ClickIntroducing to edit “Remote Master Enculturation” title style : Learning your Heritage Culture from Afar

Gail M. Ferguson1, Catherine L. Costigan2, Christy V. Clarke1, & Julianna S. Ge1 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign1 and University of Victoria2

nd Summer camps for 2 generation Korean Latino families watch tele- Connections to Existing Literature Introduction Korean adoptees in U.S. immigrant adolescents novelas from the heritage

to learn heritage culture in U.S. consume South country to connect to and develop ethnic pride Korean mass media Remote enculturation: • International migration is at an all-time high (United Nations, 2013) home culture (Randolph & Holtzman, 2010) (Oh, 2011; Lee, 2004) (Barrera & Bielby, 2001) • Falls within the ‘cultural socialization’ category of and families are increasingly transnational. This has implications ethnic/racial socialization (Hughes et al., 2006) for enculturation or ‘first culture learning’ (also called cultural though uses new mechanisms (e.g., Knight et al., socialization) of youth who live outside the country of their cultural 1993) heritage, including second generation immigrants, international • Is associated with ethnic identity development adoptees, and ‘third culture kids’. (Umaña-Taylor et al., 2006) • Is parallel to remote acculturation and has • Traditionally, enculturation occurs in childhood and is facilitated by implications for youth acculturation (Ferguson, racial/ethnic socialization efforts of parents and direct interactions 2013)

Picture Sourced from: https://www.campfriendshipnj.org/korea/ Picture Sourced from: http://quod. lib.umich.edu/i/iij/11645653.0002.102 Picture Sourced from: http://novelalounge.com/nn/2013/12/24/telenovelas- in the local community (Berry, 2014). However, this may not fully /--hallyu-20-the-new-korean-wave-in-the-creative-industry?rgn=main;view=fulltext 2014-lo-que-prepara-televisa-telemundo-globo-azteca-y-mas/ capture the range of ways in which today’s youth learn about their A Research Agenda heritage culture. Skype, Facetime, video chats to connect with Iranian emigrants travel to • Assess the range and frequency of remote loved ones in heritage World Cup games to cheer enculturation strategies used • Can youth become enculturated to their heritage culture from afar Iranian team, children country • Explore associations between traditional and via modern globalization mechanisms (e.g., foreign media, skype, learn heritage culture brief visits)? We propose a modern form of enculturation – remote enculturation “remote enculturation” – defined by learning aspects of one’s • Investigate the impact of remote enculturation on heritage culture via indirect and/or intermittent exposure. ethnic identity development and acculturation in the Remote enculturation may be facilitated by parents or it may be country of residence • Use existing research on traditional enculturation, sought out independently by youth themselves (See Table 1 and Figure 1. Figure 1). racial/ethnic socialization, and acculturation (remote and traditional) as a guide Examples Picture Sourced from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1067680/ Skype-apologises-millions-secret-text-recordings-kowtow-Chinese-government.html Table 1 of Remote Picture Sourced from: http://sports.ndtv.com/fifa-world-cup-2014/news/225893-fif Comparison of Traditional Enculturation and Remote Enculturation a-world-cup-passionate-iran-fans-hail-team-for-fighting- Conclusion Mexican American youth

learn heritage culture from Dimension Traditional Enculturation Remote Enculturation Enculturation • Remote enculturation brings traditional enculturation listening to Mexican music Home decorations sourced theory into better accord with the realities of 21st Directness of contact Direct, face-to-face Usually indirect, played at home (e.g., Singer from heritage country century transnational families between the enculturating not face-to-face Paulina Rubio) individual and the • Offers an exciting opportunity for researchers in enculturating agent cultural socialization, enculturation, and Continuity of contact between Frequent, continuous Can be intermittent or acculturation to include remote enculturation in their the enculturating individual continuous studies and the enculturating agent

Proximity of enculturating Near, proximal Far, remote individual to enculturating agent Overt/Covert More covert More overt References

Immigration status of Primarily non-migrants, Primarily second-generation Picture Sourced from: http://www.spacemodz.com/3-main-themes-that-you-must- Berry, J. W. (2014). Acculturation. In J. E. Grusec, & P. D. Hastings, Handbook of socialization: apply-in-japanese-home-decor.html/a-2 Theory and research, pp. 521-538. New York, NY: Guilford Press. enculturating individual secondarily children of immigrant youth, international Picture Sourced from: http://musica.univision.com/instudio/paulina- rubio/fotos/slideshow/2012-03-19/las-portadas-de-paulina-rubio-instudio migrants adoptees, and third culture Third Culture Kids use Ferguson, G. M. (2013). The big difference a small island can make: How Jamaican kids adolescentsare advancing acculturation science. Child Development Perspectives, 7, 248-254. doi: Facebook to connect Hmong refugees around 10.1111/cdep.12051 Age Early childhood to Early childhood to adulthood Brief trips to heritage country adolescence (e.g., summer trips to Ireland by with old friends from the world bond over Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E.P., Johnson, D.J., Stevenson, H.C., & Spicer, P. (2006).Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future Sensitive period in lifespan Childhood Childhood to young adulthood Boston Mayor Marty Walsh) heritage country(-ies) ethnic music study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747-770

Triggering events Childbirth Migration, onset of ethnic Knight, G.P., Bernal, M.E., Cota, M.K., Garza, C.A., & Ocampo, K.A. (1993). Family socialization and Mexican American identity and behavior. In M.E. Bernal & G.P.Knight (Eds.), Ethnic identity: identity search, transition to Formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities (pp. 105-129). Albany: State college, transition to University of New York Press.

parenthood Umaña-Taylor, A.J., Bhanot, R., & Shin, N. (2006). Ethnic identity formation during adolescence: The critical role of families. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 390-414. Location Local cultural community Online, college, in heritage country, etc. United Nations (2013). International migration report 2013. Retrieved on October 13, 2014 from the website of the United Nations: Mechanisms Observations and Online & mobile phone http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/migration/migrationreport2013/ interactions with local communication, international Full_Document_final.pdf#zoom=100

community, coaching by /ethnic media, artifacts and Acknowledgements adults and older generation books, intermittent visits to We would like to thank the interviewees whose life stories provided vivid examples of remote enculturation. We also gratefully acknowledge funding from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign provided to the heritage country Picture Sourced from: http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/09/19/boston-mayor- Picture Sourced from: http://gradedparent2parent.blogspot.com/p/third-culture-k Picture Sourced from: http://matadornetwork.com/change/photo-essay-songs- martin-walsh-travels-ireland/NnRNFkA3atb9HA4VpbWslI/story.html first and third author. Finally, we would like to thank the members of the Culture and Family Life Lab for ids.html of-memory/ providing feedback on an earlier version of our poster.

Culture and Family Life Lab