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Vodní Bezobratlí Jako Mezihostitelé Parazitů Ryb Diplomová Práce

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Vodní Bezobratlí Jako Mezihostitelé Parazitů Ryb Diplomová Práce Mendelova univerzita v Brně Agronomická fakulta Ústav zoologie, rybářství, hydrobiologie a včelařství Vodní bezobratlí jako mezihostitelé parazitů ryb Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: Vypracovala: prof. Dr. Ing. Jan Mareš Bc. Veronika Brumovská Brno 2017 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem práci: „Vodní bezobratlí jako mezihostitelé parazitů ryb“, vypracovala samostatně a veškeré použité prameny a informace uvádím v seznamu použité literatury. Souhlasím, aby moje práce byla zveřejněna v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách a o změně a doplnění dalších zákonů (zákon o vysokých školách), ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a v souladu s platnou Směrnicí o zveřejňování vysokoškolských závěrečných prací. Jsem si vědom/a, že se na moji práci vztahuje zákon č. 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, a že Mendelova univerzita v Brně má právo na uzavření licenční smlouvy a užití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona. Dále se zavazuji, že před sepsáním licenční smlouvy o využití díla jinou osobou (subjektem) si vyžádám písemné stanovisko univerzity, že předmětná licenční smlouva není v rozporu s oprávněnými zájmy univerzity, a zavazuji se uhradit případný příspěvek na úhradu nákladů spojených se vznikem díla, a to až do jejich skutečné výše. V Brně dne: …………………. ……………………………………………… podpis PODĚKOVÁNÍ Ráda bych poděkovala vedoucím své diplomové práce Mgr. Pavle Řezníčkové, PhD. a prof. Dr. Ing. Janu Marešovi za odborné vedení při zpracování práce. Děkuji za ochotu a vstřícnost při konzultacích, za cenné rady, připomínky, poskytnuté materiály, a především pak za jejich trpělivost během zpracování diplomové práce. Dále bych chtěla poděkovat Ing. Lukáši Marešovi za pomoc při přípravě a provádění pokusů. V neposlední řadě bych chtěla poděkovat své rodině za umožnění studia, za pomoc a podporu při studiu. Výstupy a výsledky byly zpracovány na přístrojovém vybavení financovaném z projektu OP VaVpI CZ.1.05/4.1.00/04.0135 Výukové a výzkumné kapacity pro biotechnologické obory a rozšíření infrastruktury. Diplomová práce byla zpracována s podporou projektu NAZV QJ1510077 Zvýšení a zefektivnění produkce lososovitých ryb v ČR s využitím jejich genetické identifikace. ABSTRAKT Vodní bezobratlí jako mezihostitelé parazitů ryb Hlavním cílem této práce je vytvoření a ověření metodiky pro kultivaci mechovek v laboratorních podmínkách, dále pak zjištění následného optimálního způsobu detekce rybomorek v odebraných vzorcích mechovek, a nakonec vytvoření efektivní a v praxi využitelné metody eliminace mechovek v rybochovných zařízeních. Nepodařilo se vytvořit a ověřit metodiku kultivace mechovek v laboratorních podmínkách. Optimální způsob detekce rybomorek v odebraných vzorcích mechovek byl ověřen technikou vizuálního sledování daného počtu zooidů v každému vzorku pomocí mikroskopu. Pro testování eliminace mechovek v zařízeních s intenzivním chovem ryb byly v různých koncentracích využity tři chemikálie (Savo Original, Persteril, formaldehyd), které se běžně v rybářství využívají. Použité přípravky způsobily úhyn celých kolonií druhu Plumatella emarginata při koncentracích: Savo Original 0,025 %, Persteril 0,00313 % a formaldehyd 0,00625 %; u druhu Cristatella mucedo: Savo Original 0,1 %, Persteril 0,00625 % a formaldehyd 0,0125 %. Z výsledků působení chemikálií na vybrané dva druhy mechovek vyplývá, že formaldehyd je jediným testovaným přípravkem, který lze využít v zařízení s rybami, protože koncentrace potřebná k usmrcení kolonií mechovek je nižší než letální koncentrace pro lososovité ryby. Při využití formaldehydu o koncentraci 1,38 mg/l vychází náklady na eliminaci mechovek v modelovém systému o objemu 1000 m3 na 37,5 tis. Kč. Nejlevnější variantou je použití přípravku Savo Original. Tento přípravek lze použít pouze pro zařízení, která jsou dočasně bez ryb. Klíčová slova: Bryozoa, Plumatella emarginata, Cristatella mucedo, PKD, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae ABSTRACT Aquatic invertebrates as intermediate hosts of fish parasites The main aim of the study is the formation and the verification of methodology of Bryozoa cultivation in the laboratory conditions, then the establishing of the optimal method for detection of Myxozoa in the collected samples of Bryozoa, and finally the creation of effective and in practice usable method for eliminating Bryozoa in fish farming facilities. The creation and verification of the methodology of Bryozoa cultivation in the laboratory conditions was not successful. The optimal detection of Myxozoa in the collected samples of Bryozoa was verified by the technique of visual observation of given number of zooids in each sample using a microscope. Three chemicals (Savo Original, Persteril, formaldehyde), commonly used in fishery, were used in different concentrations for a testing elimination of Bryozoa in intensive fish breeding systems. Used preparations caused death of entire colonies of the species Plumatella emarginata at concentration: Savo Original 0,025 %, Persteril 0,00313 % and formaldehyde 0,00625 %; in case of species Cristatella mucedo: Savo Original 0,1 %, Persteril 0,00625 % and formaldehyde 0,0125 %. Obtained results show that formaldehyde is the only tested product that can be used in fish farming because the concentration needed for killing the colony of Bryozoa is lower than the lethal concentration for salmonid fish. Using formaldehyde in the concentration of 1.38 mg/l for the elimination of Bryozoa in a model system with a volume of 1000 m3 costs 37.5 thousand CZK. The cheapest variant is to use preparation Savo Original, but this product can be used only in a system which is temporarily without fish. Keywords: Bryozoa, Plumatella emarginata, Cristatella mucedo, PKD, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae OBSAH 1 ÚVOD ........................................................................................................................ 8 2 CÍL PRÁCE ............................................................................................................. 9 3 LITERÁRNÍ PŘEHLED ...................................................................................... 10 3.1 Vodní bezobratlí jako mezihostitelé parazitů ryb ............................................ 10 3.2 Bryozoa (mechovky) ........................................................................................ 11 3.2.1 Mechovky v České republice .................................................................................. 15 3.2.2 Plumatella emarginata (mechovka vykrojená) ....................................................... 16 3.2.3 Cristatella mucedo (mechovka hadovitá) ............................................................... 17 3.3 Laboratorní chov mechovek ............................................................................. 19 3.3.1 Kultivace mechovek ................................................................................................ 19 3.3.2 Klíčení statoblastů ................................................................................................... 20 3.4 Mechovky jako mezihostitelé parazitů ............................................................. 22 3.4.1 Způsoby detekce rybomorek ................................................................................... 22 3.4.2 Myxozoa (rybomorky, výtrusenky)......................................................................... 23 3.4.2.1 Malacosporea .............................................................................................................. 23 3.4.2.2 Druh Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae a PKD ............................................................. 23 4 MATERIÁL A METODIKA ................................................................................ 25 4.1 Kultivace mechovek v laboratorních podmínkách ........................................... 25 4.2 Detekce rybomorek v mechovkách .................................................................. 27 4.3 Eliminace mechovek ........................................................................................ 28 5 VÝSLEDKY A DISKUZE .................................................................................... 30 5.1 Kultivace mechovek v laboratorních podmínkách ........................................... 30 5.1.1 Hydrochemické parametry vody ............................................................................. 30 5.1.2 Výsledky kultivace Plumatella emarginata v laboratorních podmínkách .............. 32 5.2 Detekce rybomorek v mechovkách .................................................................. 32 5.2.1 Hydrochemické parametry vody ............................................................................. 32 5.2.2 Výsledky detekce rybomorek v odebraných vzorcích mechovek ........................... 34 5.3 Eliminace mechovek ........................................................................................ 34 5.3.1 Působení chemikálií na druh Plumatella emarginata – 1. test ................................ 34 5.3.2 Působení chemikálií na druh Plumatella emarginata – 2. test ................................ 38 5.3.3 Působení chemikálií na druh Cristatella mucedo .................................................... 41 5.3.4 Srovnání druhů Plumatella emarginata a Cristatella mucedo ................................ 44 5.3.5 Letální koncentrace pro mechovky a ryby .............................................................. 44 5.3.6 Ekonomické zhodnocení ......................................................................................... 45 6 ZÁVĚR ..................................................................................................................
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