for the tilt angle in in angle the tilt for 20 can you put degrees use UT use kWh/day B: 30*A cost cost 200.7 136.5 118.8 82.8 of of - Dallas campus address 800 800 Road, campusaddress West Campbell Dallas $ 0.1 Days/month C: 14% per per kWh is $521 per year. for taking into account shading, soiling, wiring, etc. wiring, soiling, shading, account into for taking 31 31 30 31 axis or two or axis kWh/month B*C Input, D: 51,112.5 3,682.8 6,221.7 4,095.0 2,566.8 - axissun tracking) on the roof. If Dallas. Dallas. kWh/month E: Output 5,216 379 591 433 284 x 1m Efficiency Efficiency F: 2 Richardson. % , we need we need 10.29 10.57 11.06 9.5

of of .

utdallas edu 22 Page

metin /~       - panel solar selling is Tesla (battery)? storage $521 without save Can we really years 9 About investment: recover to Time Savings $521/year Cost 4,000 of panelWatt$4,640is costs panel solar Generic   top Solar PanelRoof-top SolarCosts 10 years lifetime for battery for lifetime years 10 panels for lifetime years 20 battery bundles! battery bundles! Total Miscellaneous Labor Racking Inverter Electrical Module PV components Cost $/Watt 1.16 0.02 0.10 0.10 0.06 0.40 0.48

.

utdallas edu 23 Page

metin /~     Who offers time offers Who - panels. install but assistance a Without consumption $10,000.opposed to when $0.16 kW is per electricityof price retail the If Time is higher than during the night when the demand is lower. is demandwhen the night the than during higher is  - Go to the panel is generating electricity, the saving over panels time is $ is time life panels over saving the electricity, generating is panel the of  - day electric pricing advocates for charging higher during the day when demand daywhen the the during higher charging for advocates pricing electric day http://powertochoose.org Payless Power, Ambit Energy, Texas Power. Texas Energy, Ambit Power, Payless Energy,Entrust FrontierEnergy,Utilities, BounceJust Energy, Prepaid Smart Reliant, Energy, Electric, First Power, Choice Energy,Direct YEP, Energy,Power,Mega Power Southwest Light,Pennywise &Energy, Veteran Consumer’s Perspective of Price of ElectricityPrice - day electricpricinginday zip code 75080 in March2012? Texpo Energy, Power House Energy, Stream Energy,StreamPower House Energy,Energy, , enter zip code, pick variable rate, companies include: with timewith - hour duringhour theday - of - day electric pricing, electric pricing, day Andeler as opposed$0.10 toas Power, Nueces Electric, Electric, Nueces Power, consumers will 16,000 as Gexa

.

utdallas edu 24 Page

metin /~ Summary – Summary     Solar power economics policies economics and power Solar Harvesting SolarPower Requirements Area of Source Astrophysics:   Renewable - Renewable Photovoltaic Thermal solar power Solar

.

utdallas edu 25 Page

metin /~   angle. solid of unit per emitted (arrows) radiant is intensity 1 1 candela (luminous intensity candle)of 1 Radiance IntensityWatt/Steradian in 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 = 1 candela1 over1 spheres innerouter & the in both 1 Steradian          steradian. 1 candle yields 4𝜋𝜋 12 Surface area of a sphereSurfaceradius with a of area 1 (the ratio of areaon the surface to the square of radius) Using 1 All of the power isreceived 12.57by Whichsphere receives morepower onitsentire surface? The inner sphere has radius Think of two concentric spheres withpower a source in the center – – – – – – – 1 steradian steradian . 57 ≈ Area of 𝐴𝐴 Area of Ω A steradian power receivedby1 The powerreceived 1 by sphere theouter of is 4 timesthat sphere the inner area byreceived per power The Inner spherehas area 4𝜋𝜋 outward emittedis lostwhen as noenergythe samepower receive They steradian 8% = 1 = ≈ gets 8% of the power;the of gets 1/8steradian 8% of the surface areais spanned by1 covers 1 683 The solid angle creating the cone with bottom has areaof 𝑟𝑟 1 is covered byis covered in measurementallows us tocapture geometric variable watt of Ω of squaremetre / covers Ω steradian steradian lumensof light. 𝑟𝑟 steradian 𝑟𝑟 steradian ; the outer has 2𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 2 , the outer has 4 , theouter 2 . on a sphere with radius 1metrewith on asphere surface areaonthe surface in the outer in 𝑟𝑟 of of in the inner sphere is the sameas the inner in the is 𝑟𝑟 4𝜋𝜋 𝐴𝐴 2 𝑟𝑟 2 ( ≈ 4𝜋𝜋 steradian gets 1% of the power , no , no which sphere 12.57 𝑟𝑟 sphere 2 ) 𝑟𝑟 2

.

utdallas edu

26 Page

2

metin /~ Sun emits Ω Irradiance = 4*10   25 5 1 1.8*10 𝑟𝑟 steradian steradian 30 The solar power density reaching earth’s atmosphere is1360 W but predictable, thewell asas surface of the earth The distance between the sun and earth isseasonal W in all directions;in allW 17 Wearthhits the 𝑟𝑟 2 both small & large c ircles 1/25 lumen 1/25 ircles Power falling on Power falling     in in 5 𝑟𝑟 Smallblue circlegets Bothand small largeblue circles get Eg power larger gets area Larger Watt/(Steradian* , surface area of 8 of area, surface 4 𝑟𝑟 2 𝑟𝑟 2 2 r gets 2 timesgets 2 the power of 4𝑟𝑟 1 2 Ω lumen/m Steradian Distance between sun and earth 1.5*10 Earth radius 6*10 ⇒ (max variation(max 1.7 %) drop 2 Ω and the larger blue circle gets = steradian Ω 1 fixed lumen 𝜋𝜋 Squaremetre 1 . 5 6 ∗ / ∗ 10 10 𝑚𝑚 6 11 6 2 2 2 = 2 16𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 2 2 ∗ 10 − 10 11 4 r metres 1 2 ) Ω lumen/m 4 4 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟 2 2

2

.

utdallas edu 27 Page

metin /~

Top View