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Consequences of Frugivoremediated Seed Dispersal for the Spatial And Molecular Ecology (2012) 21, 1019–1031 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05425.x Consequences of frugivore-mediated seed dispersal for the spatial and genetic structures of a neotropical palm J. CHOO,* T. E. JUENGER† and B. B. SIMPSON† *Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, †Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station CO930, Austin, TX 78712, USA Abstract The idiosyncratic behaviours of seed dispersers are important contributors to plant spatial associations and genetic structures. In this study, we used a combination of field, molecular and spatial studies to examine the connections between seed dispersal and the spatial and genetic structures of a dominant neotropical palm Attalea phalerata. Field observation and genetic parentage analysis both indicated that the majority of A. phalerata seeds were dispersed locally over short distances (<30 m from the maternal tree). Spatial and genetic structures between adults and seedlings were consistent with localized and short-distance seed dispersal. Dispersal contributed to spatial associations among maternal sibling seedlings and strong spatial and genetic structures in both seedlings dispersed near (<10 m) and away (>10 m) from maternal palms. Seedlings were also spatially aggregated with juveniles. These patterns are probably associated with the dispersal of seeds by rodents and the survival of recruits at specific microsites or neighbourhoods over successive fruiting periods. Our cross-cohort analyses found palms in older cohorts and cohort pairs were associated with a lower proportion of offspring and sibling neighbours and exhibited weaker spatial and genetic structures. Such patterns are consistent with increased distance- and density-dependent mortality over time among palms dispersed near maternal palms or siblings. The integrative approaches used for this study allowed us to infer the importance of seed dispersal activities in maintaining the aggregated distribution and significant genetic structures among A. phalerata palms. We further conclude that distance- and density-dependent mortality is a key postdispersal process regulating this palm population. Keywords: genetic structure, palms, plant–frugivore interactions, seed dispersal, spatial patterns Received 6 April 2011; revision received 16 November 2011; accepted 18 November 2011 dependent mortality) (Terborgh et al. 2008; Swamy & Introduction Terborgh 2010) or under high conspecific densities Seed dispersal is an important life history event for (density-dependent mortality) (Harms et al. 2000; Comi- plants and has consequences from genes to communi- ta & Hubbell 2009; Bagchi et al. 2010; Metz & Sousa ties (Nathan & Muller-Landau 2000). Dispersal contrib- 2010). These patterns of mortalities were proposed to be utes to plant gene flow and is a key mechanism that important factors that contributed to the diversity of generates the genetic structure of plant populations tropical tree communities (Janzen 1970; Connell 1971). (Hamrick et al. 1993b). For many tropical plant species, Most tropical plant species are dispersed by verte- dispersal is also critical to plant recruitment and regen- brate frugivores, and many of them exhibit idiosyn- eration because undispersed propagules suffer high cratic behaviours unique to their species or guild rates of mortality near conspecific adults (distance- (Howe & Smallwood 1982; Terborgh 1990). Tropical birds, for instance, frequently disperse seeds under Correspondence: Juanita Choo, Fax: 1 734 763 0544; trees where they roost or forage (Clark et al. 2004; E-mail: [email protected] Sezen et al. 2007). Rodents, including agoutis and Ó 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd 1020 J. CHOO, T. E. JUENGER and B. B. SIMPSON squirrels, habitually disperse and cache seeds near the the predation by bruchid beetles (Janzen 1971; Wright trunks and buttress roots of specific plants or reference 1983; Forget et al. 1994; Silvius & Fragoso 2002; Fragoso objects such as fallen logs (Heaney & Thorington 1978; et al. 2003; Pimentel & Tabarelli 2004). Rodents fre- Smythe 1978; Forget 1990; Peres & Baider 1997; Forget quently scatter-hoard the seeds of Attalea spp. palms to et al. 1999; Silvius & Fragoso 2003; Pimentel & Tabarelli microsites next to logs, horizontal liana stems on the 2004; Aliaga-Rossel et al. 2008; Haugaasen et al. 2010). ground and the buttress of heterospecific trees (Kiltie Nonrandom dispersal activities contribute not only to 1981; Silvius & Fragoso 2003; Pimentel & Tabarelli 2004; specific patterns of recruitment but also to distinct spa- Bonjorne de Almeida & Galetti 2007). Collectively, these tial genetic structures (SGSs) (Clark et al. 2004, 2005; studies suggest that the nonrandom dispersal of Attalea Russo & Augspurger 2004; Sezen et al. 2009; Karubian spp. seeds will generate distinct spatial patterns and et al. 2010). These spatial and genetic patterns in turn genetic structures in a population. To examine these affect the intensity of ecological interactions and the interactions, we used field experiments, molecular and evolutionary dynamics of plant populations (Hardy spatial analytical studies to (i) characterize seed dis- et al. 2006; Comita & Hubbell 2009). Studying how seed persal patterns and (ii) examine how contemporary dispersers influence plant spatial and genetic patterns is local seed dispersal influences the recruitment patterns thus an important step towards understanding their of seedlings with respect to other conspecifics by study- role in plant population dynamics and species coexis- ing seedling neighbour composition, spatial associa- tence (Levine & Murrell 2003; Snyder & Chesson 2003). tions, and genetic structures. We further employed To infer the proximate and ultimate consequences of cohort-specific analyses to (iii) infer the evolution of vertebrate frugivore seed dispersal on tropical plant these patterns over time and to indirectly assess the populations, studies should ideally track the fate of dis- long-term consequences of seed dispersal on palm pop- persed seeds over their lifetimes as well as changes in ulation dynamics and genetics. the plant spatial and genetic patterns. However, such studies are intractable for many tropical plant species Materials and methods that are long-lived and slow-growing. To overcome this problem, a combination of approaches including direct Study site and species observations of seed dispersal and studies of plant spa- tial and genetic structures can be applied to understand This study was conducted in a 2.25-hectare plot dispersal processes and their consequences over time (150 m · 150 m) at the Cocha Cashu Biology Field Sta- (Wang & Smith 2002). To this end, a number of studies tion (CC) in Manu National Park, Peru. Attalea phalerata have used cohort- or stand-specific analyses of plant is one of the most abundant species at CC (Gentry & spatial and genetic structures to work backwards and Terborgh 1990). This arboreal palm grows to about indirectly infer the postdispersal fates of plants (e.g. Ba- 25 m tall and produces large leaves than span c. 8m. rot et al. 1999; Kalisz et al. 2001; Chung et al. 2007; A. phalerata is monoecious, but the staminate and pistil- Fuchs & Hamrick 2010). In addition, spatial analyses late inflorescence on individual palms flower asynchro- can also be used to investigate the fine-scale interactions nously so the species is considered functionally among plant individuals as well as to account for dioecious (Anderson et al. 1988; Pintaud 2008). Palms potential confounding associations that may arise from within a population flower and fruit asynchronously. habitat heterogeneity (Wiegand & Moloney 2004). The Weevils (Phyllotrox spp.), nitidulid beetles (Mystrops use of both spatial and genetic information in tandem spp.) and bees (Trigona spp.) are the main pollinators can thus strengthen our ability to investigate the conse- (Anderson et al. 1988; Henderson et al. 2000; Voeks quences of seed dispersal on the spatial and genetic 2002; Nu´ n˜ez et al. 2005; Fava & Covre 2011). The fruits structures of long-lived plant species (Chung et al. are large ellipsoid drupes (mean length of 9.0 ± 0.8 cm 2007; Jacquemyn et al. 2009). and diameter of 3.7 ± 0.4 cm) with a fleshy mesocarp In this study, we investigated the consequences of surrounding a ‘seed’ (applied here to refer to the hard frugivore-mediated seed dispersal on the spatial and woody endocarp and the actual seed) (mean length of genetic structures of a common canopy palm Attalea 8.2 ± 0.8 cm and diameter of 3.4 ± 0.5 cm). phalerata Mart. ex Spreng. Attalea spp. are among the At Cocha Cashu, rodents and capuchins are among largest and most abundant palms in tropical America the most important dispersers of large-seeded palms (Henderson et al. 1995). They produce large-seeded (Cintra & Horna 1997; J. Choo, unpublished). Capuchin fruits that are primarily rodent-dispersed (Forget et al. monkeys are the primary dispersers (i.e. animals that 1994; Wright & Duber 2001). Seed dispersal is important remove seeds and fruits directly from a tree) of A. phal- for the regeneration of Attalea spp. because palm seeds erata, but they only contribute to limited seed dispersal experience intense distance-dependent mortality from within a few metres of palm crowns. This is because Ó 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd CONSEQUENCES OF SEED DISPERSAL FOR PALMS 1021 capuchins cause large numbers of intact fruits to fall to We calculated mean dispersal distances using only
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