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Social and Environmental Risk and the Development of Social Complexity in Precolumbian Masaya, Nicaragua

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SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY IN PRECOLUMBIAN MASAYA, NICARAGUA by Manuel Antonio Román Lacayo AB, Harvard University, 1996 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Manuel Antonio Román Lacayo It was defended on April 23, 2013 and approved by Marc Bermann, Associate Professor, Anthropology Olivier de Montmollin, Associate Professor, Anthropology Mark B. Abbott, Associate Professor, Geology and Planetary Science Committee Chair: Robert D. Drennan, Distinguished Professor, Anthropology ii Copyright © by Manuel A. Román-Lacayo 2013 iii SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY IN PRECOLUMBIAN MASAYA, NICARAGUA Manuel Antonio Román Lacayo, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 This dissertation evaluates the applicability of three models that purport to describe and predict the development and establishment of social complexity based on the interplay between environmental setting and human communities. The three models are juxtaposed in terms of the conditions required to foment the development of and formalization of social complexity and the corresponding level of inequality, so that each model requires contrasting environmental risk conditions relative to the other two. Considering the relative dearth of archaeological studies focused on understanding the development of social complexity in Nicaragua, and the abundance of readily accessible precolumbian ceramics and lithics available on soil surfaces, a full coverage, surface survey (172km2) was conducted in the municipalities of Tisma and Ticuantepe in the vicinity of Masaya, Nicaragua in order to obtain the data necessary to test the suitability of each model. Relative synchronic and diachronic changes, including the tempo and pace were documented using the established and broadly accepted ceramic chronology, including the distribution over the municipal territories and the densities of occupation within each defined community. The results indicate very distinctive patterns for each region over an occupation sequence lasting at least two millennia. Though this dissertation illustrates the limitations of each model using the data available, it also contributes to a clearer understanding of the configurations and trajectories of social iv change may take in Pacific Nicaragua, thus adding to the growing corpus of comparable archaeological datasets that may bring forth increasingly sophisticated models explaining the development of inequality and its role in the development of increasingly complex social forms. The complete settlement dataset is available in the University of Pittsburgh Comparative Archaeology Database (http://www.cadb.pitt.edu/). v TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ................................................................................................................................... XV 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 NICARAGUAN PREHISTORY ........................................................................ 3 1.2 MASAYA, NICARAGUA ................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Municipality of Tisma ................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Municipality of Ticuantepe. .......................................................................... 14 2.0 MODELS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX SOCIETY .................. 17 2.1 THREE MODELS – FIVE FACTORS ........................................................... 17 2.1.1 Social and Environmental Risk .................................................................... 25 2.1.2 Environmental Diversity ............................................................................... 27 2.1.3 Population Pressure ....................................................................................... 28 2.1.4 Productivity .................................................................................................... 29 2.1.5 External Contacts .......................................................................................... 29 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK, DIVERSITY, RESOURCE ABUNDANCE, AND LOCATION IN TISMA AND TICUANTEPE ...................................................... 31 2.2.1 Environmental Risk ....................................................................................... 31 2.2.2 Environmental Diversity ............................................................................... 34 2.2.3 Productivity .................................................................................................... 35 vi 2.2.4 Location and External Contacts ................................................................... 36 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON OF TISMA AND TICUANTEPE TO OTHER REGIONS ............................................................................................................ 37 2.4 APPLICATION OF MODELS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY IN MASAYA ........................................................................................... 40 2.4.1 Clark and Blake Model ................................................................................. 40 2.4.2 Sanders and Webster Model ......................................................................... 42 2.4.3 Spencer Model ............................................................................................... 45 2.5 RESEARCH PROGRAM – ARCHAEOLOGICAL CORRELATES ......... 47 3.0 FIELD METHODS .................................................................................................... 51 4.0 SURVEY RESULTS AND DEMOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION ................. 59 4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION ....................................................... 60 4.1.1 Demographic Reconstruction Methods ....................................................... 60 4.1.2 Communities .................................................................................................. 62 4.1.3 Absolute Population Estimates ..................................................................... 64 4.2 TISMA ................................................................................................................ 66 4.2.1 Orosí and Tempisque Periods (2000 - 500 BCE and 500 BCE – 300 CE) 69 4.2.2 Bagaces Period (300 – 800 CE) ..................................................................... 73 4.2.3 Sapoá Period (800 – 1350 CE) ...................................................................... 80 4.2.4 Ometepe Period (1350 – 1520 CE) ............................................................... 84 4.3 TICUANTEPE ................................................................................................... 88 4.3.1 Orosí and Tempisque Periods (2000 - 500 BCE and 500 BCE – 300 CE) 89 4.3.2 Bagaces Period (300 – 800 CE) ..................................................................... 93 vii 4.3.3 Sapoá Period (800 – 1350 CE) ...................................................................... 96 4.3.4 Ometepe Period (1350 – 1520 CE) ............................................................. 100 4.4 LOCAL DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES ............................................. 103 4.4.1 Orosí, Tempisque Periods (2000 - 500 BCE, 500 BCE – 300 CE) ........... 103 4.4.2 Bagaces Period (300 CE – 800 CE) ............................................................ 104 4.4.3 Sapoá Period (800 CE – 1350 CE) .............................................................. 105 4.4.4 Ometepe Period (1350 CE – 1520 CE) ....................................................... 106 5.0 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY IN PRECOLUMBIAN MASAYA ................................................................................................................................... 108 5.1.1 External Contacts ........................................................................................ 110 5.1.2 Environmental Diversity and Agricultural Productivity ......................... 111 5.1.3 Social and Environmental Risk and Population Pressure ....................... 111 5.2 IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ........................................ 114 APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................ 116 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 117 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 4-1. Site-type classification and population estimate according to Sanders, Parsons and Santley (1979). Areas are actual areas encompassed by the contemporary lots defining the settlement. Average RPI equivalences for the four sites utilized are 4.3 for the low range and 9.3 for the high range. ......................................................................................................................... 66 Table 4-2 Absolute population estimates in Tisma and Ticuantepe by chronological period. Numbers are rounded to the nearest 10....................................................................................... 106 Table 4-3 Occupied area, percentage change, sherds per lot and sherd totals, RPI and RPI % change by period in Tisma and Ticuantepe. ..............................................................................
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  • Twenty Five Years of Production History at the Momotombo Geothermal Field, Nicaragua

    Twenty Five Years of Production History at the Momotombo Geothermal Field, Nicaragua

    GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME 30th Anniversary Workshop Orkustofnun, Grensásvegur 9, August 26-27, 2008 IS-108 Reykjavík, Iceland TWENTY FIVE YEARS OF PRODUCTION HISTORY AT THE MOMOTOMBO GEOTHERMAL FIELD, NICARAGUA Enrique A. Porras M. ORMAT Momotombo Power Company Centro FINARCA detrás antiguo SANDY’S Carretera a Masaya, Módulos 10 y 11, Managua NICARAGUA [email protected] ABSTRACT The Momotombo geothermal field in Nicaragua is a good example of field management how revitalizing and improving steam production of the field succeeded after improper operation of the field for years. This paper presents the production history of the field from 1983 to 2008. Till 1999 the geothermal system of Momotombo suffered from over-exploitation that induced excessive flashing and intrusion of cold water in the reservoir resulting in a drastic decline of electricity generation and brine was discharged into Lake Managua. In 1999 ORMAT took over the concession for 15 years, invested more than US$ 45 million to drill four production wells, installed a 7 MWe bottoming unit, and implemented a full reinjection. Today, the Momotombo geothermal field can produce 32 MWe of its 77 MWe installed capacity. The geophysical studies and reservoir modelling show that even with an intensive well maintenance program more steam cannot be produced from the present concession area. To supply steam to the second steam turbine of 35 MW additional wells have to be drilled outside the boundaries of the present concession. ORMAT has proposed to make the necessary investment if the concession area is increased and its term is extended beyond the 6 remaining years to enable recovery of the additional investment.