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THE CYPRUS llEVIEW a 1ownal of social. economic and poflllcal issues The Cyprus Review, a Journal of Social, Economic and Political Issues, P.O. Box 4005, 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus. Telephone 02- 357735, 02-357962; E-mail address:[email protected] Telefax 02-357481, 02-357964. North American Subscription Office: Phillip Young, Director of Libraries, University of Indianapo• lis, 1400 East Hanna Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46227-3697, U.S.A. Copyright: © 1997 lntercollege, Cyprus. ISSN 1015-2881. All rights reserved. No restrictions on photo- copying. Quotations from The Cyprus Review are welcome, but acknowledgement of the source must be given. TCR Staff Editor: George A.Tsangaras Managing Editor: Nicos Peristianis Editorial Assistants: Lisa McEntee, Lysandros Avraamides Circulation Manager: Andreas Antoniades Secretary: Niki Hadjiantoni Advisory Editorial Board VOLUME 9 NUMBER 1 CYPRUS REVIEW a joumal of social economic and political issues Peter Allen, Ph.D., Rhode Island State College, USA. Leonard Doob, Ph.D., Yale University, USA. Maria Hadjipavlou-Trigeorgis, Ph.D., University of Cyprus. Yiannis E. loannou, Ph.D., University of Cyprus. Joseph S. Joseph, Ph.D., University of Cyprus. Joseph S. Josephides, Ph.D., Popular Bank, Cyprus. John T.A. Koumoulides, Ph. D., Ball State University, USA. Costas P. Kyrris, Ph.D., Ex• Director of Cyprus Research Center, Cyprus. Peter Loizos, Ph.D., University of London, United Kingdom. Phedon Nicolaides, Ph.D., European Institute of Public Administration, The Netherlands. Andreas Polemitis, D.B.A., Intercollege, Cyprus. Sophronis Sophroniou, Ph.D., Intercollege, Cyprus I University of Indianapolis, U.S.A. THE CYPRUS REVIEW VOLUME 9 NUMBER 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Van Coufoudakis Greek-Turkish Relations in the Post-Cold War Era: Implications of the American Response 7 Fiona Hill Russian Policy in the Caspian Black Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean 22 Andreas Theophanous The Cyprus Problem in the Broader Greco-Turkish Rivalry: Implications for Stability in the Eastern Mediterranean 44 Stefanos P. Papageorgiou The Genesis of the Greek and Turkish Nationalism in Cyprus, 1878-1914: A Common March at a Different Pace 56 Michalis N. Koutsoulis and James Campbell Behavioural Home Environment and its Relation to Motivation and Achievement: Gender, Setting of Residential Area and Socioeconomic Status Differences 66 Myria Vassiliadou 'Herstory': The Missing Woman of Cyprus 95 Plus Commentary Article by: John Brademas Some thoughts on the Cyprus Problem, US Foreign Policy and the Role of Congress 123 And Book Reviews of: The Impartial Soldier, by Michael Harbottle (Oliver Richmond) 133 Etymologicon lexicon tis omiloumenis Kypriakis Dialectou (Etymological Dictionary of the Spoken Cyprus Dialect), by Kyriacos Hadjioannou (Sofronis Sofroniou) 136 Cypriotica, by Cimon Neophytou (Nayia Roussou) 140 Contributors THE CYPRUS REVIEW (TCR) Manuscript Submission Rules: Manuscripts should be sent to the Editor, The Cyprus Review, Research and Development Center, lntercollege, P.O. Box 4005, 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus. The paper's first page should show the author's institutional connection and contain a 100-150 word abstract. Authors should also provide a curriculum vitae. Quotation permissions must be obtained by the author. All citations must be complete; put all citations at the end of the paper. Manuscripts should be sent in English. Acceptable paper lengths are 20-100 dou• ble spaced pages. An acknowledgement of receipt will be provided, but the manuscript will not be returned to the author. The editor recommends The Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), latest edition. Once submitted and accepted for publication, papers and reviews become TCR properly. Subject Coverage: The Social Sciences, including primarily Anthropology, Business Administration, Economics, History, International Relations, Politics, Psychology, Public Administration, and Sociology, and secondarily, Biography, Geography, Demography, Law and Social Welfare. Emphasis is placed on social concerns as they relate to Cyprus. Types of Material Which Will Be Considered for Publication: Original, unpublished, schol• arly thesis and dissertation summaries, review papers, "think pieces," book and journal reviews, and subject bibliographies. Scholarly conference and educational announcements will be accepted but other news items will be excluded. Reviews: Each issue contains a section of evaluative book and serial reviews of recent publications about Cyprus. Review copies of appropriate publications are hereby solicited for this purpose from all foreign and Cypriot sources. Editorial Policies: Before publication all papers will be edited for grammar, spelling, punctuation, succinctness, clarity of meaning and graceful expression. Paper and review authors will be offered proof copy to check, but final editorial decisions are the responsibility of the edi• tors. Each author will receive ten complimentary copies of his/her paper. Review authors will be allowed to keep the book or serial issue reviewed. Indexing: The contents of The Cyprus Review are now indexed in the following publica• tions: Bulletin Signalitiques en Sciences, Humanities et Socia/es; International Bibliography of the Social Sciences; PAIS-Public Affairs Information Service; Sociological Abstracts; Social Planning, Policy and Development Abstracts; Peace Research Abstracts Journal; /CSSR Journal of Abstracts and Reviews: Sociology and Social Anthropology; International Bibligraphy of Periodical Literature; International Bibliography of Book Reviews; and International Political Science Abstracts. In addition, TCR is available internationally via termi• nals accessing the Dialog, BAS and Data-Star data bases. Adverlising: Advertisements are welcomed. No more than ten full pages of advertisements are published per issue. Rates per issue: Full page $200, Cyp£100, UK£125; Half page $140, Cyp£70, UK£90; Back cover £380, Cyp£190, UK£240. Disclaimer: The views expressed in the papers and reviews published in this journal are those of their authors and do not necessarily represent the views of lntercollege, the Advisory Editorial Board or the editors. THE CYPRUS REVIEW a journal of social, economic and political issues GREEK-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA: IMPLICATIONS OF THE AMERICAN RESPONSE Van Coufoudakis Abstract This article analyses the American view of Turkey and her relations with Greece and Cyprus in the post-Cold War era and argues that the U.S. has pursued contra• dictory goals and has fallen victim to the attempts by Turkey to consolidate its claims against both Cyprus and Greece. It points the view that U.S. policy towards Turkey has enabled Turkey to follow a course of self-aggrandisement in the region and concludes with a series of propositions to enable Greece and Cyprus to com• bat Turkish claims. Introduction Rather than reviewing the known issues that currently make up the Greco• Turkish agenda, I propose to examine the implications of the American response to the issues affecting Greco-Turkish relations in the post-Cold War era and on how these issues may be resolved. The analysis that follows is an affirmation that Cold War policies and assumptions played a pivotal role in the definition and conduct of Greek, Turkish and American policy, and that American policy has been the most significant external influence in the bilateral relations of Greece and Turkey. Greco-Turkish relations have deteriorated since the end of the Cold War because Turkey has capitalized on the conditions of the new international environment. Washington, by encouraging Turkey's ambitious role in the Balkans, in Central Asia and in the Middle East has encouraged Turkey's revisionist objectives in the Aegean and in Cyprus. The Cold War Legacy Let me begin with two fundamental assumptions. One is that a realistic analysis 7 THE CYPRUS REVIEW of post-Cold War Greek-Turkish relations must be made not only in the context of the perceptions, assumptions, motives and policies of the two countries, but also those of the United States towards each of the countries and Turkey in particular. And, second, that post-Cold War American policies towards Greece and Turkey cannot be separated from the security considerations that guided American policy to this region during the Cold War. Political reality is influenced by the images and perceptions of policy makers.1 Such images and perceptions provide a simplified world view and comforting ratio• nalizations for choices made by policy makers. Perceptions can also cause serious policy problems if there is a wide gap between image and reality. The reforms of Kemal Ataturk helped redefine the negative American perceptions of the Ottoman Empire. Kemal Ataturk emerged as modern Turkey's George Washington, as the leader who restored Turkey's sovereignty, curtailed external interference, and set his country on the road to secularization, westernization and reform. Turkey was perceived as a "proud and independent country"2 by American offi• cials during the debate on the Truman Doctrine in 1947. This image of Turkey has not changed since then. The inevitable conclusion of this perception has been that the Turks would not tolerate external interference in their politics and policies,3 and that political conditions in that country limited the exercise of American influence. Another American perception of Turkey was inherited from British imperial poli• cy. Throughout the 19th century Britain considered the Ottoman Empire's control of the Straits
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