SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation Review: A Safer Alternative to Psychopharmaceuticals in the Treatment of Depression Marshall F. Gilula, MD Daniel L. Kirsch, PhD ABSTRACT. The use of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) to treat depression and anxiety is reviewed. The data submitted to the Fed- eral Drug Administration (FDA) for approval of medication in the treat- ment of depression are compared with CES data. Proposed method of action, side-effects, safety factors, and treatment efficacy are discussed. The results suggest there is sufficient data to show that CES technology Marshall F. Gilula is Senior Patient Safety Fellow, Center for Patient Safety, De- partment of Anesthesiology, University of Miami, Jackson Memorial Hospital. Daniel L. Kirsch is Chairman, Electromedical Products International, Inc., a medi- cal device manufacturing firm with a product line that includes CES devices, the sub- ject matter of this paper. Address correspondence to: Marshall F. Gilula, Center for Patient Safety, Jackson Memorial Hospital, The Institute–Fourth Floor, 1611 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136 (E-mail:
[email protected]). Journal of Neurotherapy, Vol. 9(2) 2005 Available online at http://www.haworthpress.com/web/JN 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1300/J184v09n02_02 7 8 JOURNAL OF NEUROTHERAPY has equal or greater efficacy for the treatment of depression compared to antidepressant medications, with fewer side effects. A prospective re- search study should be undertaken to directly compare CES with antide- pressant medications and to compare the different CES technologies with each other. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Docu- ment Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH.