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Development of a Risk Assessment Tool for Mercury in Fish

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Development of a Risk Assessment Tool for Mercury in Fish DEVELOPMENT OF A RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR MERCURY IN FISH by Reena Pahal B.Tech., British Columbia’s Institute of Technology, 2005 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (Environmental Science) UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2012 © Reena Pahal, 2012 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du 1+1 Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94091-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-94091-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT Fish can accumulate high levels of mercury (Hg) and become a human health concern if consumed. The purpose of this study was to develop a risk assessment tool to determine which water bodies from certain areas in Northern British Columbia contain fish with high Hg concentrations. Raw and published data were collected from Health Canada and Ministry of Environment and amalgamated to form a large data set (3097 fish samples from 34 distinct areas between 1974 and 2000). Fish weight was standardized and a cut­ off point was determined for each species for high Hg levels. This was used to develop a risk assessment tool unique to the study area to identify which species/water body combinations were high in Hg and how fish consumption strategies can be adapted to minimize exposure. Although high Hg levels were widespread, the majority of contaminated samples were from Pinchi Lake and the Williston Lake area. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Acronyms vii Acknowledgement viii 1.0 Purpose of the Study 1 2.0 Background and Context of Study 1 2.1 Hg in the environment 3 2.1.1 Hg bioaccumulation in the aquatic food web 4 2.1.2 Influencing factors for increased Hg concentrations in fish 7 2.2 Northern British Columbia 8 2.2.1 Pinchi Lake 9 2.2.2 Williston Lake 10 2.3 Benefits of fish consumption 11 2.4 Dietary concern related to fish consumption 12 2.5 Benefits versus risks of fish consumption 15 2.6 Existing risk assessment and management strategies 19 2.7 Fish consumption advisories 22 2.8 Risk assessment by FAO/WHO 30 2.9 Risk management by FAO/WHO 32 2.10 Risk assessment tool for the Northern Health Authority 34 3.0 Methodology 35 3.1 Overall approach 35 3.1.1 Source of raw data 35 3.1.2 Use of muscle tissue data only 35 3.1.3 Use of existing risk assessment tools 35 3.2 Description of study area 36 3.3 Fish collection and Hg analysis 36 3.4 Statistical analysis of data 37 3.4.1 Controlling for length:weight relationships 38 3.4.2 ANOVA/ANCOVA 39 3.4.3 Use of data in the Risk Assessment Tool 40 4.0 Results 41 4.1 Fish species and water bodies included in this study 41 iii 4.2 Fish weights and fish lengths 41 4.3 Mean Hg concentrations in fish by year, location, and species 49 4.4 Relationship between Hg concentration and fish size 53 5.0 Development of the Risk Assessment Tool 55 5.1 Risk analysis 55 5.2 Risk assessment 55 5.2.1 Step 1: Hazard identification 55 5.2.2 Step 2: Hazard characterization 55 5.2.3 Step 3: Exposure assessment 56 5.2.4 Step 4: Risk characterization 56 5.3 Risk management 56 5.3.1 Step 1: Identify risk management options 56 5.3.2 Step 2: Evaluate the options 57 5.3.3 Step 3: Implementation 57 5.3.4 Step 4: Monitoring and review 57 6.0 Risk assessment tool for MeHg levels in fish in Northern BC 58 6.1 Normal range of Hg in fish in Northern BC 58 7.0 Discussion 62 7.1 High Hg levels in fish from Pinchi Lake and Williston Lake 63 7.2 Hg levels in fish tissue varied with fish size and sample period 65 7.3 Hg levels in fish tissue varied with species 67 7.4 Limitations of this study 68 7.5 Development and potential application of risk assessment tool 69 8.0 Conclusion 70 9.0 References 72 10.0 Appendices 79 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Forms of Hg 6 Table 3.1 Number of fish collected from different water bodies used in this study 37 Table 6.1 Adjusted mean Hg concentration by species and sum of SD and adjusted means used to determine cut off Hg concentrations for various fish species 59 Table 6.2 Percentage of Hg-contaminated fish by species and water body as estimated using the risk assessment tool 60 Table 6.3 Fish species flagged as potentially contaminated with Hg after adjusting for weight 62 Appendices 79 Table 10.1. Descriptive statistics for fish parameters used in this study Table 10.2 Descriptive statistics for total number of fish used in this study by water body Table 10.3 Descriptive/tests of normality for fish parameters used in this study Table 10.4 Tests of normality for fish weight and Hg concentrations Table 10.5 Square root transformation of weight of all fish used in this study Table 10.6 Tests of normality for weight of all fish used in this study Table 10.7 Hg concentration (ppm) with cube root transformation for all fish in this study Table 10.8 Tests of normality for Hg concentration for all fish used in this study Table 10.9 Interlake differences of Hg concentration (ppm) in fish tissue, sorted by species Table 10.10 Mean Hg concentration (ppm) in fish tissue by species in various species Table 10.11 Hg concentration in fish tissue collected in various years Table 10.12 Hg concentration in all fish sampled from each location Table 10.13 Mean weight (kg), sorted by fish species Table 10.14 Mean weight (kg) of fish, sorted by location Table 10.15 Hg concentration of fish tissue sorted by year, lake, and fish species Table 10.16 Latin names for fish species used in this study LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Map of Williston Lake and the surrounding area 10 Figure 2.2 Generic components of risk analysis 31 Figure 2.3 Generic framework for risk management 33 Figure 4.2.1 Mean weight (kg) of fish caught vs. year caught 42 Figure 4.2.2 Mean weight (kg) of fish caught vs. location 43 Figure 4.2.3 Mean weight (kg) of fish caught vs. fish type 45 Figure 4.2.4 Mean length (mm) of fish caught vs. year caught 46 Figure 4.2.5 Mean length (mm) of fish caught vs. location caught 47 Figure 4.2.6 Mean length (mm) of fish caught vs. fish type 48 Figure 4.3.1 Mean Hg concentration (ppm) o f fish caught vs. year caught 49 Figure 4.3.2 Mean Hg concentration (ppm) of fish caught vs. location caught 51 Figure 4.3.3 Mean Hg concentration (ppm) o f fish caught vs. type of fish 52 Figure 4.4.1 Mean Hg concentration (ppm) in fish tissue vs. fresh weight (gms) of fish 54 Appendices 79 Figure 10.1 Scatterplot of Hg concentration (ppm) versus weight (kg) for bull trout Figure 10.2 Sample calculation for adjusted Hg concentration (ppm) of fish for the Risk Assessment Tool vi LIST OF ACRONYMS AA - arachidonic acid ALA - alpha-linolenic acid ANCOVA - Analysis of Covariance ANOVA - Analysis of Variance ATSDR - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry COT - Committee on Toxicity DHA - docosahexaenoic acid DPA - docosapentaenoic acid EPA - eicosapentaenoic acid FAO - Food and Agriculture Association of United Nations FDA - Food and Drug Administration of United States Hg - Mercury HgS - Red sulphide cinnabar MeHg - Methylmercury MWLAP - Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection NAS - National Academy of Sciences NMFS -National Marine Fisheries Service PUFA - Polyunsaturated fatty acid SACN - Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition SPSS - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences USDA - United States Department of Agriculture U.S.
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