Iran. J. Ichthyol. (December 2015), 2(4): 287–295 Received: August 27, 2015 © 2015 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Accepted: November 25, 2015 P-ISSN: 2383-1561; E-ISSN: 2383-0964 doi: http://www.ijichthyol.org

Parasitic worms of the Persian , persicus Borodin, 1897 from the southwestern shores of the

Mohammad Reza NOEI1, Shaig IBRAHIMOV1, Masoud SATTARI2*

1Institute of Zoology, the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. 2Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Iran. *Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Although the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, is a commercially valuable sturgeon species of the Caspian Sea, but there are only few reports about its parasite fauna in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. In this study, a total of 209 individuals of Persian sturgeon were collected from two regions in the southwestern of Caspian Sea (Guilan Province, Iran) from March 2009 to May 2011. After recording their biometric characteristics, standard necropsy and parasitology methods were used for finding parasites. The nematodes were fixed in 70% ethanol and then cleared in lactophenol. The other worms were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stained with aqueous acetocarmine. In this study, a total of 1396 worms belonging to six species, including two nematode species viz. Cucullanus sphaerocephalus and Eustrongylides excisus, two cestodes viz. Amphilina foliacea and Bothrimonus fallax, one digenean trematode, namely Skrjabinopsolus semiarmatus, and one acanthocephalan, namely Leptorhynchoides plagicephalus were found in 209 examined Persian . Keywords: , Nematoda, Cestoda, Prevalence, Intensity.

Introduction Specific parasitological information about The fishery of Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus A. persicus was not available, because this species Borodin, 1897 is of commercial importance in the had not been distinguished from A. gueldenstaedtii southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea (Emadi for a long time (Holcik 1989). Therefore, the species 1996). This species has a wide distribution range in composition and quantities of its parasites were Iranian shore and similar to the Russian sturgeon, presumed to be analogous to those of A. gueldenstaedtii Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1833, has a A. gueldenstaedtii. The first study on the parasite short, round and blunt snout (Berg 1948). Acipenser fauna of sturgeons in the Iranian shore of the Caspian persicus can be distinguished from A. gueldenstaedtii Sea (Mokhayer 1972) was carried out when by the somewhat smaller number of scutes and gill A. persicus was considered to be a subspecies of rakers, a relatively longer and lower head, more A. gueldenstaedtii. Therefore, only three parasite elongated body, and narrower and downward- species were reported from A. persicus (Gorogi curving and lighter colouration (Belyaev 1932; Marti 1996a) and in another study, nine parasite species 1940; Berg 1948; Mageramov 1972; Artyokhin were found in this fish (Sattari & Mokhayer 2006). 1979; Putilina 1983). The diet of A. persicus in the There are also other reports about the parasite fauna southern part of the Caspian Sea includes small fishes of sturgeons and other fish species in various areas of such as Clupeonella spp., gobiids, and Vimba vimba, the Caspian Sea (Dogiel & Bykhovskiy 1939; crustaceans such as shrimps and Balanus, and Dubinin 1952; Shulman 1954; Nechaeva 1964; polychaetes (Torrik 1994). Skryabina 1974; Sattari et al. 2008, 2009; Khara et

287

Iranian Journal of Ichthyology (December 2015), 2(4): 287-295

al. 2009; Mousavi Sabet & Sattari 2013; Daghigh Roohi et al. 2014; Khara & Sattari 2014). Hence, this study attempts to provide a comprehensive investigation on composition and quantities of parasites of A. persicus in the southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea with respect to their epizootiological status.

Materials and Methods A total of 209 specimens of the Persian sturgeon were collected by gill net from March 2009 to May 2011. The samples consisted of the Persian sturgeons caught in fisheries regions 1 (region 1: western coast of Guilan Province) and 2 (region 1: eastern coast of Guilan Province) alongside a shore area of about 200km. The collected Persian sturgeons had a mean weight of 21.724kg (±8.452kg, range=3-43kg) and fork length of 150.99cm (±22.82cm, range=73- Fig.1. Electron photomicrograph of 197cm). Since the sampling of this study was C. sphaerocephalus (anterior part) from the Persian restricted by the governmental fishing program (i.e. sturgeon of the Caspian Sea (130X) showing its rounded head and slit-like oral opening. for artificial propagation and then exporting their flesh), therefore, age determination was not possible. of the abundance of all parasite species found After recording the biometric characteristics of (modified after Leong & Holmes 1981). Mean samples, standard necropsy and parasitology intensity of infection and abundance of the parasite methods (Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya 1985; Stoskopf species (with prevalence >10%) among seasons, 1993) were used for finding parasites. Live locations, weight and length classes and sexes were nematodes were fixed in hot 70% ethanol and cleared tested using Kruskal-Wallis test (KW, multiple in lactophenol. Live trematodes and comparisons) and Mann-Whitney U test (MW, acanthocephalans were relaxed in distilled water at pairwise comparisons). The differences between the 4ºC for 1hrs and fixed in 10% hot buffered formalin. prevalence of the parasite in various groups were All specimens were fixed in 10% formalin, stained determined using Z test. The results were considered with aqueous acetocarmine, dehydrated and then significant at the 95% level (P<0.05). Data analysis mounted in permount. All the worms were identified were performed using the SPSS programme. using parasite identification keys (Yamaguti 1961; Avdeyev 1987; Moravec 1994) and then were Results deposited at the Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Faculty In this study, 1396 worms of six species, including of Natural Resources, University of Guilan (Iran). two nematode species, Cucullanus sphaerocephalus Statistical analysis: Classical epidemiological (Rudolphi, 1809) and Eustrongylides excisus variables (prevalence, intensity and abundance) were Jägerskiöld, 1909 larvae, two cestoda species, calculated according to Bush et al. (1997). The Amphilina foliacea (Rudolphi, 1819) and dominance of a parasite species (expressed as a Bothrimonus fallax Lühe, 1900, one digenean percentage) was calculated as N/N sum, where trematode, Skrjabinopsolus semiarmatus (Molin, N=abundance of a parasite species and N sum = sum 1858), and one acanthocephalan, Leptorhynchoides 288 Noei et al.-Parasitic worms of the Persian sturgeon from the Caspian Sea

of Cobitis avicennae

Fig.2. Electron photomicrograph of Fig.4. Electron photomicrograph of S. semiarmatus C. sphaerocephalus (head) from the Persian sturgeon (cirrus) from the Persian sturgeon of the Caspian Sea of the Caspian Sea (300X) showing its excretory pore. (400X) showing its powerful spinose cirrus.

Fig.5. Leptorhynchoides plagicephalus (anterior part) from the Persian sturgeon of the Caspian Sea (100X) showing its extremely long proboscis, with 14 longitudinal hook rows, 22-24 per row.

Fig.3. Electron photomicrograph of S. semiarmatus highest prevalence value (73.21%). The mean (anterior part) from the Persian sturgeonof the intensity of infection, abundance and dominance of Caspian Sea (120X) showing its spinose cuticle, small this parasites (7.54 and 5.52 and 82.22%, suckers, genital atrium and powerful spinose cirrus. respectively) were also more than the other parasites. plagicephalus (Westrumb, 1821) were found in 209 The prevalence of C. sphaerocephalus in autumn examined specimens (Figs. 1-10). and spring was significantly higher than that of The prevalence, mean intensity, range winter (Z test, P<0.05) (Table 2). The mean intensity (minimum and maximum number), abundance and of infection of C. sphaerocephalus in spring were dominance of the parasites are shown in Table 1. higher than that of autumn and winter, whereas, the Based on the results, C. sphaerocephalus had the differences between seasons were not significant 289 Iranian Journal of Ichthyology (December 2015), 2(4): 287-295

Fig.6. Leptorhynchoides plagicephalus (the tail of Fig.8. Bothrimonus fallax (head) from the Persian male) from the Persian sturgeon of the Caspian Sea sturgeon of the Caspian Sea (100X) showing its (100X) showing its copulating bursa. bottom divided into ventral and dorsal portions by low transverse septum.

Fig.7. Bothrimonus fallax (anterior part) from the Persian sturgeon of the Caspian Sea (40X) showing its spherical head terminally bearing scyphoid suctorial hollow. Fig.9. Eustrongylides excisus larvae (anterior part) (KW, χ2=3.25, df=2, P=0.197). However, the from the Persian sturgeon of the Caspian Sea (100X) abundance of C. sphaerocephalus in seasons was showing its rounded head, provided with 12 papillae in two circles of 6 papillae each. significantly different (KW, χ2=9.255, df=2, P<0.05). The prevalence and mean intensity of df=2, P<0.05). The prevalence and mean intensity of S. semiarmatus in spring were higher than that of infection to L. plagicephalus in winter were higher autumn and winter, respectively, but the differences than that of spring and autumn, respectively, but the were not significant (Z test, P>0.05 for prevalence differences were not significant (Z test, P>0.05 for and KW, χ2=1.917, df=1, P=0.166 for mean intensity prevalence and KW, χ2=1.380, df=2, P=0.502 for of infection). The abundance of S. semiarmatus in mean intensity of infection). seasons was significantly different (KW, χ2=10.192, The prevalence and mean intensity of

290 Noei et al.-Parasitic worms of the Persian sturgeon from the Caspian Sea

of Cobitis avicennae Table 1. The prevalence, mean intensity, range, abundance and dominance of some parasites in A. persicus.

Parasite Prevalence (%) Mean intensity  SD Range Abundance SD Dominance (%) C. sphaerocephalus 73.21 7.5410.86 1-89 5.529.87 84.22 N=1153 S. semiarmatus 6.22 7.5414.15 1-50 0.473.86 7.16 N=98 L. plagicephalus 8.13 5.536.63 1-19 0.452.38 6.73 N=94 E. excisus larvae 7.66 2.695.19 1-22 0.211.57 3.08 N=43 A. foliacea 0.96 32.83 1-5 0.030.35 0.43 N=6 B. fallax 0.96 10 1 0.01 0.14 N=1

Table 2. The prevalence, mean intensity and range of some parasites of A. persicus in various seasons.

Parasite C. sphaerocephal S. semiarmatus L. plagicephalus E. exisus A. foliacea Bothrimonus Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD Season Range Range Range Range Range Range 75 11.54 8.65 3.85 0.96 0.96 Spring 8.8512.97 8.0814.63 4.225.47 1.750.96 1 1 N=104 (1-89) (1-50) (1-15) (1-3) 1 1 78.05 1.22 6.1 10.97 1.22 1.22 Autumn 6.558.37 1 7.88.93 3.66.9 5 1 N=82 (1-42) 1 1-19 1-2 5 1 Winter 47.83 13.04 13.04 N=23 44.89 0 5.77.2 1.330.58 0 0 (1-17) (1-14) (1-2)

Table 3. The prevalence, mean intensity and range of some parasites of A. persicus in males and females.

Parasite C. sphaerocephalus S. semiarmatus L. plagicephalus E. excisus A. foliacea Bothrimonus Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD Sex Range Range Range Range Range Range 78.86 8.94 3.25 4.07 0.81 Female 9.1512.82 6.3614.5 1 1.20.45 0 1 N=123 (1-89) (1-50) 1 (1-2) 1 65.11 2.33 15.12 12.79 2.33 1.16 Male 4.75.2 1414.14 6.97.05 3.366.2 32.83 1 N=86 (1-21) (4-24) (1-19) 1 (1-5) 1

Table 4. The prevalence, mean intensity and range of some parasites of A. persicus in males and females.

Parasite C. sphaerocephalus S. semiarmatus L. plagicephal E. exisus A. foliacea Bothrimonus Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) Prevalence (%) MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD MeanSD Location Range Range Range Range Range Range Region 1 84.44 4.44 6.66 4.44 2.22 2.22 N=45 9.2115.07 1.50.71 77.2 1 - 1 - 1 - (1-89) (1 - 2) 1-15 1 1 1 Region 2 70.12 6.71 8.53 8.53 0.61 0.61 N=164 6.999.08 8.6415.02 5.26.75 2.925.53 5 - 1 - (1-48) (1-50) 1-19 1-22 5 1

291 Iranian Journal of Ichthyology (December 2015), 2(4): 287-295

χ2=47.853, df=52, P=0.638 for mean intensity of infection and KW, χ2=64.714, df=61, P=0.348 for abundance). The same results were found for S. semiarmatus (Z test, P>0.05 for prevalence; KW, χ2=5.159, df=8, P=0.740 for mean intensity of infection and KW, χ2=36.602, df=61, P=0.994 for abundance). The prevalence, mean intensity of infection and abundance of L. plagicephalus and E. excisus decreased in higher length groups, but only the abundance of these two parasites between length groups was significantly different (KW, Fig.10. Eustrongylides excisus larvae (posterior part) χ2=84.682, df=61, P<0.05 for L. plagicephalus and from the Persian sturgeon of the Caspian Sea (100X). KW, χ2=89.623, df=61, P<0.05 for E. excisus). C. sphaerocephalus infection were significantly The prevalence of C. sphaerocephalus in higher higher in females (Z test, P<0.05 for prevalence and weight groups was more than those of lower groups MW, χ2=6.446, df=1, P<0.05 for mean intensity of (Z test, P<0.05), The mean intensity of infection and infection) (Table 3). The prevalence and mean abundance of C. sphaerocephalus in higher weight intensity of S. semiarmatus infection in females were groups (30kg ≤) were more than those of lower higher, but not significant (Z test, P>0.05 for groups, but the differences between weight groups prevalence and MW, χ2=3.023, df=1, P=0.082 for were not significant (KW, χ2=29.577, df=36, mean intensity of infection). The prevalence and P=0.767 for mean intensity of infection and KW, mean intensity of L. plagicephalus infection in males χ2=37.773, df=39, P=0.526 for abundance. The same were significantly higher (Z test, P<0.05 for results were found for S. semiarmatus (Z test, P>0.05 prevalence and MW, χ2=3.853, df=1, P<0.05 for for prevalence, KW, χ2=9.124, df =9, P=0.426 for mean intensity of infection). The prevalence and mean intensity of infection and KW, χ2=45.709, mean intensity of infection of other parasites in both df=39, P=0.213 for abundance). The prevalence, females and males were low. mean intensity of infection and abundance of As shown in Table 4, the prevalence of L. plagicephalus and E. excisus larvae decreased in C. sphaerocephalus in region 1 was significantly higher weight groups, but only the abundance of higher than region 2 (Z test, P<0.05). The mean these parasites between weight groups was intensity of infection and abundance of significantly different (KW, χ2=57.632, df=39, C. sphaerocephalus in region 1 were higher than P<0.05 for L. plagicephalus and KW, χ2=62.190, region 2, but the differences between locations were df=39, P<0.05 for E. excisus larvae). not significant (MW, χ2=0.309, df=1, P=0.578 for mean intensity of infection and MW, χ2=2.968, df =1, Discussion P=0.085 for abundance). The prevalence, mean Since A. persicus is mostly caught in the Iranian intensity of infection and abundance of other shore of the Caspian Sea, therefore, the information parasites in all the locations were low. about its parasites is referred to this area. Mokhayer The prevalence, mean intensity of infection and (1972) reported 17 parasite species in 3 sturgeon abundance of C. sphaerocephalus in higher length species including A. gueldenstaedtii (n=95), groups were more than those of in lower groups, but A. stellatus (n=72), and huso (n=4) from the the differences between length groups were not southwest of the Caspian Sea. Sattari & Mokhayer significant (Z test, P>0.05 for prevalence; KW, (2006) were examined 206 individuals of A. persicus 292 Noei et al.-Parasitic worms of the Persian sturgeon from the Caspian Sea

of Cobitis avicennae and found 3093 parasites belonging to nine different worms in A. persicus. This parasite constitutes more species. In the present study, 209 fish samples were than 84.22% of the parasite communities in the examined and 1396 parasites belonging to six species studied fish. Noteworthy, the abundance of the were found. Comparing the results of the present polychaetes (nereids) was high in its diet (nereids are study with those of Mokhayer (1972) and Sattari & known to be the intermediate hosts of Mokhayer (2006), showed that the number of the C. sphaerocephalus). parasite species (particularly those of freshwater Leptorhynchoides plagicephalus is an fauna) tends to be decreased over the time, while the Echinorhyichida with long clavate or whip-like prevalence and mean intensity of some (marine) proboscis and has been reported from intestine of species such as C. sphaerocephalus tend to be various sturgeons from Volga River, Caspian Sea, increased. In addition, extensive knowledge of and Dnieper River (Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. sturgeon parasites in Russian shore of the Caspian 1962). In the southern part of the Caspian Sea, it was Sea (Skryabina 1974) shows more diversity of found in A. gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus, A. persicus parasite species, while in the present study and also and A. nudiventris (Mokhayer 1972; Gorogi 1996a; in the previous studies (Mokhayer 1972; Sattari & Sattari 1999). In the present study, L. plagicephalus Mokhayer 2006), smaller number of parasite species were found in A. persicus with higher prevalence, have been found in the southern part of the Caspian abundance and dominance than in that of previous Sea. There are some physicochemical and studies (Mokhayer 1972; Gorogi 1997a; Sattari hydrobiological differences between the north and 1999) which may be due to increasing number of its south of the Caspian Sea which may have some intermediate host in the Caspian Sea because of influences on the diversity of parasites. For example, changing environmental conditions in the rivers the salinity of the seawater in the northern part (5ppt) entering to the Sea. is less than in the southern part (13-14ppt), and the The adult B. fallax has been reported from the maximum depth of water in the northern part is about intestine of H. huso, A. gueldenstaedtii, A. stellatus 28m, while that of southern part is about 980m. In and A. ruthenus in the Black and Caspian Seas addition, the productivity and carbonate ions of water (Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. 1962; Mokhayer in the southern part are higher than Northern part 1972; Gorogi 1996b; Sattari 1999). In the present (Mokhayer 1972). study, it was found in A. persicus with low Cucullanus sphaerocephalus is a specific prevalence and also low intensity. Its occurrence in parasite of the family Acipenseridae, being reported A. persicus is reporting for the first time from the fish from the following species; Acipenser sturio, (new host record). A. gueldenstaedtii, A. nudiventris, A. ruthenus, Eustrongylides excisus larvae have been A. stellatus, A. persicus and H. huso (Moravec 1994; reported from some fish species of the Caspian Sea, Mokhayer 1972; Gorogi 1996a, b; Sattari & including A. stellatus, A. gueldenstaedtii, Mokhayer 2006). The sturgeons acquire infection in A. persicus, A. nudiventris, H. huso, Esox lucius, the sea and largely adult fishes are infected, even Silurus glanis, Lucioarbus capito, Aspius aspius, though the nematodes occurs in young fishes too Neogobius fluviatilis, N. melanostomus, N. kessleri, (Skryabina 1974). The nematode is found in the N. bathybius and N. caspius (Mokhayer 1972; Sattari anterior part of the intestine in the pyloric caeca 1996, 1999; Sattari et al. 2002; Daghigh Roohi & region, and their young forms are found mainly in Sattari 2010). In the present study, its larvae were pyloric caeca. In the present study, recovered from A. persicus again but with higher C. sphaerocephalus had higher prevalence, mean prevalence, abundance and dominance (7.66%, 0.21 intensity of infection, and abundance than the other and 3.08%, respectively) than in the previous study 293 Iranian Journal of Ichthyology (December 2015), 2(4): 287-295

(1%, 0.04 and 0.097%, respectively) (Sattari 1999) Sokolovskaya, A.L.; Schtein, G.A.; Shulman, S.S. which may be due to higher amounts of second & Epshtein, V.M. 1962. Key to parasites of intermediate hosts (such as gobiids and cyprinids) in freshwater fishes of the USSR. Academy of the fish diet in its habits feeding grounds (Holcik Science of the USSR, Zoological Institute, USSR. 1989). In this study, Anisakis sp. larvae were not 919 p. Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I.E. 1985. Parasites of fishes. found in A. persicus. Manual for research. Leningrad, “Nauka”, 122 p. As conclusion, the present study showed the Daghigh Roohi, J. & Sattari M. 2010. Survey of intestinal presence of six parasite species in A. persicus parasites of Neogobius bathybius in southwestern inhabiting southwestern part of the Caspian Sea. In coasts of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Scientific addition, the results revealed decreasing freshwater Fisheries Journal, 18(4): 165-171. parasite fauna and increasing marine parasite fauna Daghigh Roohi, J.; Sattari, M.; Asgharnia, M. & compared to previous studies that may be related to Roofchaei, R. 2014. Occurrence and intensity of changing physicochemical and hydrobiological parasites in Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio from features of their habitats. Anzali wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea, Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13(2): 276- Acknowledgments 288. Dogiel, V.A. & Bykhovskiy, B.E. 1939. Parasity ryb We would like to thank Dr. Pour Kazemi for Kaspiiskogo morya. Trudy po kompleksnomu providing access to the laboratories of the izucheniyu Kaspiiskogo morya, 7. Izd. Akad. Nauk International Research Institute of Sturgeons (Guilan SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad, pp. 172-173. (In Province, Iran) and The University of Guilan for its Russian) financial support. Dubinin, V.B. 1952. Parazitofauna molodi osetrovikh ryb Nizhnei Volgi. Uchen. Zapiski Leningradsk, Gos. References Univ. 141, 28: 238-251. (In Russian) Artyokhin, E.N. 1979. Presideskii osetr v rekakh Emadi, H. 1996. The situation of catching and the reason Severnogo Kaspiya perspektivy ego espolzovanlya of decreasing the sturgeons stocks. Journal of v osetrovom khosyalstveIn Biologicheskie osnovy Abzyyan 5: 16-18. (In Farsi) osetrovogo khozyaistva v vodoemakh SSSR. Izd. Gorogi, A. 1996a. Identification of blood and intestinal Nauka, Moskva, pp.105-115. (In Russian) parasites of A. persicus in the southern part of the Avdeyev, V.V. 1987. Key to Parasites of Freshwater Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science 1: Fishes of the USSR. Vol. 3, Academic of Science 35-39. (In Farsi) of the USSR. Gorogi, A. 1996b. Identification of blood and intestinal Belyaev, V.N. 1932. Osetr (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, parasites of H. huso in southern part of the Caspian Brandt 1833) Byulletene Vsekaspiisko Nauchno- Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 4: 43-47. rybokhozyaistvennoi Ekspeditsii 5-6: 66-77. (In (In Farsi) Russian) Holcik, J. 1989. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Vol.1, Berg, L.S. 1948. Ryby presnikh vod SSR i sopredel nykh part II, AULA-Verlag, Weisbaden. stran, 4ed, 1. Izd. Akad. Nauk. SSR, Moskva- Khara, H.; Nezami, S.; Sattari, M.; Yousefi, R.; Saeedi, Leningrad. (In Russian) S.E. & Goodarzi, L. 2009. Parasitic worms of some Bush, A.O.; Laferty, K.D.; Lotz, J.M. & Shostak, A.W. sturgeons (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae) from 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. 14th EAFP Margolis et al. revisited. The Journal of International Conference on Diseases of Fish and parasitology, 83: 575-583. Shellfish, Prague, Czech Republic, 220 p. Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I.E.; Gusev, A.V.; Dubinina, Khara, H. & Sattari, M. 2014. Occurrence and intensity M.N.; Izyumova, N.A.; Smirnova, T.S.; of parasites in Wels catfish catfish, Silurus glanis L., 1758 from Amirkelayeh Wetland, southwest of 294 Noei et al.-Parasitic worms of the Persian sturgeon from the Caspian Sea

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