Sheffield Business School

BSc (Honours) Events and Leisure Management

Title: Bid to host the 2023 will have a positive impact on

Name: Lee Man Chun

Student No: 91206536

Month Year April 2011

Name: Lee Man Chun 1 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302

Sheffield Hallam University

Sheffield Business School

Title: Bid to host the 2023 Asian Games will have a positive impact on Hong Kong

FULL NAME: Lee Man Chun, Jim

STUDENT No : 91206536

Supervisor: Calvin Ng

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Events and Leisure Management.

Month Year April 2011

Name: Lee Man Chun 2 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 Abstract The dissertation is aimed to analyze the positive impacts if Hong Kong bid to host the 2023 Asian Games. Through the example of 2008 Olympic Equestrian events and 2009 East Games and find what is the social and economic impact from both of events and prove that Hong Kong can base on two experiences to host the Asian Games. The report was display the statement and opinion by government official and Hong Kong Gold medalist which is supported Hong Kong host the Asian Games.

For the Hong Kong Sports Policy, that also provided the systematic foundation which can support Hong Kong to organizing the international sports events. The social and economic impact is the primary impact that will bring to Hong Kong if bid to host 2023 Asian Games. Through the theory, case study and government document, that evidence is the sources that bring out the positive impact of hosting the Asian Games.

Name: Lee Man Chun 3 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 CONTENT 1.EXECUTIVE SUMMURY ...... 5 2 INTRODUCTIONS ...... 7 2.1 Objective to Study...... 8 3 Methodologies ...... 9 3.1 Primary sources ...... 9 3.2 Government Document ...... 10 3.3 Secondary source ...... 10 3.4 Case Study ...... 10 3.5 Journal ...... 11 3.6 Book ...... 11 3.7 Limitation of founding sources ...... 11 3.8 Reliability ...... 12 4 Literature Review ...... 13 4.1 What is Asian Games? ...... 13 4.2 The aspect of The Secretary of Home Affairs ...... 13 4.3The aspect of Hong Kong Gold medallist ...... 14 4.4 Hong Kong Long-term Sports Policy ...... 15 4.5 Sports & Facilities development ...... 16 4.6Social Cohesion & Community impact ...... 16 4.7 Economic impact…………… ...... 17 4.8Sport for All Policy………...... 18 5 FINGING & ANAYSIS………………………………………………………. .... 20 5.1 Experience of hosted the 2009 ...... 20 5.2The Social Impact from EAG ...... 21 5.3 Experience of co-hosted the 2008 Olympic Equestrian Events ...... 21 5.4 Community impact from Equestrian Events ...... 22 5.5 Analysis……………………...... 22 5.6 The Opinion Survey on Hong Kong’s potential bid to host the 2023 AsianGames by the Chinese University of Hong Kong ...... 24 6. CONCLUSION…………...... 25 REFERANCE: ...... 29

Name: Lee Man Chun 4 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMURY

This dissertation is focus on the discussion on the positive impact that if Hong

Kong bid to host the 2023 Asian Games and meet the three objective consist of

Prove Hong Kong have the sufficient capability to host the 2023 Asian Games

through variety sources, analyze the impacts of economic, social & community

through the example of and 2008 Equestrian Olympic

events and recommending how to through the hosting of Asian Games will

influence the future development of sports in Hong Kong.

Bidding to host the 2023 Asian Games is the new intention by Hong Kong

Government so the method choosing is one of the primary considerations. There

are various sources to use in the dissertation. There are government document

such as Financial and Economic Assessment of the proposed 2023 Asian Games

in HK (2010) and some survey report which is reliable. And other secondary

source was used such as professional journal and case study which can assist to

analyze the positive impact and some specialist theory that related with the

bidding the sports events.

Regarding the Literature Review, first part is identified what is Asian Games.

Then, is the statement by Secretary of Home Affairs, Mr Tsang Tak-sing and

Hong Kong Gold medallist, Mr Wong Kam Po. Their statement was supported

Hong Kong bid to host 2023 Asian Games. Of course, the Hong Kong Long-term

Sports Policy is the main part to explain why Hong Kong has the ability to host

mega sports events. For the social & community and economic impact, Allen et al

(2008) and WESTERBEEK et al (2005) also stated that mega events can bring the

Name: Lee Man Chun 5 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 positive impact to community and bring the business opportunity and employment

creation etc. At last, the Sport for All Policy can explain the importance of

promoted the sports in one community.

In finding and analysis, that’s based on the case study of 2009 East Asian Games

and 2008 Olympic Equestrian Events. It’s because the successful result and

organising experience. Hong Kong has this valueable experience so that’s the

advantage to host the 2023 Asian Games which is more challenge and more huge

sports events. Furthermore, The Opinion Survey on Hong Kong’s potential bid to

host the 2023 Asian Games by the Chinese University of Hong Kong showing the

Hong Kong residents attitudes towards Hong Kong bid for the 2023 Asian Games.

The Survey (2010) display 56.2 % respondents was agreed Hong Kong have the

ability to organize a successful Asian Games. That’s showing the confidence and

belief of Hong Kong citizens.

To conclude, the whole project is supporting Hong Kong to host the 2023 Asian

Games. Hong Kong is facing the marginalization and competition from mainland

China evens the Asia. Hong Kong should prove the capability to host 2023 Asian

Games, the huge international sports events. The impacts of hosting mega events

is not a short-term but always see the long-term development in the cities such as

social, economic etc. If Hong Kong own the sufficient capability, as a Hong Kong

people,

Name: Lee Man Chun 6 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302

2 INTRODUCTIONS

In recent years, Hong Kong held the 2009 East Asian Games and co-host the

2008 Olympic equestrian. According to The Legislative Council Panel (2010) of

review on HK 2009 EAG and Summary report of Beijing 2008 Olympic and

Paralympics Equestrian Events (2008), two report were bring out the detail statistical

information and showing how successful and meet the events objective. Two events

were bringing a remarkable achievement to Hong Kong. Nowadays, no one will doubt

the ability of Hong Kong to host the large scale sport event. Recently, HK

government would like to meet another challenge which is biding the 2023 Asian

Games. The society have the voice of opposition immediately, most of voice was

concern about the costs problem and is it necessary to host this mega event. From

2023, there is still a long time, 2023 Asian Games is a great opportunity and Hong

Kong should not miss this chance. Hong Kong can once again show the world that the

capability to organize large scale sport event. When cities host a large event, it will surely have an impact on various aspects such as social, economic, political. The most important is that Hong Kong is a small city, of course, host the Asian Game is not easy, but if can be success of the case that can be said Hong Kong will create the legend. The result is Hong Kong once again becomes the focus of the world.

Finance is a important issue for hosting, the final report of financial and economic assessment of the proposed 2023 Asian Games (2010), this piece of report showing the financial assessment which including the expenditure of the event, finance and administration, transport, venue sports etc. Namely, the financial

Name: Lee Man Chun 7 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 assessment and some statistical information is help to explain HK own a sufficient ability to host the Asian Games. WESTERBEEK, et al (2005) defined the four area that will add value for, that including community, economic, destination and social and cultural development. Those development can help to analysis the impacts if

Hong Kong hosting the Asian Games.

As above mentioned, based on the successful managed on 2009 EAG and co- host the 2008 Olympic equestrian. The Secretary for Home Affairs, Mr. Tsang Tak

Sing (2010) said hosting 2023 Asian Games have three directions for the long-term sports development, there were help elite athletes achieve excellence, to develop a strong sporting culture in the community and to raise HK profile as a centre for international sports events.

2.1 Objective to Study

 Prove Hong Kong have the sufficient capability to host the 2023Asian Games

through variety sources

 Analyze the impacts of economic, social & community through the example of

2009 East Asian Games and 2008 Equestrian Olympic events

 Recommending how to through the hosting of Asian Games will influence the

future development of sports in Hong Kong.

Name: Lee Man Chun 8 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302

3 Methodologies

In the dissertation, the theme is Hong Kong bid to host Asian Games, so it’s will use a lot of primary source such as government document to prove what is the potential and ability that HK have the enough ability to host the Asian Games. And some media source will use such as the opinion by HK athletes that support to host Asian Games.

3.1 Primary sources

Name: Lee Man Chun 9 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 The website of WIKIPEDIA (2011) stated “Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied.”

3.2 Government Document

Hong Kong government provided a lot of document that prepare and analysis why

HK can host the Asian Game. For instance, Financial and Economic Assessment of the proposed 2023 Asian Games in HK (2010), the report called should Hong Kong

Bid to host the 2023 Asian Games (2010) etc. These types of information can deeply understanding how the government analysis on biding. And the finance report can recognise the financial analysis that proves HK is ready to host the games. And from the consultation report on “Should Hong Kong Bid to Host the 2023 Asian Games?” some information of public opinions received, regular channels and telephone etc, all of the opinion can help to analysis that Hong Kong is support to host the games.

3.3 Secondary source

The website of WIKIPEDIA (2011) stated secondary sources “is a document or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere.”

3.4 Case Study

Furthermore, it will contain a case study which is the East Asian Games 2009 and

Equestrian events 2008. Hong Kong host the EAG and co-host the Olympic

Equestrian events in 2008. Two of the experience is the example that guarantees HK

Name: Lee Man Chun 10 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 have the condition and advantages to host Asian Games. Some statistical information such as the successful of the operation of two events will provided.

3.5 Journal

A series of journal will use as a reference that display the advantage side and positive aspect. One journal is called Is It worth It? (2010), that is mainly talk about the effect if one city hosting the mega events, the potential benefits or how to develop the cities.

Another journal is called leisure and Culture (2010) by Leisure and Cultural Services

Department. This journal describe the leisure and culture development in HK such as the recreational and sports venues, recreation and sports activities, that mean that provided a evidence that HK is ready to host the Asian Games.

3.6 Book

Surrounding my dissertation, theory supporting is the root and foundation of the analyzing. There are several book will use and will pick some chapter to use which is related to the impact when host one mega events. Those impacts included social & cultural, political, environmental and economic etc. Through those theory of impact, that can support what government tend to achieve. Next, is the “Sport for all policy”, this theory can prove the positive side if developing sport and the advantage of sport for the community.

3.7 Limitation of founding sources

In the dissertation, to finding the suitable and proper source of information is always the crucial and can be a difficult part. It’s because sometime can be selective and hard to choose the most appropriate source. As this time, fortunately, government have been providing a lot of document that related the dissertation theme. A number of

Name: Lee Man Chun 11 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 books can apply the theory properly in the analysis. However, the analysis has some limitation. It’s because the intention bid to host the 2023 Asian Games is starting in recent years, so the source of use was mostly depends on government documents.

3.8 Reliability

In the analysis, the use of literature is all from academic and government documents so the entire source is strongly reliable. And in the analysis, there are contain the he

Opinion Survey on Hong Kong’s potential bid to host the 2023 Asian Games by the

Chinese University of Hong Kong, this survey is implemented by professional team which is Telephone survey research laboratory, Chinese University of Hong Kong, that’s a reliable survey that can deliver the view of bid to host 2023 Asian Games by

Hong Kong residents.

Name: Lee Man Chun 12 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 4 Literature Review

According to the website of WIKIPEDIA (2011) defined that literature review is a

‘body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic’ Here is a series of literature which is including theory and evidence to show why should hosting Asian Game in 2023.

4.1 What is Asian Games?

Asian Games, according to the report of “Should Hong Kong Bid to hosing the 2023

Asian Game” (2011), the report said Asian Game are held in every four years and involved 42 variety sports which include 28 Olympic sports and 14 Asian Games sports.

4.2 The aspect of The Secretary of Home Affairs

According the report of “Should Hong Kong Bid to hosing the 2023 Asian Game”

(2011), Hong Kong owns the experience of bid to host 2006 Asian Games. In the

Consultation on whether HK should bid for 2023 Asian Games launched (2010), the

Secretary for Home Affairs, Mr Tsang Tak-sing (2010) said bid to host 2023 Asian

Games is the part of long-term sport development and stated there are three main development which is help elite athletes, to build up a strong sporting culture in the society and arose HK reputation in the area of worldwide sports events.

Except the sport development, Mr Tsang Tak-sing (2010) also said if host the Asian

Games will raise the civic pride and confidence in Hong Kong. Economically, he said

Name: Lee Man Chun 13 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 host the games will enrich the economic activities, provide more job opportunities and broaden the HK status around Asia’s city. Mr Tsang Tak-sing (2010) stated:

“The successful hosting of the Asian Games will greatly promote sports development in Hong Kong, and in the course of preparing for and holding the

Games, enhance civic pride and confidence in Hong Kong. This will help promote Hong Kong’s spirit of perseverance and enhance social cohesion”

Three main aspects can be summarizing, if Hong Kong bid to host 2023 Asian Games, three aspects can achieved, social cohesion, economic activity and sport development.

Of course, three of them are the impacts that might affect Hong Kong if host the games, that also have other literature can support what Tsang Tak-sing said such as the Hong Kong athletes point of view.

4.3 The aspect of Hong Kong Gold medallist

Except the official aspects of supporting, Hong Kong host the mega sports events;

Asian Games men’s cycling gold medallist Wong Kam Po was the one athletes support HK bid to host Asian Games. Here is the statement from him:

“I think if the economic conditions allow it, Hong Kong should host the Asian

Games and build a platform for Hong Kong and Asian athletes.”

“I believe the government should instead spend money training local athletes and developing .” ( morning Post, 2010)

Not just Wong Kam Po, the South China morning Post (2010) said that another more than 20 athletes and representatives of the Elite Athletes Association and the Hong

Kong Sports Institute was agreed the Asian Games can help to improve facilities and arose the spirit of local athletes. More importantly, for one country sports policy, that will show the enthusiastic of their sports development.

Name: Lee Man Chun 14 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302

4.4 Hong Kong Long-term Sports Policy

Based on the systematic sports policy of Hong Kong, it does surely can provide the foundation and reason to Hong Kong that bid to host the 2023 Asian Games. A

Strategic Policy for Sports Development (2002, p.2) stated three overall objective of sports development, there are:

 ‘Develop a strong sporting culture and encourage people to adopt sport as

part of an active lifestyle.’

 ‘Achieve greater excellence in sport by providing more support to our elite

athletes.’

 ‘Raise our international profile on sport with a view to gaining wider

recognition and hence creating new opportunities for economic growth.’

Above, the objective can see the outline of the sports policy in Hong Kong. If Hong

Kong can host Asian Games, it does can meet those three criteria. For more detail of the structure of sports policy, Home Affairs Bureau defined seven points of development for future sports development. A Strategic Policy for Sports

Development (2002) stated the public participation in sport, youth and age around 35-

55 was lack of participates in sports. Government will more active to promoting sports program which target for different type of people and organising more international events aimed to build up the rich sports cultural.

In 2010, government point out the sport policy after 2002, Sports Development and

Objectives (2010) said the three core objective of sports policy. They are

 To promote greater community participation in sport

 To develop sport at the elite level

Name: Lee Man Chun 15 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302  To raise Hong Kong’s profile as a centre for international sports Events

“Plan for the development of facilities that will allow us to host events at the highest international level in terms of the provision of spectator capacity and support facilities”

“Help National Sports Association’s to raise their capacity for organizing major international events, in particular attracting new events to Hong Kong”

Above can see that if development of facilities can help the capability to host the mega sports events. More evidence will display in below analysis.

4.5 Sports & Facilities development

The first benefits is sports development, according to the report of “Should Hong

Kong Bid to hosing the 2023 Asian Game” (2011) stated that 2009 East Asian Games can give a strong profile to Hong Kong society which can cheer up to

HK athletes to achieve better results, because of HK is the host city in EAG, athletes can feel more “home turf”. On the performances side, report (2011) also said coaches and athletes can enjoy the “home turf” benefits as successful factors to improve results if Hong Kong can host the events.

The Consultation on whether HK should bid for 2023 Asian Games launched (2010) announced the three strategy for sports venue, there are making optimal use of existing government and non government sports facilities, expanding under planned facilities; and hurry up to considerate of reconstruction or redevelopment the venue.

4.6 Social Cohesion & Community impact

WESTERBEEK et al (2005) defined mega events can be add value to all stakeholders involved. For instance, the local community will have more opportunity to come

Name: Lee Man Chun 16 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 together when new facilities are constructed. WESTERBEEK et al (2005) also stated

‘In short, the facility brings people from different (sporting) backgrounds together…to invite people from various communities to come along and meet their need.’ For the social development, WESTERBEEK et al (2005) said one event can achieve the exposure of the sport, the development and preparation of the officials and volunteers, and develop the event knowledge specifically. More, one event can make achievement of the national identity and citizenship, and especially offer the development of ‘esprit de corps’ to the cities.

To prove above what WESTERBEEK el al (2005) said, the Usage of Recreational and

Sports Facilities from LCSD Annual Report (2009) said that the usage rate of sports ground have 97.9%, and the sports centre of arenas have 80.3%. The high usage rates represent Hong Kong a citizen was interesting to use the sports facilities and involved in sports.

Refer to the to the report of “Should Hong Kong Bid to hosing the 2023 Asian Game”

(2011), the report mentioned that host the mega sports event can arose public

awareness and encourages citizens to involve in sport activities as the participants,

spectators or organisers. Above theory and statement can display if Hong Kong can

host the 2023 Asian Games, the community would be intend to attend the sports

activities and more consensus on sport participation.

4.7 Economic impact

Allen et al (2008) stated one event is surrounded by budget and profit. And the

economic impacts contain business opportunities, employment creation. Zibalist

Name: Lee Man Chun 17 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 (2010) said hosting a huge sporting event can provided both direct and in direct economic benefits. The direct benefits contain the capital and infrastructure construction linked to the events, for the long-term benefits such as lower transportation costs because of the road improved the spending from tourists who come from other country. Nonetheless, Zibalist (2010) also defined the indirect benefits might have the advertising effects that display the cities potential tourist location or business location in the future and enhance the civic pride, perception of status of the host city.

According to the Financial and Economic Assessment of the Proposed 2023 Asian

Games in Hong Kong (2010,p19) stated that “Economic benefits are generated through visitors spending in Hong Kong, which is in turn determined by the length of stay of visitors.” And, “athletes and officials are stay for 12 days, VIPs for 4 days and reporters for 10 days, broadcasters for 16 days.” For other economic impact, report (2010) offered the job creation, there will be amount of people included in different positions and some involved in construction work, upgrades and temporary overlay works. Security guards and drivers might hired by the organizing body’s contractor. And for the Asian Games itself, the report (2010, p23) stated ‘...615 persons will be hired by the organizing body at the peak of its operation. Approximately another 3,000 security guards, 990 drivers, 800 IT &

Telecommunications staff, and 700 catering staff would be needed.’ Hong Kong is ready to host the 2023 Asian Games based on above financial information.

4.8 Sport for All Policy

According to Cooper et al (1989) Claude Cousineau has an article that the major objectives of the Sport for All are to democratize sport participation, to improve the

Name: Lee Man Chun 18 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 citizen’s healthy body. And the ‘access to sport’ is the basic right of the Sports for All.

This policy is not just mean the high-performance sport but to make sure that every citizen own the fairness opportunity to involve in a chosen sport, depend on their age or ability level. Claude Cousineau also stated “Sports for All movement needs tangible actions to give it momentum and ensure its visibility...needed programmes to showcase its growth...” (Cooper et al 1989, p.34)

If Hong Kong can refer the Sports for All policy and bid the 2023 Asian Games in the same time, of course, Hong Kong Sports Policy can be meet the requirement of Sport for All policy. Sport for All truely has the advantage on community side because it does encourage the sports popularity.

Name: Lee Man Chun 19 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 5 FINGING & ANAYSIS

After the literature review, Hong Kong bid to host the 2023 Asian Games can be supported by some concept, impact and theory etc. However, that might still insufficient that Hong Kong is capable enough to host the games. Thus, some important information can be produced. The Opinion Survey by Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (2010), that includes the useful statistic to display Hong Kong citizens is confident for hosting Asian

Games. And for the case study which is the 2008 Olympic Equestrian Games and

2009 East Asian Games, Hong Kong co-hosted and hosted these two international events that help to analyze the merit of host the Asian Games.

5.1 Experience of hosted the 2009 East Asian Games

2009 East Asian Games is the first international mega sports events held by Hong

Kong, 22 sports was successfully held in the nine day under the safe environment.

Based on the 22 sports of EAG, Asian Games own 42 variety sports, it’s seem is more pressure to handle but Hong Kong have the experience and venue to deal with 42 sports. For instance, the Review on the Hong Kong 2009 Asian Games (2009) mentioned the different venue as Park Pool for Aquatics, Tseung

Kwan O Sports Ground for Athletics, Queen Elizabeth for , Hong Kong

International Trade & Exhibition Centre for , and Dance Sports etc. That shows that though the sports item is increase in Asian Games, the venue is still ready and proper to use. There are three strategy for sports venue, there are making optimal use of existing government and non government sports facilities, expanding under planned facilities; and considerate of reconstruction or

Name: Lee Man Chun 20 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 redevelopment the venue. (The Consultation on whether HK should bid for 2023

Asian Games launched 2010)

5.2 The Social Impact from EAG

Furthermore, the Review on the Hong Kong 2009 Asian Games (2009) stated the participation of whole community that aspect surely is the positive impact that bring to Hong Kong. EAG Company was organizing a series of promotional and publicity events before the Games coming such as the one-year and 200 days countdown ceremony. And the school over 500 primaries and secondary school was involved in the EAG; evoke the attending of over 400 000 teachers and students. At the district level, over hardened of activities was held by different organisations in 18 districts.

Such as“Sports Carnival” in Wong Tai Sin, the “EAG Floats Procession” in Shum

Shui Po. (Review on the Hong Kong 2009 Asian Games, 2009) Refer to 2023 Asian

Games, that is more huge and international sports events compare with East Asian

Games, if Hong Kong successful to host, the impact will not less than 2009 EAG.

The Financial and Economic Assessment (2010) stated that lots of venue and facilities will be upgraded and built. The sustainability of the venue and facilities make it possible for Hong Kong to host more mega events. Nonetheless, host the Asian

Games can make citizen and tourists to participates in sport and improve their health and fitness. And the Asian Games can enhance the public awareness of the merit of sports participation.

5.3 Experience of co-hosted the 2008 Olympic Equestrian Events

In 2008, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) has been co- hosting of Olympic events which is Equestrian events. That’s the fresh experience for Hong

Kong that co-hosted such a world Class events. Some people might think that is not

Name: Lee Man Chun 21 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 difficult to Hong Kong because just co-hosted two events. In fact, under the hot and humid conditions and the security for the horse from the worldwide, that’s challenge to Hong Kong. After all, Hong Kong was held the successful events and display to the world that Hong Kong is capable to host such an international events.

5.4 Community impact from Equestrian Events

HKSARG has been organized a lots of district-based and territory-wide events which aimed to draw the public attention and work with all major stakeholder closely. They were created a series of countdown celebrations that promoted the games and enhance the harmony. Importantly, government have been organized a lots of consultation and briefing to the community group and stakeholders such as 18 District Council.

Through the district council to promoted the Games to citizen. And among the

Equestrian events, there are 2,400 volunteers were included for servicing. The result is received many of positive feedback from different sectors that appreciate their friendly, knowledgeable and language ability etc. (Summary Report on the Beijing

2008 Olympic and Paralympics Equestrian Events, 2008)

5.5 Analysis

Except the 2009 East Asian Games, Hong Kong can also intake the merit and experience of 2008 Equestrian Events. . A Strategic Policy for Sports Development

(2002, p.2) stated ‘Raise our international profile on sport with a view to gaining wider recognition and hence creating new opportunities for economic growth.’

That’s one of the Sports strategies of Hong Kong, if Hong Kong cans co-host

Olympic Equestrian Events and hosted 2009 East Asian Games, 2023 Asian Games is huge opportunity that showing to the world Hong Kong can be an Asian World City.

Name: Lee Man Chun 22 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 People was doubtful mind that host the Asian Games will spending lots money, it’s not deserve to take the risk to do this. The final report of financial and economic assessment of the proposed 2023 Asian Games (2010) was reviewed the different international events such as 2000 Sydney Olympics, the 2006 Melbourne

Commonwealth Games and London Olympics 2012 etc. If Hong Kong can host the

2023 Asian Games, Hong Kong can exposure to Asian and the world. The successful hosting also will enhance HK status as the Beijing, Vancouver and Tokyo, those country have been host the major sports events. Thus, Hong Kong must be keeping the title of Asian World City through to host the Asian Games.

Hong Kong, ASIA’S WORLD CITY (2010,p6) stated “Hong Kong positions itself as Asia’s world city... it includes a reputation for being a cosmopolitan and business-friendly economic centre, for having a skilled and knowledgeable workforce, and for being a place where there are interesting things to do and discover...”

Hong Kong has been facing another serious problem, CHESTER (2006) mentioned about the Hong Kong will be or not marginalized by the mainland the newspaper was focus on the economic side, the Hung Ching Tin, a local commentator stated that

“The current problem of Hong Kong is losing its edge of being the world center, and being absorbed by the black hole of the central government.” It’s not a ideal situation if above problem is appear, that’s not guarantee that bid to host 2023 Asian

Games can sort out the marginalization. Indeed, that’s lack of evidence showing that

Hong Kong is currently facing this problem. Hong Kong must providing or creating the method to avoid marginalization appearing. 2023 Asian Games as a long-term

Name: Lee Man Chun 23 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 sports project that give Hong Kong an ideal opportunity to enhance and maintain the reputation and status of Asian World City.

After the 2009 East Asian Games and 2008 Olympic Equestrian Events, Hong Kong got an experience, reputation, venue, facilities and other intangible benefits that cause

HK have the advantage and chance to bid the 2023 Asian Games.

5.6 The Opinion Survey on Hong Kong’s potential bid to host the 2023 Asian

Games by the Chinese University of Hong Kong

According to the Opinion Survey on Hong Kong’s potential bid to host the 2023

Asian Games (2010), the attitudes of Hong Kong residents towards Hong Kong‘s bid for the 2023 Asian Games, 58.3 % agreed HK hosting the Games “will promote the development of sports in Hong Kong” and 54.6 % that it “will bring about direct and indirect economic benefits to Hong Kong. Above result is clearly display that Hong

Kong residents believe host the 2023 Asian Games can bring economic benefits and promote the sports development in Hong Kong. However, according to the Survey

(2010), 51.3 % respondents stated that it’s was not accepted if the direct cost to hosting the 2023 Asian Games was not higher than HK $ 145 billion. However, 54% respondents said that it’s was acceptable when Hong Kong have an economical scheme that can reduce the total direct cost to HK $6 billion without particularly upgrading sports centres. And the unacceptable rate is dropped to 37.6%.

Above can generate the key point which is the cost expense, residents always wondering the cost and how much of the government spending. In fact, government already have the financial and economic assessment of the 2023 Asian Games.

Without the financial problem, a large of residents was agreed bid to host Asian

Name: Lee Man Chun 24 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 Games. The Survey (2010) display 56.2 % respondents was agreed Hong Kong have the ability to organize a successful Asian Games. Based on this positive belief, Hong

Kong residents have the confidence that Hong Kong can host the Asian Games.

6. CONCLUSION

Summarize above analysis, literature and evidence, support Hong Kong for hosting the Asian Game is confirming and unchanged. The society appearing the opposite voice that wondering the costs problem and is it necessary to host this mega event. In fact, Hong Kong seen to facing the marginalization from evens the

Asia. Hong Kong should prove the capability to host 2023 Asian Games, the huge international sports events. The marginalization can be serious problems that minimize the Hong Kong reputation; the worldwide focus will transfer to other country such as mainland. Any hosting city should face the opposite opinion; we ought to more notice what is the advantage will bring to the hosting city from the bidding sports events, and Asian Games is the obvious opportunity.

As the objective showing in the introduction, prove Hong Kong have the capability to host the 2023 Asian Games. Hong Kong owns the two important experiences to co- host the Olympic Equestrian and hosted the East Asian Games. For two events, there was a series of activities before the games such as countdown ceremony, the school involment and the 18 district organized activities. That’s showing the social cohesion and positive attitude that government, district council and society was supported both

Equestrian events and EAG. Furthermore, as above analysis, Hong Kong has the sufficient venue and facilities supporting to host international sports events.

Importantly, according to the the Opinion Survey on Hong Kong’s potential bid to host the 2023 Asian Games (2010), 58.3 % agreed HK hosting the Games “will

Name: Lee Man Chun 25 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 promote the development of sports in Hong Kong” and 54.6 % that it “will bring about direct and indirect economic benefits to Hong Kong. If Hong Kong residents have the beliefs and confidents, 2023 Asian Games still have a long time, Hong Kong surely can take the opportunity to bid the Games based on the foundation of Hong

Kong people beliefs.

For the impact of economic and social & community, after the analysis, that might provide a lot of positive impact if Hong Kong organising 2023 Asian Games. The

Financial and Economic Assessment of the Proposed 2023 Asian Games in Hong

Kong (2010, p23) stated “...615 persons will be hired by the organizing body at the peak of its operation. Approximately another 3,000 security guards, 990 drivers,

800 IT & Telecommunications staff, and 700 catering staff would be needed.”

Although that just a assumption, at least Hong Kong government have implement the financial assessment which is examine the economic impact and spending if host the

2023 Asian Games. The job creation is also the benefits of economic side as above mentioned, although it’s just in a short-term, that’s is the positive impact that create the job, local residents will accept this because they will get the job opportunity.

For the community & social impact, above analysis is showing the positive result as the 2008 Olympic Equestrian events, there are 2,400 volunteers were included for servicing. Finally, there are received many of positive feedback from different sectors that appreciate their friendly, knowledgeable and language ability etc. Of course,

Asian Games require more volunteers and human resource, the Financial and

Economic Assessment of the Proposed 2023 Asian Games in Hong Kong (2010) assumed the quantity of uniforms to be 20,000 for the volunteers. Can be a volunteers

Name: Lee Man Chun 26 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 in the Asian Games, that not just the experience but the civic pride for each volunteers.

That might be the only chance to be volunteers of Asian Games. Asian Game has the direct effect and pride for the Hong Kong community.

The Sport & Facilities is also the positive impact. WESTERBEEK et al (2005) also stated “In short, the facility brings people from different (sporting) backgrounds together…to invite people from various communities to come along and meet their need.” In one mega sports events, the government will construct or re- development the sports venue and facilities. That’s can see in 2008 Equestrian events and 2009 East Asian Games.

That’s one aspect which is the Hong Kong Gold medallist teethes opinion. They definably have the right to support to host the 2023 Asian Games. Asian Games men’s cycling gold medallist Wong Kam Po said “I think if the economic conditions allow it, Hong Kong should host the Asian Games and build a platform for Hong Kong and Asian athletes.” (China Morning Post, 2010)

And other 20 athletes and representatives of the Elite Athletes Association and the

Hong Kong Sports Institute was agreed the Asian Games can help to improve facilities and arose the spirit of local athletes. 2023 Asian Games is an international sports event, as Hong Kong athletes, if Hong Kong can host the Asian Games, as

Wong Kam Po said, that can build a platform for Hong Kong athletes. Hong Kong government should respect what the Hong Kong athletes or those sports representatives because they are the true specialist on this area and athletes require the entirely support by government that improve their situation and maintain their pride.

Name: Lee Man Chun 27 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302 If Hong Kong can host the Asian Games successfully, the sports development must be own a huge progression. For the athlete’s development, venues and facilities developments and Hong Kong sports policy development etc. Government can provided more immediate policy that supports the athletes training such as provided more location for training, more funding offer to athletes who have an outstanding result on their own sports area. As the literature view mentioned, Sport for All policy can be provided to Hong Kong citizens. It’s because Asian Games is a huge sports events, citizens and public have the right to involve in this events. Thus, government should organise a series of activities for each district which cooperate with District

Council. That will achieve in all together and achieving full participation in Asian

Games.

Name: Lee Man Chun 28 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302

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Name: Lee Man Chun 31 SHU Number: 91206536 Shape Number: 107009302