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How Communities in Christchurch Have Been Coping with Their Earthquake

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How Communities in Christchurch Have Been Coping with Their Earthquake How Communities in Christchurch Have Been Coping with Their Earthquake Libby Gawith, Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology This paper focuses on what Christchurch people coped on Tuesday February 22, 2011, immediately afterwards, and how they are coping at the end of 2011. It offers some constructive suggestions for recovery from future disasters. This is not the work of an expert on earthquakes or on how people cope with them. It is not an exhaustive profile or an accurate representation of how all people in Christchurch, New Zealand are coping. It is a compilation of newspaper stories, experiences, conversations, and information people have shared with the author. The major earthquake activity in they were all asleep. February 22, February 22, 2011 was a day for Canterbury has included: 2011 was lunchtime, an active time of the people of Christchurch to the day, and therefore, there are over remember and to forget in equal ● 7.1 measured earthquake on 440,000 individual stories of the measure; “a lot of people, even people Saturday morning, 4:34am, experience of this earthquake in the army, won’t see what we saw September 4, 2010, now known aftershock and how people are coping that day, in their lifetimes...people just as the Greendale Fault or the now. going to lunch or back to work, just Canterbury earthquake, which completely undeserving people” was centred at Darfield (near Mt February 22, 2011 (McGregor, as cited in Eleven, 2011, Hutt) with no loss of life C7). People, on that day, saw and The February 22, 2011 activity heard of the collapsed buildings and ● 6.3 measured aftershock on was particularly damaging as “the crushed buses and cars; the deceased Tuesday lunchtime, 12:51pm, rupture was less than five kilometres people trapped under buildings (in February 22, 2011, now known as from Christchurch’s central business particular the PGC and CTV the Port Hills Fault, which was district …..with unusually violent buildings) and in vehicles. The CBD / centred under the Port Hills ground movements. The earthquake central city was cordoned off within 2 between Christchurch and brought down buildings, caused hours and a state of emergency Lyttlelton, resulting in death for liquefaction in large areas of declared. 181 people Christchurch and triggered numerous rockfalls on the Port Hills” (Natural ● 6.3 measured aftershock on Hazards Research Platform, 2011, Figure 1: City of Christchurch, Monday afternoon, 2:20pm, June paras. 7-8). The moment the 12:51am, Feb 22, 2011 (photo taken 13, 2011 which was centred near aftershock hit the Christchurch central from the Port Hills) Clifton Hill (Sumner area), one business district is shown in Figure 1 subsequent death below. ● 33 shocks over magnitude 5.0, 2889 over 3.0 from Sep 2010 to Dec 2011 (GeoNet, Dec 16, 2011). Most people in New Zealand know generally about the major Canterbury earthquake and the subsequent aftershocks. People in Christchurch know exactly where they were, what they were doing, eating, wearing, discussing at the time of these major seismic events. Most people in Christchurch have the same story for the first earthquake on September 4, 2010; • 121 • New Zealand Journal of Psychology Vol. 40, No. 4. 2011 How Communities in Christchurch have been Coping with Their Earthquake Figure 2: Colombo St, Feb 22, 2011 Figure 3: Colombo St The roads were buckled and choked with people trying to get home to their families and loved ones. Homes were destroyed or severely damaged, and liquefaction deposits of mud and silt was coming up in driveways and streets, particularly in the eastern and southern parts of Christchurch. In addition, emergency services were stretched as 6000 people were injured and needing services, which included amputations and 82 orthopaedic operations (Glass, 2011, p. A10). Figure 4: Anglican Cathedral, The Square Damage was extensive in the CBD and the Anglican and Catholic cathedrals (Figures 4 and 5). The Hotel Grand Chancellor, now nicknamed the Hotel Ground Chancellor (Figure 6), suffered much damage from the intense shaking: the building’s “seismic resisting structure was pushed to its yield point and beyond its elastic limit … and failed in a brittle and abrupt manner” (Dunning & Thornton Consultants Ltd, 2011, p.22). Figure 5: Catholic Cathedral, Barbados St Figure 6: Hotel Grand Chancellor • 122 • New Zealand Journal of Psychology Vol. 40, No. 4. 2011 Gawith Liquefaction was visible and its effects in Christchurch were extensive and resulted in significant damage to property, buildings and infrastructure, not to mention creating a widespread mess. Silt, sand and water came up in people’s backyards, in streets and parks and even through the concrete floors of buildings. Figures 7: Engineering checks at the Palms Shopping Mall Liquefaction is the process that “leads to a soil suddenly losing strength, most commonly as a result of ground shaking during a large earthquake …. and then behaves like a fluid” (Institution of Professional Engineers of New Zealand [IPENZ], It was obvious that day that the publications, tax records, sports gear, 2011, paras. 2-3) and when this house would be red stickered (deemed paints and handyman tools, was happens in a shopping mall, the unsafe and uninhabitable), as was later completely destroyed. impact is immense, as shown in confirmed by the Earthquake Figures 7 and 8 Commission. Figure 9: Author’s car and home in Huntsbury, now known as Figures 8: Liquefaction silt at the The garage, which housed “Muntsbury” Palms Shopping Mall research reports, interview scripts, When this author got home on February 22, 2011 after 2 and a half hours (usually a 15 minute drive) battling the traffic, getting children from school, checking elderly parents, it was to a destroyed / ‘munted’ house. The side of the house had landed on the car (as in Figure 9), the ceilings had fallen in, outside bricks were in the living room and the dog was shedding hair and traumatised as he was in the house as it rattled and disintegrated. Figure 10: Kitchen scrambled New Zealand Journal of Psychology Vol. 40, No. 4. 2011 • 123 • How Communities in Christchurch have been Coping with Their Earthquake The Christchurch rest homes were para. 4) and is more helpful than The next greatest loss for many badly hit, with 600 elderly people contact with professionals in the early Cantabrians was income and financial having to be moved out of the city. stages. This neighbourly social security, as businesses were Management struggled to get staff to support was in abundance in most destroyed, or jobs made insecure or work and to sort out sanitation suburbs and surprisingly most lost. Another great loss was homes, difficulties. There is a story of one rest activated in the areas facing many irreparable, particularly in the home in Redcliffs, a badly hit and liquefaction, as many people from southern and eastern suburbs. The cliffside suburb, where residents and throughout Christchurch and northern and the western suburbs were staff were sleeping in one room, and Canterbury went to help out. It is less affected. An unexpected and the elderly residents were comforting surprising how long it takes to dig out massive loss was the loss of the city the distressed staff. one driveway full of liquefaction. In and a way of life, with 40,000 people addition the Māori wardens knocked who worked in the CBD now scattered School teachers were keeping on an average of 700 doors per day throughout Christchurch. The loss of children safe and calm and hoping that especially in the eastern suburbs the functioning of the CBD and the all the parents would arrive. At one (Dalziel, 2011, para. 3) and the Red number of buildings lost has hit many primary school, the teachers were Cross, in their bright red suits, made businesses and many more people. working in shifts so that others could many house visits. Streets and areas are still inaccessible go out and have a cry, as they all behind gates and guards. Throughout worried about their own families and Thank goodness for texting; as Christchurch, buildings are being lives. At another primary school, many texts came in from around the demolished at a rapid pace by 78 teachers stayed until after 7:30pm that country and the world with words of demolition crews. About 370 night waiting for parents to collect cheery support and warm interest in buildings have been demolished (in their children. the plight of the people of the CBD), but 530 wait to be either Christchurch. pulled down entirely, partly Feb 22 Immediately Afterwards – demolished or made safe (Law, 2011, Heroic and Honeymoon Phase People tried to make sense of the paras. 4-5). devastation and loss. There were In the days immediately after common survival stories, common For many people, there was a February 22, 2011 many suburbs had losses of people and property, major gap between what they had that no power, no water and no sanitation. common vulnerability and common morning and what they had in the For many it was fortuitous that there fears for the future. It was a very afternoon. was no power, as residents were not collective community-wide processing able to see a lot of the horrific of loss, adjustment and grief. It was a What are we Coping with at the earthquake images. quite extraordinary time seeing and End of 2011? - Disillusionment hearing how it affected so many Phase The earthquake was a huge social people in each neighbourhood and leveller as people were all working community. People, neighbours and Moore (2011) observes that together without water, power and gas communities offered each other “every facet of how and where we live and with or without portaloos, dealing psychological first aid, most has undergone a radical with aftershocks and liquefaction and generously.
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