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The Mungiki Sect, Including Organizational Structure, Leadership

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Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 1 of 7 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Home > Research Program > Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) respond to focused Requests for Information that are submitted to the Research Directorate in the course of the refugee protection determination process. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIRs. Earlier RIRs may be found on the UNHCR's Refworld website. 15 November 2013 KEN104594.E Kenya: The Mungiki sect, including organizational structure, leadership, membership, recruitment and activities; the relationship between the government and sects, including protection offered to victims of devil worshippers and sects, such as the Mungiki (2010-October 2013) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Overview The Mungiki is a sect that was established in the 1980's (Henningsen and Jones 28 May 2013, 373). It was originally a "self-defence force" and is comprised of Kenya's largest ethnic group, the Kikuyu (IHS Jane's 2 Feb. 2010; Norway 29 Jan. 2010). According to several sources, the sect is a highly secretive organization (Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 6; The New York Times 21 Apr. 2009). Jane's Intelligence Review notes that the Mungiki are primarily active in the ethnic Kikuyu areas of "Central Province, Nairobi Province, Rift Valley Province and Eastern Province" (2 Feb. 2010, 2). Other sources report that they are active in Central Province, the Rift Valley (Pambazuka News 21 Feb. 2013; Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 3) and Nairobi slums (Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 10; the New York Times 21 Apr. 2009). The Kenyan government outlawed the sect in 2002 (Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 13; ISS 2010, 164). The United States Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2010 states that the Mungiki sect was outlawed because it "espoused political views and cultural practices that were controversial in mainstream society... it ran protection rackets, particularly in the public transportation sector, and harassed and intimidated residents" (8 Apr. 2011, 21). The Norwegian Landinfo Country of Origin Information Centre describes the Mungiki as "a religious movement clothed with diverse aspirations ranging from political to religio-cultural and socio-economic liberation" (Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 6). Sources report that the Mungiki call for a return to traditional Kikuyu values and religion and an abandonment of Western and Christian lifestyles (Henningsen and Jones 28 May 2013, 374; Afrik.com 19 Oct. 2010; Norway 29 Jan.2010, 5, 6). According to Afrik.com, a French independent international media source on Africa (2013), the Mungiki are also known for criminal and "mafia-like" actions using violence and intimidation to achieve their goals (Afrik.com 19 Oct. 2010; Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 10). The Mungiki extort money from locals and taxi-bus (matatu) operators (Henningsen and Jones 28 May 2013, 375; IHS Jane's 2 Feb. 2010; Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 10). Jane's Intelligence Review describes them as "Kenya's largest criminal organization, specialising in extortion" (2 Feb. 2010, 1) The Institute for Security Studies (ISS), an independent African research organization, states that Mungiki members used to have dreadlocks but "when it became apparent that this was an easy way for the security forces to identify and track them down, they changed their image to decently dressed young men and women" (2010, 165). 2. Leadership Sources identify Maina Njenga as the former leader of the Mungiki (Pambazuka News 21 Feb. 2013; Afrik.com 19 Oct. 2010; Africa Confidential 9 July 2010). Njenga was arrested in 2006 and released from prison in April 2009 (The Star 23 July 2013). He was arrested on drugs and weapons related charges (ISS 2010, 157). Sources report that since his release from prison, Njenga has converted to Christianity (The Star 23 July 2013; Pambazuka News 21 Feb. 2013; Africa Confidential 9 July 2010). Africa Confidential, a news source based in London reporting on African news, states that he "renounced violence, became a born-again Christian and [was] a stalwart campaigner for Kenyans to vote in favour of the proposed new constitution [in 2010]" (9 July 2010). A Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, who specializes in African studies and the Mungiki sect, noted in a telephone interview with the Research Directorate that Njenga is now considered to be a spiritual leader of the Mungiki and encourages less violence (4 Oct. 2013). Njenga has also tried to gain political influence via the Kenya National Youth Alliance (KNYA), the political wing of the Mungiki (ibid.). In contrast, Landinfo reports that the KNYA "was registered as a political party until the government unlisted it early in 2007" (Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 7). However, according to the Agence France-Presse, the KNYA is reported to have been the "political wing of the Mungiki for several years" (29 Oct. 2009). The Agence France- Presse also reported on 29 October 2009 that then Mungiki Spokesman Njuhana Gitau stated the Mungiki were "now http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=454893&pls=1 1/8/2014 Responses to Information Requests - Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada Page 2 of 7 members of the Kenya National Youth Alliance".On 9 July 2010, Africa Confidential reported that Maina Njenga was "mobilising Mungiki's National Youth Movement for the Yes campaign in support of the new constitution." In 2010, sources indicated that the Mungiki were reported to have no central control at that time (Afrik.com 19 Oct. 2010; IHS Jane's 2 Feb. 2010, 1). On 21 February 2013, Nairobi news source Pambazuka News reported that "no one speaks for the proscribed underground militia nowadays." 3. Organizational Structure In correspondence with the Research Directorate, Professor Maupeu of African Studies at l'Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, who specializes in the Mungiki and is a witness at the International Criminal Court at the 2013 trial of President Kenyatta, noted that existing information on the sect's organizational structure is scarce, as the organization is highly secretive (3 Oct. 2013). The senior researcher noted that Mungiki's broad organization is composed of many different factions under the name Mungiki which "are not always harmonious with each other" (Senior Researcher 4 Oct. 2013) and believed it is "thus hard to control what each faction is doing or takes credit for" (ibid.). The senior researcher also explained that the Mungiki is divided into regional, district, and local level cells comprised of 50 members (ibid.). Each cell is then further divided into a local militia-like platoon comprising 10 members (ibid.). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. 4. Membership and recruitment There is uncertainty as to the exact size of the Mungiki sect (IHS Jane's 2 Feb. 2010). Both Professor Maupeu and the senior researcher noted that there is no verifiable number (3 Oct. 2013; 4 Oct. 2013). While conducting fieldwork in Kenya, the senior researcher found that "the exact number of members fluctuates due to the secretive nature of the group and disinformation about this number from Mungiki leaders" (4 Oct. 2013). The senior researcher added that it is also difficult to identify an exact number of sect members as many disenfranchised youths will lie about being a Mungiki member "to terrorize and gain influence" in their community (4 Oct. 2013). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. Sources indicate the size of the sect could vary between thousands (Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 8), to 1.5 and 2 million (Henningsen and Jones 28 May 2013, 374; Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 7; ISS 2010, 154), to 4 million members (Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 8). The Professor Maupeu stated that at present in 2013, the Mungiki are operating at a lower number of members and, based on online and public activities Professor Maupeu consulted, the Mungiki could have hundreds to thousands of members (3 Oct. 2013). The senior researcher based on findings from his fieldwork, reported that leaders of the Mungiki claimed the sect had 2 million members; however, the research speculates that some members may not be official members and leaders would not give specific information about this when asked (4 Oct. 2013). The Mungiki are predominantly young men (Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 8; ISS 2010, 154). Professor Maupeu reported that young men who join the Mungiki believe the group is a "refuge to gain economic and political success" (3 Oct. 2013). The Australian Refugee Review Tribunal Country Advice Report for Kenya states that "females make up about 20-25 per cent of the group's members" (13 Jan. 2012, 1). Members can be characterised as poor, landless, and unemployed (Professor 3 Oct. 2013; Henningsen and Jones 28 May 2013, 373; ISS 2010, 153). "Most members are very poor with little or no education... [and] leaders tend to have university degrees" (Norway 29 Jan. 2010, 8). Professor Maupeu further distinguished four types of people who gravitate towards or are members of Mungiki: leaders of the movement, the Mungiki Njama (militants who are often young and poor), supporters of the movement from the Kikuyu business or political class, and donors from the middle and business class (3 Oct. 2013). Corroborating information on the four types of members could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. The Mungiki induct members in a secret ceremony involving oaths and rituals (IHS Jane's 2 Feb.
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