Public Disclosure Authorized EMERGENCY OPERATION DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS (EODP) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project, Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq Component 2 Draft IIFinal Draft

Public Disclosure Authorized May June 2020

Presented to: Presented by: Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by EcoConServ Environmental Solutions Terroristic Operations (REFAATO) 12 El-Saleh Ayoub St, Al Jaderyia, Ministers’ Street No. 29, Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt 11211 Ministerial Complex, Villa No.11, Baghdad, Iraq Tel: + 20 2 27359078 Tel: +9647705350898 Fax: + 20 2 2736 5397 E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.refaato.iq URL: www.ecoconserv.com

Public Disclosure Authorized

Report Version History

Version Date of Submission by EcoConServ Date of Review by the WBG

Draft I 14.04.2020 22.04.2020 Draft II 0101.06.2020 16.06.2020 Final Clean 30.06.2020 VersionDraft

Public Disclosure Authorized

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 8

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 16

1.1 Project Background ...... 16

1.2 Rationale for the ESIA ...... 16

1.3 Scope of Work ...... 17

2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 18

2.1 Preface ...... 18

2.2 National Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks ...... 18 2.2.1 General Environmental Legislations ...... 18

2.3 Applicable Environmental, Social and Antiquities Legislations in Iraq ...... 19 2.3.1 Air Quality ...... 19 2.3.2 Noise ...... 19 2.3.3 Water Resources ...... 19 2.3.4 Waste Management ...... 20 2.3.5 Wastewater Treatment Projects ...... 21 2.3.6 Occupational Health and Safety ...... 21 2.3.7 Labour Laws ...... 21

2.4 Relevant International Conventions and Treaties ...... 22

2.5 World Bank Safeguard Policies ...... 22 2.5.1 The World Bank Policy on Access to Information ...... 22

3 PROJECT / ACTIVITIES DESCRIPTION ...... 24

3.1 Project Background ...... 24

3.2 Project Location ...... 2624

3.3 Al-Fallujah WWTP Components and Treatment Process ...... 2725 3.3.1 Equalizing Tanks ...... 2725 3.3.2 Inlet Screens ...... 2725 3.3.3 Grit and Oil Removal Tanks ...... 2725 3.3.4 Aeration Tanks ...... 2826 3.3.5 Emergency Return System ...... 2826 3.3.6 Service Tanks ...... 2826 3.3.7 Settling Tanks ...... 2826 3.3.8 Chlorine Contact Tanks ...... 2826 3.3.9 Chlorine Dosing System ...... 2826

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

3.3.10 Treated Effluent Pumps Station ...... 2926 3.3.11 Sludge Holding Tanks ...... 2927 3.3.12 Sludge Thickeners ...... 2927 3.3.13 Sludge Drying Beds ...... 2927 3.3.14 Miscellaneous ...... 2927

3.4 Current Condition of Al-Fallujah WWTP ...... 3028 3.4.1 Equalizing Tanks ...... 3129 3.4.2 Inlet Screens ...... 3129 3.4.3 Grit and Oil Removal Tanks ...... 3129 3.4.4 Aeration Tanks ...... 3129 3.4.5 Emergency Return System ...... 3230 3.4.6 Services Tanks ...... 3230 3.4.7 Settling Tanks ...... 3230 3.4.8 Chlorine Contact Tanks ...... 3331 3.4.9 Chlorine Dosing System ...... 3331 3.4.10 Treated Effluent Pumps Station ...... 3331 3.4.11 Sludge Holding Tanks ...... 3331 3.4.12 Sludge Thickeners ...... 3432 3.4.13 Sludge Drying Beds ...... 3432 3.4.14 Miscellaneous (Control Room, Administrative Building, Guardhouse, Electrical Room and Workshop building) ...... 3432 3.4.15 Electrical Generators ...... 3533

3.5 Clearance of UXO/ERW ...... 3634

3.6 Main Rehabilitation Activities ...... 3634 3.6.1 Civil Works ...... 3634 3.6.2 Mechanical Works ...... 3735 3.6.3 The Internal Roads ...... 3937 3.6.4 Electrical Components ...... 4038 3.6.5 Acclimatizing bacteria...... 4038

3.7 Equipment Used During Rehabilitation ...... 4038

3.8 Project Duration ...... 4038

3.9 Operation and Maintenance Activities ...... 4038

3.10 Resources Consumption ...... 4139 3.10.1 During Construction ...... 4139 3.10.2 During Operation ...... 4139

3.11 Labor ...... 4139

3.12 Waste Generation ...... 4139 3.12.1 During Rehabilitation/Construction ...... 4139 3.12.2 During Operation ...... 4240

3.13 Waste Disposal ...... 4240

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

3.13.1 During Rehabilitation/Construction ...... 4240 3.13.2 During Operation ...... 4240

4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 4442

4.1 Environmental Baseline ...... 4442 4.1.1 Physical Environment ...... 4442 4.1.2 Biological Environment ...... 5149

4.2 Socioeconomic Baseline ...... 5250 4.2.1 Administrative Divisions ...... 5250 4.2.2 Demographic Characteristics ...... 5553 4.2.3 Human Development Profile ...... 5856 4.2.4 Health Services and Facilities ...... 6159 4.2.5 Infrastructure ...... 6159 4.2.6 Land use ...... 6563 4.2.7 Public Safety and Security ...... 6967 4.2.8 Cultural heritage/ Archaeological Sites ...... 6967

5 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL RISKS AND IMPACTS ...... 7068

5.1 Positive Impacts During Construction/Rehabilitation ...... 7068 5.1.1 Provide direct job opportunities to skilled and semi-skilled labourers ...... 7068 5.1.2 Create indirect job opportunities ...... 7068

5.2 Potential Negative Impacts During Construction/Rehabilitation ...... 7169 5.2.1 Environmental Impacts ...... 7169 5.2.2 Occupational Health and Safety ...... 7573 5.2.3 Community Health and Safety ...... 7674 5.2.4 Social Impacts ...... 7775

5.3 Positive Impacts during the Operation Phase...... 7977

5.4 Potential Negative Impacts during the Operation Phase ...... 7977 5.4.1 Environmental Impacts ...... 7977 5.4.2 Occupational Health and Safety ...... 8280 5.4.3 Community health and safety ...... 8381 5.4.4 Social Impacts ...... 8381

6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 8886

6.1 Construction/Rehabilitation Phase Mitigation Measures ...... 8886 6.1.1 Mitigation measures for the Environmental Impacts ...... 8886 6.1.2 Mitigation measures for Occupational Health and Safety Impacts ...... 9088 6.1.3 Mitigation measures for Community Health and Safety Impacts ...... 9189 6.1.4 Mitigation measures for Social Impacts ...... 9189

6.2 Operation Phase Mitigation Measures ...... 9391 6.2.1 Mitigation measures for the Environmental Impacts ...... 9391

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

6.2.2 Mitigation measures for Occupational Health and Safety Impacts ...... 9694 6.2.3 Mitigation measures for Community Health and Safety Impacts ...... 9694

6.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Construction/Rehabilitation Phase ...... 9895

6.4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Operation Phase ...... 112109

6.5 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for the Construction/Rehabilitation Phase ...... 123120

6.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for the Operation Phase ...... 129125

6.7 Institutional Framework for ESMMP Implementation ...... 133129 6.7.1 Environmental Management Structures ...... 133129 6.7.2 Roles and responsibilities of Project owner and the contractor Environmental and H&S Officers ...... 133129 6.7.3 Roles and responsibilities of Project Coordination Unit (PCU) under ReFAATO134130 6.7.4 Roles and responsibilities of Project Management Teams (PMTs)/ MoCHMPW/ ASD and contractor Social Development Officers ...... 134130

7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION INCLUDING SECTION ABOUT GRM ...... 138134

7.1 Consultation Objectives ...... 138134

7.2 Stakeholder Identification...... 138134

7.3 Consultation Methodology and Activities ...... 141137 7.3.1 Summary of consultation outcomes ...... 145141

7.4 Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) ...... 145141 7.4.1 GRM objectives ...... 145141

7.5 Communication channels for sharing information about GRM ...... 145141 7.5.1 Grievance tools...... 146142 7.5.2 Registration of GRM ...... 146142 7.5.3 Response to grievances ...... 147143

7.6 Confidentiality ...... 149145 7.6.1 Institutional Responsibility for the Grievances ...... 149145

7.7 Monitoring of Grievances ...... 149145

7.8 Disclosure activities ...... 150146

ANNEX 1 – OFFICIAL UXO CLEARANCE LETTER ...... 151147

ANNEX 2 – FEEDBACK UPTAKE FORMS ON REFAATO'S WEBSITE ...... 152148

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

ANNEX 3 – CULTURAL HERITAGE CHANCE-FIND PROCEDURE ...... 157153

ANNEX 4 – CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES (ARABIC) ...... 158154

ANNEX 5 – COVID19 MEASURES ...... 161157

List of Figures Figure 1-1: Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant and surroundings ...... 16 Figure 3-1: Current standby reservoirs/ponds ...... 24 Figure 3-2 Location of Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant and its surroundings ...... 2725 Figure 3-3: Polymer Dosing System ...... 2927 Figure 3-4: Schematic for the WWTP process ...... 3028 Figure 3-5: Schematic for the WWTP components ...... 3028 Figure 3-6 Aeration Tank ...... 3230 Figure 3-7 Settling Tank ...... 3331 Figure 3-8 Current condition of the sludge drying beds ...... 3432 Figure 3-9: Current state of the WWTP Civil buildings ...... 3533 Figure 3-10: Current state of the generator cabins ...... 3634 Figure 3-11: suggested solid waste disposal site ...... 4240 Figure 3-12: Sand Collection System ...... 4341 Figure 4-1: Al Fallujah temperature and rainfall data ...... 4543 Figure 4-2: Maximum, minimum and average monthly temperatures ...... 4644 Figure 4-3: Wind Rose ...... 4745 Figure 4-4: Geological Formations in the Project Area ...... 4846 Figure 4-5: Seismic Zones in Iraq ...... 4947 Figure 4-6: Swamp near the WWTP...... 5048 Figure 4-7: Groundwater depth in the project area ...... 5149 Figure 4-8: Reeds and rushes close to the project site ...... 5250 Figure 4-9: The administrative division of Anbar Governorate...... 5351 Figure 4-10: District of Fallujah and its Administrative Boundaries ...... 5452 Figure 4-11: Anbar Governorate population percentage distribution by district ...... 5553 Figure 4-12: Age Distribution in Anbar Governorate ...... 5654 Figure 4-13: Composition of Fallujah population - Age and Gender ...... 5755 Figure 4-14: Roads network map in the project area ...... 6462 Figure 4-15: Photo of El Arbaain Road, the main road to the project site ...... 6462 Figure 4-16: One of the roads located in the road network in Fallujah City (El Mongazat Road) ...... 6563 Figure 4-17: The road leading to the entrance of the WWTP (unpaved road) ...... 6563 Figure 4-18: Photos of the swamp water area ...... 6664 Figure 4-19: Photos of the nearest residential area to the project site ...... 6764 Figure 4-20: The gas complex located near the WWTP ...... 6765 Figure 4-21: The surrounding areas of Fallujah WWTP ...... 6866 Figure 5-1: Road leading to the Fallujah WWTP ...... 7169 Figure 5-2: Drainage Pipe ...... 7472 Figure 5-3: Dominant Wind Direction (shown by the black arrow) ...... 8078 Figure 7-1: photos of some meetings with the project stakeholders ...... 143139

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Figure 7-2: GRM uptake channels for submission of feedback ...... 146142 Figure 7-3: Grievance cycle ...... 148144 List of Tables Table 2-1: Noise Limits for Different Working Zones ...... 19 Table 2-2: Effluent Discharge Parameters ...... 20 Table 2-3: World Bank safeguard operational policies and their applicability to the subproject 22 Table 4-1: Population Estimates of Districts in Anbar Governorate...... 5553 Table 4-2: The Number of Population and Households in the Project Area ...... 5654 Table 4-3: Age composition of the population in Anbar Governorate ...... 5755 Table 4-4: Demographic Trends in Anbar Governorate ...... 5755 Table 4-5: Educational Facilities in Anbar Governorate and Fallujah City ...... 5957 Table 4-6: Number of students in education by gender in Anbar Governorate ...... 5957 Table 4-7: The unemployment rate in project areas from the total labour force ...... 6058 Table 4-8: Description of Economic Activities in Fallujah ...... 6058 Table 4-9: Health services available in the project area ...... 6159 Table 4-10: Number and categories of workers in the health sector in Anbar Governorate .. 6159 Table 4-11: Water and Wastewater Sector in Anbar Governorate ...... 6260 Table 5-1: Impacts Assessment During Rehabilitation and Operation Phases ...... 8583 Table 6-1: EPA limits for land application ...... 9592 Table 6-2: Recommended Training Courses for MoCHMPW/ ASD staff and Resident Engineers ...... 136132 Table 6-3: Recommended Training Courses for Social Development Officers in MoCHMPW ...... 136132 Table 7-1: Detailed list of stakeholders ...... 138134 Table 7-2: Summary of the consultation activities that were conducted in project area ...... 141137 Table 7-3: Key comments and concerns raised during the consultations ...... 143139 Abbreviations ASD Anbar Sewage Directorate BOD Biological oxygen demand BOQ Bill of quantities ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FSC Fallujah Sewage Center GRM Grievance redressal mechanism GBV Gender based violence MoCHMPW Ministry of Construction and Housing, Municipalities and Public Works OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PMT Project Management Team PCU Project Coordination Unit RAS Recycled activated sludge REFAATO Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by Terrorist Operations WAS Waste activated sludge WWTP Wastewater treatment plant FWWTP Al Fallujah wastewater treatment plant

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Introduction

This report is the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the rehabilitation of Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) located in Al Naimiya, Fallujah district, Al Anbar governorate. This subproject targets the rehabilitation of the WWTP components including the return pump station, inlet tanks, filtration screens, grit and oil tanks, aeration tanks, settling tanks, etc. The rehabilitation activities will also entail civil works as some buildings, such as the administrative and electrical buildings, will need to be demolished and reconstructed. The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 on Environmental Assessment was triggered as the proposed subproject has some potential negative environmental and social impacts for which a limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study (ESIA) is required. 2. Project Description

Project Location The following map shows the WWTP site (highlighted in red) and its surroundings from all directions. In general, the site is surrounded by an open area and empty lands, and distance to the nearest residential area is 350 meters. The main paved access road leading to the plant is Al Arbaain road. The project location and its surroundings are presented in more detail in chapters 3 (project location) and 4 (land use).

FIGURE 1: Al Fallujah WWTP and surroundings Main Rehabilitation Activities The rehabilitation activities will involve:

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

 Civil works: o Tank walls, buildings, and roads  Mechanical works: o Pumps, pipes and their fittings, water tanks, boilers, control gates, etc.  Electrical works: o All work related to lighting, placing electrical cables, electrical transformers and generators Operation and Maintenance Activities During the operation stage, maintenance activities are expected to take place for all WWTP components. Maintenance entails mechanical, electrical as well as civil works. 3. Institutional and Legal Framework

The subproject will adhere to Iraqi legislations, World Bank Safeguard Policies and any relevant International Convention and Treaties. Applicable Environmental and Social Legislations in Iraq:  Law no. 27 for the year 2009: Protection and Improvement of Environment  Law no. 37 for the year 2008: The Ministry of Environment  Law no. 55 for the year 2002: The Law of Antiquities and Heritage  Law no. 48 of the year 1976: Regulating Exploitation and Protection of Aquatic Life  Regulation no. 4 of the year 2012: Ambient Air Quality  Law no. 21 of the year 1966: Noise Prevention:  Law no. 50 of the year 2008: Water Resources Management  Law No. 27 of 1999 concerning the establishment of the General Authority for Water and Sewage  Law no. 89 of the year 1981, amended by Decree No.54 of 2001: Public Health  Directive No. (67) of 1986 Regulating the Debris Collection Areas  Law no. 2 of the year 2001: Water Systems Protection  Act no. 25 of the year 1967: The Regulation for the Protection of Rivers  Instructions no. 2 of 2014 on Environmental Protection from Municipal Waste  Instructions no. 2 of the year 2016: Occupational Health and Safety  Law 37/2015: The Iraqi Labor Law Relevant International Conventions:  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol  ILO labor conventions World Bank Safeguard Policies The World Bank (WB) has identified 10 environmental and social safeguard policies that should be considered in its financed projects. The following OPs are triggered for the Parent Project:  OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment  OP 4.11 – Physical Cultural Resources  OP 7.50 – Projects on International Waterways  OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

 OP 4.09 – Pest Management According to the World Bank, the proposed subproject is classified as Category B and is likely to have environmental and social impacts for which the development of a limited ESIA is required. 4. Environmental and Social Impacts

Positive Impacts during Rehabilitation/Construction  Provide direct job opportunities to skilled and semi-skilled labourers Many variables affect the number and type of workers needed at a specific time during the construction phase, including project component, nature of work required, and time plan, amongst others. The project is expected to result in the creation of job opportunities. The local community is expected to provide a proportion of this temporary labour force dependent on skills needed and the strategies of the individual contractors in sourcing their workforce.  Create indirect job opportunities As part of the construction phase, a lot of indirect benefits are expected to be sensed in the targeted areas due to the need for more supporting services to the workers and contractors who will be working on site. Positive Impacts during Operation/maintenance The project will result in a limited number of job opportunities during the operation phase. They are limited to operation and maintenance staff recruited by Anbar Sewage Directorate (ASD). Other positive impacts are as follows:  Improving sanitation treatment services in Anbar Governorate.  The operation of the WWTP means that a comprehensive sewage collection network can be established to redirect all domestic wastewater to the treatment plant, thus preventing any overflow from domestic wastewater in household septic tanks from reaching rainwater drainage pipes. As a result, the rainwater that gets discharged into the Commented [MK1]: Is there a separate network in the river without undergoing any kind of treatment will be much cleaner. It must be noted city for rainwater? If yes does it end at the WWTP or that the rainwater drainage network in Fallujah does not cover all parts of the city, only elsewhere? the main streets. The collected rainwater is eventually discharged into the river.  The project will lead to a reduction in the use of septic tanks that cause soil pollution due to sewage leakage into it. Negative Environmental and Social Impacts The following table presents the identified impacts and their significance for both rehabilitation and operation/maintenance phases.

Receptor/ Impact Description of Impact 1 EHS Aspect Significance

Impacts during rehabilitation/construction

1 Abbreviations defined at the end of the table

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/ Impact Description of Impact 1 EHS Aspect Significance

Air quality may be impacted by dust and particulate emissions resulting from the movement of site vehicles on unpaved roads. The access road to the project area, which is about 500 m long, is unpaved and therefore is considered a major source of dust and could affect construction staff and workers’ health, especially Air Quality those working close to the access road. MO Air quality could also be affected by exhaust emissions from heavy machinery (excavators, loaders, trucks, etc.), equipment and vehicles.

Activities such as demolishing buildings, excavation, concreting and transporting Noise materials lead to an increase in ambient noise levels. MO

Construction activities will generate domestic, non-hazardous and hazardous Waste waste. Sludge will also be produced from the cleaning of pipes. MI Generation

Improper management of wastewater during the construction phase could have Wastewater detrimental impacts on the environment. About 100 workers will be on site MI during construction using toilets and washing facilities.

Water Chemical leaks may be carried along with rainwater in the drainage pipes and thus contaminate the water in the swamp outside. MO Pollution

Improper hazardous waste disposal, improper chemicals handling, leaching of Soil solid waste and leakages from underground holding tanks at site offices. MO

Construction activities are among the most dangerous work environments. Following are the key hazards applicable to this subproject: fall, scaffolding, OHS MA heavy construction equipment, and electricity.

Impacts on community health and safety are expected to result from emissions of gaseous pollutants and dust, increased background noise levels, uncontrolled Community dumping of construction waste, accidental contact with equipment etc. Health and However, the nearest residential areas, Al Naimiya and Al Mansour MO Safety neighborhoods are not very close to the subproject, 350 m and 1.5 km away from the site respectively.

Main roads (Highways) The project will not directly affect circulation on main roads. The traffic density on the road while transporting equipment is temporary and will last for a few Traffic flow days. and road Local roads MI access The transportation activities associated with this subproject are not expected to be a burden on traffic in local roads and will not restrict the community’s access to residential buildings.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/ Impact Description of Impact 1 EHS Aspect Significance

Children below the age of 18 work almost in all projects as they receive low Child Labor salaries and they are less demanding. MO

Having a large number of workers in small cities or villages might result in Temporary unfavorable impacts on the available resources and inconvenience to local MO Labour Influx communities.

The project can lead to an increased risk of Gender Based Violence, as women are particularly vulnerable within the context of construction projects. Gender based violence can be manifested through multiple behaviours including: GBV MO  Sexual harassment of women and girls,  Exploitative sexual relations.

The contractor will need site storage area in order to store the equipment and materials, in addition to temporary facilities for labor. The contractor will use the Land Related empty areas within the WWTP boundaries, where there is a lot of land not IN Impact occupied (state property). Therefore, this subproject does not entail involuntary resettlement.

The project site is away from the infrastructure in the area. The possibility of an Infrastructure impact of construction work on facilities and infrastructure is very weak, given MI the presence of the WWTP outside Fallujah city.

Impacts during Operation/Maintenance

Air Quality During operation, the treatment plant will have generators that will operate and odors during power cuts. The operation of generators will produce exhaust emissions. In addition, unpleasant odors will be produced at the aeration tanks, grit and oil MO tanks, filtration screens and sludge drying beds.

The main sources of noise during the operation of the WWTP are the pumps and generators. The noise generated at the WWTP may reach the industrial Noise zones and residential areas outside the treatment plant, but after having MO propagated for some distance.

Possible leakages and breakdowns can happen as a result of overloading in the system. This can lead to deterioration in treatment efficiency. Such leakages can Possible leaks be sludge leakages or oil spills that can happen from an overloaded or and improperly sealed grit and oil removal tanks. This can potentially cause damage MI to soil quality. However, if this happens, it will only be for a short period of breakdowns time, i.e. the time needed to clean the spill and repair the damage in any of the components.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/ Impact Description of Impact 1 EHS Aspect Significance

A breakdown in any the components of the treatment plant will negatively affect the efficiency of the treatment process. This means that the effluent water Water Quality quality might not be acceptable for discharge into the river. MO

Waste activated sludge (WAS) is one of the main by-products of the wastewater treatment process. The sludge contains heavy metals, pathogens and bacteria and depending on the concentration of these constituents, the sludge may not be suitable as a fertilizer and will have to be treated. Waste MO Generation Other waste expected to be produced during operation include domestic waste, domestic wastewater from the offices, solid waste trapped on coarse and fine screens in the pre-treatment stage, skimmed oil and sand (grit) residues from the grit and oil chamber.

During operation, chlorine will be supplied to disinfection tanks from a chlorine Improper dosing system. Chlorine is stored inside drums and is known to be toxic and storage of flammable, so any leak whether gas or liquid is considered to be an occupational MA chemicals hazard.

The workers may be exposed to the known and unknown dangers of handling treated or untreated sewage and gravy water tanks during pipelines, equipment OHS and tank opening, entry, cleaning and related operations. Following are the key MA risks during the operation phase: accidents and injuries, chemical exposure, exposure to pathogens and vectors, noise.

The expected impacts are air emissions (odorous compounds), and increased noise from machines and equipment during the facility operation. This may Community cause nuisance and disturbance to the community (nearby residential area); Health and however, it should be taken into consideration that the nearest community is Al MO Safety Naimiya neighbourhood located to the east of the FWWTP, at approximately 350 m.

IN = Insignificant MI = Minor MO = Moderate MA = Major

5. Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan

The objective of the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP), is to outline actions for minimizing or eliminating potential negative impacts and for monitoring the application and performance of mitigation measures. Chapter 6 of this report discusses the ESMMP for different receptors, identifies roles and responsibilities for implementation and monitoring of mitigations during the Construction and Operation phases of the project. 6. Stakeholder Consultations and GRM

The Consultant carried out stakeholder engagement activities in February and March 2020 through the following methods: Semi-Structured Interviews with community members

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project surrounding the project area, as well as Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The diversity of community representation was taken into account. The identification of relevant stakeholders to the project took into account two factors, namely the geographical proximity of the potential stakeholders to the project area, and the level of influence on/by the project, to include specific groups of stakeholders depending on several levels, to achieve the objectives of the current study. The following stakeholder groups have been identified:  Residents in the project areas, especially residents of houses overlooking project activities;  Officials of the Fallujah Sewage Center (FSC) Following are the main consultation activities conducted:  The study team conducted multiple site visits to the project area. In addition, field observations were organized at project activities points to define various stakeholders, and the potential impacts of the project.  Published comprehensive information on the project, in order to enable the competent stakeholders to determine the concerns, requirements, and recommendations; this included providing a general background about the project for high school students in the project area. Summary of consultation outcomes The key finding from the consultation activities is that public and government acceptance and support for the project are very strong. The vast majority of the residents of the area are aware of the project and looking to start construction even though their homes are not connected to the drainage network; rehabilitation of the WWTP will help complete the infrastructure projects for the sewage network. The consultation activities raised no concerns about construction activities; but during operation odours in summer are the only concern of the residents. They focused on the project benefits during operation. The Consultant aimed to identify the most effective outreach channels that support continuous dialogue with the community, these channels are represented in: - Social media; - Some government officials in the local units. Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) The objective of a grievance procedure is to ensure that all comments and complaints from any project stakeholder are considered and addressed in an appropriate and timely manner. A range of channels will be available for submission of feedback including complaint boxes that will be installed in locations that are easily accessible to the public, a free of charge phone line, regular mail, an email account, and even on the social media application WhatsApp. In addition, hard copies of GRM uptake forms will be available at the PMT offices and project site. The main GRM uptake channels are summarized in the table below.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

GRM uptake channels for submission of feedback

REFAATO PMT Sub-Project Engineers

. Email: . Letters to the PCU and/or relevant . Feedback boxes on sub [email protected] PMTs project sites . REFAATO hotline: . Phone calls to PMTs using . In-person feedback to GRM users can call telephone or WhatsApp resident engineers on sub between Sunday- . In-person feedback to resident project sites and PMTs Thursday from 10 engineers on sub project sites and and documented in GRM AM to 2 PM documented in GRM uptake form uptake form 00-964-7720240 Resident Engineer . To communicate by mail: Iraq, Baghdad, Name : Palestine Street Phone number : All information related to contact, cases, tracking and monitoring of feedback cases shall be tracked through a database created for this purpose. The database shall be managed by the PCU GRM focal point and updated and shared by GRM focal points of the PMTs on a monthly basis. All files shall be protected to ensure no loss of data and information.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background This ESIA will focus on the rehabilitation of Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant, which is located in Al-Anbar governorate. The project falls under Component 2: Restoring Municipal Waste, Water and Sanitation Services of the EODP project. The map below shows the plant layout and the site surroundings. Details of the project location and its surrounding will be provided in subsequent chapters.

Figure 1-11-1: Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant and surroundings 1.2 Rationale for the ESIA The key objectives of the ESIA are the following:  Describe the sub-project’s components and activities of relevance to the environmental and social assessments;  Identify relevant national and international legal requirements and guidelines;  Assess the baseline status of environmental and social conditions;  Evaluate potential site-specific environmental and social impacts of the project;  Developing environmental & social management and monitoring plans in compliance with the relevant national and international legislation;  Establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the project’s environmental and social management;  Document key environmental and social concerns raised by stakeholders during public consultation activities;  Ensure the existence of a grievance redress management (GRM) system through for the lodging and handling of complaints.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

1.3 Scope of Work The ESIA outlines the environmental and social management processes and procedures applicable to the sub-project. Accordingly, the structure of this document is as follows:  Chapter two: Institutional and Legal Framework  Chapter three: Project/Activities Description  Chapter four: Environmental and Social Baseline Conditions  Chapter five: Analysis of Potential Risks and Impacts  Chapter six: Environmental and Social Management Plan  Chapter seven: Public Consultation and Participation including Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) This document is guided by the available ESMF. The information drawn from the ESMF was supplemented by additional literature research, field data collection, as well as consultations and close collaboration with the institutional stakeholders and members of the local community. Therefore, the potential impacts and associated mitigation measures and management procedures presented in this ESIA are based on the baseline information and E&S assessments.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Preface This Chapter describes the legal and administrative framework for the proposed Subproject. It lists the national laws and the international requirements pertinent to the Subproject. The World Bank (WB) has defined 10 environmental and social safeguard policies that must be considered for its financed projects. The applicability of such policies to this Subproject are outlined and discussed in the subsequent sections. In case of any discrepancy between the requirements of Iraqi legislations and the requirements of the WB, the stricter requirements will be applied. In the case where national requirements are non-existent for specific issues or pollutants, the WB requirements will be adopted. 2.2 National Policy, Legal, Regulatory and Administrative Frameworks 2.2.1 General Environmental Legislations Law no. 27 for the year 2009: Protection and Improvement of Environment The law aims at protecting and improving the environment through mitigating existing damages or damages likely to be caused. The Law necessitates the provision of the Environmental Impact Assessment (Article 18) for any new developmental project in the country. The Law addresses the issues of regulation of air pollution and noise reduction, protection of soils, biodiversity conservation, management of hazardous waste, protection of the environment from pollution resulting from exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas, and establishment of an environmental protection fund. Additionally, the law specifies the necessity of protection of water resources from pollution, and it regulates the discharge of effluents independently of their origin. Moreover, the law specifies the punitive measures for violation of the specified regulations. Law no. 37 for the year 2008: The Ministry of Environment This Law was legislated to define the institutional arrangements of the Ministry of Environment. It outlines policies, and roles and responsibilities towards protecting the environment. Law no. 55 for the year 2002: The Law of Antiquities and Heritage This law defines all movable and immovable antiquities, archaeological properties and artefacts in Iraq. It regulates communication channels between the public and the authorities for each type of contact between the public and the revealed and non-revealed archaeological sites. Regulations governing contact with archaeological sites extend also to encompass developmental activities like road construction and rehabilitation wherever these developmental activities lie within archaeological vicinity. Law no.17 of the year 2010: Protection of Wild Animals and Birds This Law states that the Ministry of Agriculture issues the list of protected species of animals and birds, prohibited zones, hunting seasons, hunting gears and methods. Law no. 48 of the year 1976: Regulating Exploitation and Protection of Aquatic Life: This law regulates breeding and protection of aquatic life, fishing seasons, fishing methods and gear, and it prohibits the use of chemicals and explosives for fishing.

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2.3 Applicable Environmental, Social and Antiquities Legislations in Iraq 2.3.1 Air Quality Regulation no. 4 of the year 2012: Ambient Air Quality This regulation aims to protect ambient air quality and to control sources of pollution. The regulation necessitates that sources emitting air pollutants abide by national limits and use monitoring equipment to ensure compliance with standards. It also prohibits the burning of all types of wastes indoors or in open air, or next to a residential region or near water bodies. 2.3.2 Noise Law no. 41 of the year 2015: Noise Protection and Control This Law identifies maximum permissible noise limits during day and nighttime for industrial, commercial and industrial zones as follows

Table 2-1: Noise Limits for Different Working Zones Industrial 70 65 Commercial 65 60 Residential 55 45 2.3.3 Water Resources Law no. 50 of the year 2008: The Law provisions for establishing the Ministry of Water Resources and creating the legal and technical framework for institutionalization of water resources management in the country. The main tasks of the Ministry are: organize the water distribution and manage the flood risks; conduct studies aimed at encouraging projects for irrigation; supply reclamation, dams and groundwater; manage, operate and maintain these projects; coordinate with the competent planning and consumer sectors in line with the sustainable development; and introduce modern technologies and geographic information systems (GIS) for developing efficient working methods. Article 2 states “preserve ground and surface water from pollution, giving priority to the environmental aspect, and revive and maintain marshlands and other water surfaces.”

Law no. 89 of the year 1981, amended by Decree No.54 of 2001: Public Health In addition to addressing various issues related to the population’s health, the Law stipulates the provision of the safety of drinking water and drinking water quality standards. Law no. 2 of the year 2001: Water Systems Protection Chapter 4 provides instructions on disposal or recycling of wastewater. It also prohibits the discharge of effluent into public water, unless it meets the criteria and specifications set out by the Environment Protection and Improvement Directorate (EPID). EPID is also allowed to issue environmental restrictions pertaining to the quality of public water as well as the quality of water discharged into public water, sewage systems, or rainwater. Act no. 25 of the year 1967: The Regulation for the Protection of Rivers The act regulates wastewater discharges and provides physical, biological, and chemical guidelines for water quality. Also, the regulation sets forth provisions for protection of public water bodies from pollution.

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2.3.4 Waste Management Instructions no. 2 of 2014 on Environmental Protection from Municipal Waste: The instruction aims at protecting the urban environment with a proper management of wastes, such as solid materials, recyclable and non-recyclable derived from domestic, commercial and professional activities, from the cleaning of streets, gardens, farms and public places, and construction waste. Law No. 27 of 1999 concerning the establishment of the General Authority for Water and Sewage The law provides instructions to the local authorities on provision of drinking and processing of raw water and the discharge of sewage and rainwater in all parts of Iraq beyond the boundaries of the Municipality of Baghdad. The regulations define the permissible discharge limits to both natural waters and sewers. Some of the values are presented in the Table below: Table 2-2: Effluent Discharge Parameters

Pollutant Limits for Discharge into Limits to discharge into Water Bodies Sewer Color N/A N/A Temperature <35 °C 45 °C Suspended Solids 60 mg/L 750 mg/L pH 6- 9.5 6- 9.5 BOD <40 1000 COD <100 N/A Nitrate 50 mg/L N/A Phosphate 3 mg/L N/A Free Chlorine Trace 100 mg/ L Lead 0.1 mg/L 0.1 mg/L Copper 0.2 mg/L N/A Mercury 0.005 mg/L 0.001 mg/L Sulphate If the ratio of the discharge is to 300 mg/L the amount of source water is 1:1000 or less, the sulphate concentration should not exceed 400 mg/L Total hydrocarbons & For the river with continuous N/A Derivatives flow, 5mg/L provided the ratio of discharge to source water is 1:500 Directive No. (67) of 1986 Regulating the Debris Collection Areas: debris disposable should be done in areas with stable geology and avoid sitting near particularly vulnerable or sensitive ecosystems and groundwater and surface water resources.

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2.3.5 Wastewater Treatment Projects According to instructions No.3 of the year 2011 concerning environmental regulations, the distance between any wastewater treatment project and residential areas must not be less than 2 km. 2.3.6 Occupational Health and Safety Instructions no. 12 of the year 2016: Occupational Health and Safety The instructions provide for the enforcement of occupational health and safety provisions at places of work and establish the functions and duties of employers and employees with regard to occupational health and safety. Regulates that all work places are to appoint a person in charge of occupational safety and an occupational safety committee. Provides for the appointment and duties of the person responsible for occupational safety and for the occupational safety committee at each workplace. Establishes the functions and duties of employers and employees with regard to occupational safety. Law No. 6 of 1988 concerning the National Commission for Occupational Hygiene and Safety governs the enforcement of occupational health and safety regulations. The Law establishes the duties and responsibilities of employer’s regarding occupational health and safety, the functions of safety commissions at places of work, and it regulates the responsibilities and duties of workers with respect to occupational health and safety. Directive No. 4 of 1993 concerning Occupational health, Protection of Workers against Vibration. Pursuant to Sections 3 and 105 of the Public Health Act (No. 89 of 1981), it establishes work place procedures designed to minimize vibration and any harmful effects that workers might be exposed to. It also stipulates the maximum total daily limits for occupational exposure to vibration. 2.3.7 Labour Laws

Iraq recently enacted Law 37/2015 (the Iraqi Labor Law), which governs employment relationships in most of Iraq. To date, no known reforms are being considered for Iraq. In addition to this law, the respective government ministries may issue instructions or regulations that affect employment law. The law covers all aspects of employment, including:

. the definition of ‘workers’; . Child Labor . hiring and termination; . health and safety; . leave; . wages; . collective bargaining; and . avenues for complaints and redress. The law distinguishes foreign workers from Iraqi workers, but all workers must be fully documented in order to legally work in Iraq. The Iraqi Labor Law does not distinguish between employees and contractors. The law applies to all ‘workers’, which is anyone working under the supervision of an employer in return for a wage. The law does distinguish between permanent work and work for a defined period, but there are certain requirements that must be met under

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project the law in order to ensure that a contract for a determined period does not convert to a permanent contract. Article 6, chapter 3 of Iraqi Labor Law, states that the minimum age for employment is 15 years old. However, Iraq is also signatory to the 1989 International Convention on the Rights of the Child, which defines everyone under the age of 18 as a child who must have special protection and care. 2.4 Relevant International Conventions and Treaties The following are the international conventions and treaties that have been signed and ratified by the Iraqi Government and are relevant to this subproject.

 Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-Boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal;  All ratified ILO convention, including the latest one on Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No. 187)

2.5 World Bank Safeguard Policies The WB has identified 10 environmental and social safeguard policies that should be considered in its financed projects. The proposed Subproject is classified as Category B according to the World Bank. This mandates a limited Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study (ESIA).

Table 2-3: World Bank safeguard operational policies and their applicability to the subproject

Applicability Safeguard Policy Triggered Justifications to subproject The project is likely to have environmental and social Environmental Yes Yes impacts for which the development of a limited ESIA is Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) required. Natural Habitats There are no ecologically sensitive habitats in the project No No (OP/BP 4.04) area. Forests (OP/BP 4.36) No No Proposed Subproject areas contain no forests. Pest Management Yes No No pesticides will be used in this subproject (OP 4.09) Physical Cultural This OP does not apply to this subproject, but if these Resources Yes No opportunities occur, cultural property management plans (OP/BP 4.11) will be prepared for the subprojects. Indigenous Peoples No No No indigenous people are identified in Iraq. (OP/BP 4.10) Involuntary Resettlement Yes No This OP is not relevant to this subproject. (OP/BP 4.12) Safety of Dams No No Not relevant to the proposed Subproject (OP/BP 4.37) The final effluent from the WWTP is discharged into the Projects on International Yes Yes Euphrates River. However, the EODP-AF fulfills the Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) exception from notification requirements per the Policy. Projects in Disputed Areas No No Not relevant to the proposed Subproject. (OP/BP 7.60) 2.5.1 The World Bank Policy on Access to Information This Policy governs the public accessibility of information in the Bank’s possession. The World Bank allows access to any information in its possession that is not on a list of exceptions.

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This Policy is based on five principles:  Maximizing access to information;  Setting out a clear list of exceptions;  Safeguarding the deliberative process;  Providing clear procedures for making information available; and  Recognizing requesters’ right to an appeals process.

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3 PROJECT / ACTIVITIES DESCRIPTION 3.1 Project Background Rehabilitating Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and bringing it back into operation will relieve Al Fallujah City from the burden of raw sewage flooding the roads. The design capacity of the plant is 40,000 m3/day. The WWTP depends on a biological treatment system and will currently serve 50,000 inhabitants, but it has been designed to serve more than 200,000 inhabitants. Since most components of the WWTP have been subjected to considerable damage, the facility is currently relying on 2 standby reservoirs/ponds (Figure 3-1Figure 3-1) as aeration tanks. The 2 ponds work alternately because the treatment process requires 24 hours. Thus, while one pond dries, the second operates. Each pond can handle up to 10,000 m3/day and is equipped with an overflow pipe in case the amount of incoming wastewater exceeds its capacity. The current aeration system consists of air blowers and a piping system that ensures equal air distribution over the total area of the pond. The partially treated wastewater and the wastewater collected by the overflow pipe are directed to an open channel that eventually leads to a lagoon located in an open area consisting of natural soil and no vegetation. The lagoon has an area of 3,659,667 m2.

Overflow pipe

Figure 3-13-1: Current standby reservoirs/ponds

2 Lagoon Formatted: Underline, English (United States) The land where the lagoon is located is public property and initially had no vegetation cover. It Formatted: Normal is northwest of the current WWTP and according to a site visit conducted for a previous study, Formatted: Normal, Space After: 6 pt there are no important habitats or endangered species in the vicinity of the lagoon (Figure 3-2Figure 3-2). In addition, the lagoon will not have an impact on the reptiles in the area because its expansion is gradual, thus allowing sufficient time for animals to escape to other dry areas. It has been estimated that the lagoon will expand to an area of 923,000 m2 assuming that the discharge is 128L/person. If the discharge is 200 L/person, this area will increase to Formatted: English (United States), Superscript 2 1,454,000 m . In both cases, no risk will be posed by the lagoon, because according to the Formatted: English (United States), Superscript design, it can expand up to 3,659,667 m2. The water that is being discharged into the lagoon has Formatted: List Paragraph;List Paragraph the following characteristics: (numbered (a));Bullet paras;ANNEX;List - TSS ranging from 20-60 mg/L Paragraph1;List Paragraph2;List Paragraph Char Char Char;Main numbered paragraph;PDP سرد;DOCUMENT SUBTITLE;Bullet L1;Liste_LMM Lvl 1 Bullet;Table bullets;Citation;الفقرات Addendum to ESMP for the Rehabilitation of Al-Fallujah Sewerage Lift Station F1 (Temporary Solution for 2 W16) List;Heading , Bulleted + Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0.63

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- 15-25% phosphorus removal

- A BOD5 reduced by 40-60% depending on temperature and exact detention time. The Formatted: Subscript BOD is expected to be further reduced in the lagoon.

Since the groundwater table is 1.4 m in the Subproject area, it has been previously suggested to Formatted: Normal monitor the groundwater quality by taking samples from the area immediately surrounding the lagoon to ensure that the treated wastewater is not infiltrating the soil and affecting the groundwater quality.

Formatted: Indent: Before: 2.22 cm, Keep with next

Figure 3-2: Initial state of the lagoon area

Following is a map on which the location of the lagoon is indicated. Knowing that the lagoon Formatted: Normal has been receiving treated wastewater for almost a year and that it is expected to operate for 2 another year, the approximate area it currently occupies is 500,000 m , assuming a discharge of Formatted: English (United States), Superscript 128 L/person. The actual area could be even less because a portion of the treated waste water evaporates. The lagoon is far away from any residential areas.

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Formatted: Keep with next

lagoon Formatted: Font: 14 pt, Bold, Complex Script Font: 11 pt, Bold Formatted: Font: 14 pt, Bold, Complex Script Font: 11 pt, Bold, English (United States)

Plant Formatted: Font: 14 pt, Bold, Complex Script Font: 11 pt, Bold, English (United States)

Figure 3-3: Lagoon Approximate Location

Formatted: (Complex) Arabic (Saudi Arabia) 3.33.2 Project Location Formatted: Left The WWTP (highlighted in red in Figure 3-4Figure 3-2) is located in Al-Naimiya, Fallujah City. The distance from the plant to the nearest residential buildings in Al Naimiya neighborhood is 350 m, while the distance to Al Mansour Neighborhood is 1.5 km. In addition, the site is 600m from the Unified Canal and 1.15 km from the Euphrates. In general, the area in the immediate vicinity of the subproject is an empty land with very limited to no human activity. In rainy

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project seasons, the WWTP is surrounded by a swamp from 3 directions (north, west, south). This Commented [MK2]: Is this swamp currently receiving swamp is formed as a result of the increase in river flow which causes the groundwater level in the treated water as per the temporarily solution highlighted above? If yes, please describe its current status (how full, the subproject area to rise to the surface to the extent that it becomes a swamp. This swamp, how deep, what is the status of water … etc) however, is not the lagoon receiving the overflow from the standby reservoirs. The unpaved access road leading to the plant's entrance is surrounded by a gas complex on one side and industrial area on the other side.

Figure 3-43-2 Location of Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant and its surroundings 3.43.3 Al-Fallujah WWTP Components and Treatment Process 3.4.13.3.1 Equalizing Tanks There are four equalizing tanks (steel bolted) in the WWTP to collect streams from inlet raw sewage pipeline, domestic sewage from the administration building, drying beds washout as well as the supernatant water from the sludge thickeners. All these streams are mixed and homogenized inside the equalizing tanks then transferred to the inlet screens. 3.4.23.3.2 Inlet Screens There are four inlet screens in the WWTP to remove all solids from the incoming wastewater stream of the equalizing tanks. There are coarse and fine screens mounted in concrete structure to remove all solids, garbage, etc that may cause clog or damage to the downstream equipment. Other components of the inlet screening system include compactors, shredders and conveyor belts. The wastewater will then flow to the oil & grit removal units. 3.4.33.3.3 Grit and Oil Removal Tanks Wastewater from the inlet screens will pass through oil and grease removal tanks. It consists of concrete-steel bolted walls provided with steel bridge installed at the top of the tank to accommodate an air blower and skimmer motor. Sand will settle and accumulate at the bottom of the tank by gravity while the separated oil and grease will float at the surface of the tank using

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project air-lift pump. Air is supplied through air blower fixed at the top of the tanks. The floating oil and grease will then be skimmed, collected in a chamber and then stored in separate containers until final disposal. The wastewater after removing the oil and grease will flow to the aeration tanks. 3.4.43.3.4 Aeration Tanks The biological treatment takes place in activated sludge biological tanks (aeration tanks) which utilizes acclimatized bacteria to digest soluble organic materials present in the wastewater. The plant consists of four circular aeration tanks of steel bolted walls provided with an air diffusing system (fine bubble air diffusers, piping network and valves). Air blowers are installed next to the aeration tanks for air supply (bubbling). The biologically treated wastewater will then be transferred to the settling tanks through two service tanks while settled sludge at the bottom of the aeration tanks will be directed to the sludge holding tanks. 3.4.53.3.5 Emergency Return System The emergency return system consists of pipes, valves, level control, pumps concrete room, and four submersible pumps. It will be used to pump surged wastewater to the equalizing tanks during non-peak flow hours. 3.4.63.3.6 Service Tanks There are two concrete service tanks used to receive flows from aeration tanks and distributes it to the settling tanks. Two inflow pipes and four outflow pipes are connected to the service tanks. The tanks are provided with six sliding gates to control inflow and outflow. 3.4.73.3.7 Settling Tanks There are eight circular concrete settling tanks with steel bolted walls used to settle the biologically treated wastewater to further separate the suspended solids. Sludge is settled at the bottom center of the settling tanks while the clear wastewater will be transferred to the chlorination system for disinfection via V-weirs by gravity. The settled sludge is removed using Return-Activated-Sludge/Waste-Activated-Sludge (RAS/WAS) pumps and then transferred to the sludge holding system. To maintain the activity of the bacteria at the activated sludge tanks, a small part of the settled sludge is separated from the bottom of the settling tanks and recycled back to the aeration tanks using “RAS/WAS Pumps”. 3.4.83.3.8 Chlorine Contact Tanks There are four chlorine contact tanks made of steel bolted and concrete baffle walls. Chlorine is supplied from chlorine dosing system and dosed in the chlorination tanks to disinfect the treated water coming from the settling tanks. The disinfected water is then sent to the treated effluent pumping station. 3.4.93.3.9 Chlorine Dosing System Chlorine dosing system consists of chlorine drums, chlorine dosing pumps and tanks. The dosing system is equipped with an alarm and emergency system. In this plant, disinfection will be carried out using gas chlorine. However, chlorine is often stored in liquid form inside pressurized containers/cylinders and it turns into gas when released into the dosing system.

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3.4.103.3.10 Treated Effluent Pumps Station The Effluent pump station receives disinfected water from chlorination tanks and discharges it to the Euphrates. 3.4.113.3.11 Sludge Holding Tanks There are four sludge holding tanks used to collect sludge generated from the aeration and settling tanks. Next to the sludge tanks, there is a pumping station that recycles part of the activated sludge back to the aeration tank (RAS) or pumps the wasted activated sludge (WAS) to the thickeners. 3.4.123.3.12 Sludge Thickeners There are four circular sludge thickeners made of concrete tanks with steel bolted walls that receive wasted activated sludge from sludge holding tanks and increase its solids contents using polymers. The polymer dosing system is shown in Figure 3-5Figure 3-3, and it requires maintenance.

Figure 3-53-3: Polymer Dosing System 3.4.133.3.13 Sludge Drying Beds There are eight sludge drying beds used to dry the thickened sludge coming from the thickeners. The drying beds are shallow concrete lined basins layered with coarse, fine and very fine gravel layers to filter water from the wasted thickened sludge and drain the water (supernatant) through perforated pipes. Washout system is used to return drained water (supernatant) to the equalizing tanks while the dried sludge is accumulated at the top of the surface filtering layer and removed periodically then transported by trucks for other agricultural applications such as fertilizer. This will be the responsibility of the Fallujah Sewage Center Commented [MK3]: Would the sludge be suitable for (FSC). The sludge can be land-applied with no restrictions provided that its pathogenic and agriculture applications? Any crop restrictions? Any analysis will be carried out before use in agriculture? heavy metals content is acceptable. 3.4.143.3.14 Miscellaneous There are 2 control rooms to accommodate the Programmable Logic Computer (PLC) and monitoring system in addition to one guardhouse and one workshop. The following figure shows the schematic diagram for the wastewater treatment plant process.

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Figure 3-63-4: Schematic for the WWTP process The figure below shows the layout for Al Fallujah WWTP components. The current biological treatment ponds are shown on the bottom left.

Figure 3-73-5: Schematic for the WWTP components Commented [MK4]: Are the 2 ponds currently receiving the influent of F1 PS included in this schematic? 3.53.4 Current Condition of Al-Fallujah WWTP The area in which the WWTP is located has witnessed severe destruction by the Islamic State (“da’esh”) during the period in which they occupied Al-Fallujah city. The region’s infrastructure including Fallujah WWTP has been specifically targeted and requires extensive rehabilitation. The following section describes the current condition of each of the WWTP components based on site visit observations conducted by the study team.

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3.5.13.4.1 Equalizing Tanks  Steel bolted walls are completely damaged.  Outlet pumps are missing. Therefore, new pumps had been proposed to be supplied and installed in the same locations.  Most of pipes and fittings need maintenance 3.5.23.4.2 Inlet Screens  There are some minor/ partial damages in the concrete structure that should be repaired  Coarse and fine screens are partially damaged and must be cleaned, greased, and repaired  Compactor, shredder and conveyor belt are partially damaged and should be cleaned, greased, and tested for malfunctioning 3.5.33.4.3 Grit and Oil Removal Tanks  Steel bolted walls are partially damaged and must be replaced  The wet pumps inside the manhole need to be cleaned, greased, and tested for malfunctioning.  Air blowers are partially damaged and must be replaced by new ones  Skimmer and classifier motors should be cleaned, greased, and tested for malfunctioning. 3.5.43.4.4 Aeration Tanks  Steel bolted walls are completely damaged and need to be replaced  Air diffusing system is completely damaged and a complete set (pipes, diffusers, valves...) need to be supplied and installed  Air blowers are completely damaged and new blowers need to be supplied and installed.  Electrical power board and connections need to be replaced

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Figure 3-83-6 Aeration Tank 3.5.53.4.5 Emergency Return System  Cleaning is required  Pumps are to be tested for functionality  Piping system needs to be repaired 3.5.63.4.6 Services Tanks  Sliding gates are completely rusted and need to be replaced  Pipes need to be cleaned 3.5.73.4.7 Settling Tanks  Steel bolted walls are completely damaged and need to be replaced  New weir, rotating bridge (scraper) need to be supplied, and installed.  Sludge pipes and valves are blocked and need to be cleaned.

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Figure 3-93-7 Settling Tank 3.5.83.4.8 Chlorine Contact Tanks  Steel bolted walls are completely damaged and need to be replaced  Concrete baffle walls are partially damaged and need to be repaired  Pipes and fittings are partially damaged and need to be maintained. 3.5.93.4.9 Chlorine Dosing System  Building is partially damaged and little external repairs are required  Injection system is severely damaged and need to be replaced  Crane and inside equipment need to be repaired  Electric boards and cabling are severely damaged and need replacement  Monitoring, alarm, and emergency systems are severely damaged and need to be replaced 3.5.103.4.10 Treated Effluent Pumps Station  Pump's motors are partially damaged and they need to be cleaned, greased and tested for malfunction  Vertical shafts which connect motors and impellers need to be checked for alignment and balance.  Piping and valves system is not directly damaged. However, it needs to be cleaned and repaired  Electrical power boards and cables are completely damaged and looted. Need to be replaced 3.5.113.4.11 Sludge Holding Tanks  Steel bolted walls are completely damaged and rusted, so replacement is needed  Missing electrical and mechanical parts are to be supplied and installed  RAS/WAS pumps need to be replaced

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3.5.123.4.12 Sludge Thickeners  Steel bolted wall is completely damaged and need to be replaced  Electrical power board and cables were looted & damaged and need to replaced  Pumps are partially damaged. They need to be cleaned, greased, and tested for malfunction 3.5.133.4.13 Sludge Drying Beds  Filtering layers are no longer porous (Saturated). Need to be removed and replaced  Concrete walls and partitions are partially damaged and need to be repaired.  Drainage system (perforated pipes) are out of order and need to be replaced.  Washout system needs to be replaced.  Sludge distribution pipes and valves are clogged.  Chemical and mechanical cleaning is required

Figure 3-103-8 Current condition of the sludge drying beds 3.5.143.4.14 Miscellaneous (Control Room, Administrative Building, Guardhouse, Electrical Room and Workshop building) The Guardhouse (containing one office room and bathroom), the workshop building, the administrative building and the electrical building (room) had been destroyed and must be repaired.

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Administrative Building Electrical Building

Workshop Building

Figure 3-113-9: Current state of the WWTP Civil buildings 3.5.153.4.15 Electrical Generators Generators inside the WWTP also suffered significant damage and currently not working. They need to be replaced, because during the operation stage, the plant will rely on generators in case of power cuts. The figure below shows the current state of the electrical generators.

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Figure 3-123-10: Current state of the generator cabins 3.63.5 Clearance of UXO/ERW The presence of UXO/ERW in the area poses a risk, as they might not be immediately discovered after the conflict, especially if buried deep underground or under the rubble of destroyed buildings. The area has been cleared from UXOs and military remains. The official clearance letter is provided in annex 1. However, accidental discovery is still possible. In case of discovery, the personnel should be immediately evacuated and armed forces should be contacted. The works can only be resumed after removal of the munitions. 3.73.6 Main Rehabilitation Activities The following section describes the rehabilitated activities that need to be performed for Al Fallujah WWTP. It must be noted that the description of the civil and electrical works is based on site observations and consultations conducted. However, the consultant did not receive a bill of quantities (BOQ) or a detailed methodology from the PMT describing the civil and electrical rehabilitation works. The rehabilitation activities will involve:  Civil works: o Tank walls, buildings, and roads  Mechanical works: o Pumps, pipes and their fittings, water tanks, boilers, control gates, etc.  Electrical works: o All work related to lighting, extension of wires, electrical transformers and generators

3.7.13.6.1 Civil Works The concrete skeleton of many buildings has been subjected to significant damage and thus the following civil works will be undertaken as part of the WWTP rehabilitation: - Removing debris of destroyed buildings - Excavation and backfilling (foundations works) - Concreting (formwork and reinforcement)

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- External finishes including masonry work, plastering and painting - Internal finishes including plastering, painting and tiling As indicated in the damage assessment section, concrete walls of several tanks have been damaged and their rehabilitation process is expected to be as follows: - Demolishing the damaged concrete walls and components - Removing the concrete debris from the site - Setting up wooden formwork and placing the reinforcing bars - Pouring concrete and leaving the concrete wall to harden. 3.7.23.6.2 Mechanical Works 3.7.2.13.6.2.1 Equalizing Tanks Rehabilitating the equalizing tanks will involve maintenance, supplying, installing, testing and operating of the following:  Ductile iron pipes and pipe fittings (flange tees, flange bends, etc.)  Valves of different sizes  4 Submersible water pumps

3.7.2.23.6.2.2 Inlet Screens The inlet screens rehabilitation process will require supplying, installing, testing and operating of:  Coarse and fine screens. The fine screen will be made from stainless steel with spacing 6mm.  A shredder unit  The flowmeters  Ductile iron pipes and their fittings  Compactor and gear box 3.7.2.33.6.2.3 Grit and Oil Removal Tanks The rehabilitation of the grit and oil removal tanks will require supplying, installing, testing and operating of the following:  Submersible pumps  Ductile Iron pipes including all fittings  UPVC pipes including all fittings  Skimmer motor including gear box 3.7.2.43.6.2.4 Aeration Tanks The aeration tanks rehabilitation process will comprise supplying, installing, testing and operating of the following:  Air diffusers (Quantity – 1850)  5m Ductile iron pipes (Quantity – 2) and their fittings  Sliding gates on the outlet side of the aeration tanks (Quantity – 2)  Air headers, which are pipes extending into the tank through which air is carried to the diffusers.

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 Air header supports  6 Air blowers (4 duty and 2 standby), each having a capacity of 2500 m3/h, with all valves, pipes and fittings. 3.7.2.53.6.2.5 Settling Tanks The settling tanks rehabilitation process will comprise supplying, installing, testing and operating of the following:  Integrated rotary bridge of standard steel structure with driving motor, Gearbox, fitting piping  Ductile Iron pipes including all fittings.  2 Sliding gates for the splitter tanks 3.7.2.63.6.2.6 Recycle Sludge and Waste Sludge (RAS/WAS) System The recycle sludge and waste sludge system rehabilitation process will comprise supplying, installing, testing and operating of the following:  RAS/WAS pumps (submersible) for holding tank, with all valves, pipes and fittings (Quantity – 2)  Wastewater Pumps for thickener, with all valves, pipes and fitting (Quantity – 2)  Valves with different type, size and diameters  Ductile Iron pipes with diameters 250 mm (Quantity – 1) and 150 mm (Quantity – 2), and their fittings 3.7.2.73.6.2.7 Chlorine Contact Tank The chlorine contact tank rehabilitation process will comprise supplying, installing, testing and operating of:  Ductile Iron pipes (Quantity – 30) with all fittings

3.7.2.83.6.2.8 Sludge Thickeners The sludge thickeners rehabilitation process will comprise supplying, installing, testing and operating of:  Sludge pumps for thickener tank, with all valves, pipes and fitting as specifications below (Quantity – 4):  Fittings (including maintenance):  Ductile Iron pipes  Polymer Dosing system. Polymers are used to increase the solid content of the waste activated sludge. 3.7.2.93.6.2.9 Treated Effluent Pumps Station The treated effluent pumps station rehabilitation process will comprise of:  Cleaning and repairing the piping system and valves  Cleaning, greasing and testing the pump's motors 3.7.2.103.6.2.10 Sludge Drying Beds The sludge drying beds rehabilitation process will comprise:

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 Preparing tools, materials, machines, and everything required to remove the old filtering layers, pipes and damaged parts of drying beds walls  Repairing walls  Supplying and installing the required layers of filters and pipes  Replacing out of order perforated drainage pipes  Replacing Washout system  Cleaning clogged sludge distribution pipes and valves 3.7.2.113.6.2.11 Others Mechanical works for the buildings (guard room, control room building and the workshop building) will comprise of supplying, installing, testing and operating for the following components:  A 500 liter water tank with all fittings, pipes, valves for the workshop building.  A 1000 liter water tank with all fitting, pipes, valves for the control building.  Hand wash basins, toilet seats, water taps, PVC pipes and UPVC pipes for the guard room, control building and the workshop building.  Manholes for the control building and the workshop buildings  Boilers with capacity 60L/3000 W  Cooling and heating units for the control building, workshop and guard house buildings  Air ducts for the control building and the chlorine Dosing System  Inline centrifugal fans for the control building and the electrical building. Other rehabilitation processes will comprise supplying, installing, testing, and operating for the following instrumentations:  Level switch for inlet pump station, with high-high, medium-low, and low-low functionality (Quantity – 8)  Flow meters for the inlet pump station (Quantity – 8)  Oxygen sensor for bio-treatment (Quantity – 8)  pH sensor for aeration tanks (Quantity – 4)  Pressure transmitter for aeration line (Quantity – 5)  Flow transmitter for RAS line (to Aeration tanks) (Quantity – 8)  Flow transmitter for WAS line (to thickeners) (Quantity – 8)  Level switch (float level switch) with high, low and low-low functionality for the chlorination tanks and other components (Quantity – 24) Where applicable, all pipes in the plant will undergo the following procedure:  Checking for leakages and pressure testing  Washing inside pipe 10 times and cleaning it from sludge  Cleaning pipe twice with suitable chemical material  Using chemical materials to make layers inside the pipes to prevent corrosion 3.7.33.6.3 The Internal Roads Internal roads will also be upgraded as part of the rehabilitation process. The following are the expected road construction activities: - Excavating and laying the base and sub-base layers. - The base and sub-base layers are levelled and compacted using roller compactors. During compaction, water is sprayed.

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- The base layer is commonly covered with a prime coat. On top of the prime coat, the hot-mix asphalt layer is placed. 3.7.43.6.4 Electrical Components According to a government official in Fallujah Sewage Center, the rehabilitation of the WWTP will include the installation of electric cables, a lighting system, generators and transformers. All these works will take place within the site boundaries. In addition, the damaged electrical power boards across all components of the WWTP will be replaced. The electrical cables will be buried and thus during construction, trenches will be excavated and backfilled. 3.7.53.6.5 Acclimatizing bacteria Since the WWTP has been out of operation for some time, the biological bacteria will need to be acclimatized from a similar source of waste. The bacteria is left to grow in the presence of a substrate until the growth rate and death rate of biomasses are almost equal. The acclimatization process may take up to 2-3 months and can be completed within the expected duration of this subproject (500 days). 3.83.7 Equipment Used During Rehabilitation Excavators, shovels, water tankers, grader, cranes, forklifts, tractor, compactors, asphalt-placing machines and concrete pumps. 3.93.8 Project Duration The duration of rehabilitation activities is 500 days. 3.103.9 Operation and Maintenance Activities Upon completion of the rehabilitation phase, maintenance activities are expected to take place for the WWTP components including, but not limited to: Mechanical Components:  Effluent Pump Station Valves and Pipes  Equalizing Tank and Sludge Thickener Fittings  Polymer dosing system  Grit and oil tanks  Chlorine Dosing System  Chlorine contact tanks  Air conditioning system and water heating system for the buildings Civil Components:  Buildings (administration, workshop and electrical buildings)  Concrete baffle walls  Concrete structure of the inlet screens Electrical Components:  Electrical boards  Generators  Transformers

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3.113.10 Resources Consumption 3.11.13.10.1 During Construction 3.11.1.13.10.1.1 Water Supplying drinking water is the contractor’s responsibility. For daily human use and construction activities, such as compaction or concrete curing, water will be supplied by water tankers. The contractor pays for this water and gets it from the nearest source to the construction site. 3.11.1.23.10.1.2 Electricity A transformer has already been installed and wire cables will be extended from it to supply electricity to the site facilities and to construction activities. Most heavy construction equipment run on diesel. 3.11.23.10.2 During Operation 3.11.2.1.13.10.2.1.1 Water Water for daily use will be provided by the national water supply network. It is expected that drinking water will be bought. 3.11.2.23.10.2.2 Electricity Electricity will be supplied by the national grid. The plant will also have generators as backup in case of power cuts. 3.123.11 Labor The subproject will rely on local labor, and if there is a need to provide housing for the workers, there are adequate empty spaces within the site boundaries that can be used by the contractor to establish temporary caravans to accommodate workers. The empty spaces on site can also be used to build site offices and facilities which typically include toilets, rest areas, changing rooms and equipment and material storage areas. The contractor will build a temporary underground holding tank to collect wastewater and a specialized collection company will be contracted to empty the tank on a periodic basis. The collected wastewater is typically transported to the nearest operation wastewater treatment facility. The contractor is responsible for providing everything the labor needs including water, food, rest areas on site and transportation if there will be no labor camp on site. The number of workers expected during the construction phase is 100, while during the operation phase, the expected number of workers, technicians and engineers is 10-15. 3.133.12 Waste Generation 3.13.13.12.1 During Rehabilitation/Construction Solid waste, during the rehabilitation phase, will be comprised of domestic (general) waste, construction waste and some hazardous wastes such as oil and bitumen. Commented [MK5]: Any damaged chlorine bottles (assuming chlorination is by chlorine gas) Construction waste during the rehabilitation phase includes excavated soils, concrete debris, old pipes and fittings and other waste.

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3.13.23.12.2 During Operation The following is the waste which is expected to be produced during operation.  Domestic wastewater from the administration building  Solids trapped by the coarse and fine screens  Skimmed oil and grease from the oil removal tanks  Sand residues from the Grit removal tanks  Sludge from the aeration and settling tanks  Supernatant water from the sludge thickeners  Washout from the drying beds  Empty chlorine cylinders 3.143.13 Waste Disposal 3.14.13.13.1 During Rehabilitation/Construction The contractor is responsible for disposing of the waste generated during construction at a dump site located outside municipality boundaries. A suggested solid waste disposal site is shown on the following map and is around 8 km away from the site.

Figure 3-133-11: suggested solid waste disposal site 3.14.23.13.2 During Operation  The domestic wastewater from the plant’s office buildings will flow to the equalizing tanks and go through the primary and secondary treatment processes and will end up being discharged into the river after being treated and compliant with law and regulations.  Any solid waste trapped on the coarse and fine screens will be compacted and shredded (if needed) and then collected in bins and transported to the designated dump site identified by the local authority.

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 The sand residues from the grit and oil chamber will be collected in a skip/bin as shown in Figure 3-14Figure 3-24 (green container) and will be transported to the dump site.

Figure 3-143-12: Sand Collection System  The skimmed oil is collected in a manhole and then stored in closed containers. The containers will then be disposed of at the dump site which will be identified by local authorities.  Part of the activated sludge is recycled back to the aeration tanks while the other part will be sent to the thickeners then sludge drying beds. The dried sludge will be transported by trucks for other agricultural applications such as fertilizer. This will be the responsibility of the Fallujah Sewage Center (FSC).  In the drying beds, the liquid content of the sludge (Supernatant) is left to drain through the sand bed and goes back to the equalizing tanks.  Empty chlorine cylinders are usually returned to the chlorine supplier for refill or maintenance.

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4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS 4.1 Environmental Baseline 4.1.1 Physical Environment 4.1.1.1 Climate/Meteorology Iraq’ climate is hot and humid at the coast, and dry in the interior, with desert covering over 40% of the land area. The Falluja Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Al Anbar province in western Iraq. The area is characterized by semi-desert climate, lack of rainfall, the great contrast between the cold at night and the heat of day, and low humidity. The extremely hot and dry summer months last from May through October and produce maximum daytime temperatures up to 52ºC, usually varying between 31 – 34ºC. Summer months also feature strong winds and sandstorms. During the winter season, the temperature drops to 9ºC. In Al Fallujah, the yearly average temperature lies at 25ºC. Winds are northwesterly and southwesterly, sometimes with a maximum speed of 21 m/s. The main rainfall period is November to April. Most of the rainfall occurs between December and March, with February exhibiting the highest amount of precipitation (23 mm). The remaining period of six months, particularly June to August, is dry. The average yearly rainfall is 130mm and the driest month is June, with no rainfall at all. Figure 4-1Figure 4-1 shows the monthly temperature and rainfall averages.

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Figure 4-14-1: Al Fallujah temperature and rainfall data3 The highest monthly average temperature is 34.5oC and occurs in July, while the lowest is 9.5oC in January.Figure 4-2Figure 4-2 shows the maximum, minimum and average monthly temperatures. The highest maximum is 43oC, while the lowest minimum is 4oC.

3 https://en.climate-data.org/asia/iraq/al-anbar/fallujah-19573/#climate-graph

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Figure 4-24-2: Maximum, minimum and average monthly temperatures4 4.1.1.2 Ambient Air Quality and Noise Level Although the Ministry of Environment does not possess the apparatus to effectively monitor the level of pollutants in the air, the air quality in major cities is generally considered to be not very good. This has mainly been due to gaseous emissions from burning oil installations (wells, pipelines, refineries, storage tanks, etc.), power plants, brick factories, natural dust storms, and open burning of trash in urban areas and villages. The Fallujah WWTP is located in an open area, as such, the expected concentration of air and noise pollutants is low. Potential sources of air and noise pollution include the gas complex and the industrial zone located along the unpaved access road leading to the site entrance. Ambient sound levels in the project area are typical as there is no major source of noise in the area like industrial or sport activities etc. Areas outside the cities generally have lower ambient sound levels. 4.1.1.3 Wind Speed Wind speed is the highest in July and reaches 28km/h. The prevailing wind direction is North West and West North West as presented in the rose wind below5.

4 https://en.climate-data.org/asia/iraq/al-anbar/fallujah-19573/#climate-graph 5 https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/fallujah_iraq_99454

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Figure 4-34-3: Wind Rose 4.1.1.4 Geology, Soils, and Seismic Activity The project is located in the Rutba Geological Zone. The sedimentary cover starts with the Infracambrian section, which is 300-1500m thick. The Pallaeozoic section thickens from 3500m in the North to 8500m in the South. Triassic, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sediments are absent in the northern part and are up to 1000m in the southeast. Upper Cretaceous sediments are up to 800m thick. Palaeogene and Neogene sediments are up to 500m thick.

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Figure 4-44-4: Geological Formations in the Project Area6 The area is mostly a plane surface with slopes gradient of 10-20m per kilometer with an elevation of 100 to 200 m above sea level. It is usually covered with desert pavement, and in most areas, it is characterized as Hamada land surface7. The area consists of potentially fertile soils characterized as heavy alluvial soils, with some organic content and a high proportion of clays. The soil classification is 68.4% silty loam, 20.9% silty clay loam, and 10.7% is clay soil. Tectonically, Iraq is located in a relatively active seismic zone at the northeastern boundaries of the Arabian Plate. Seismic zoning of Iraq (Figure 4-5Figure 4-5) is divided into four zones where the areas of no damage zone of MM = III and less covering mainly the stable shelf region. Then the minor damage zone follows which covers the intensities IV- V covering the Zagros Foothills and the Mesopotamian Geosyncline. Then the moderate damage zone follows with intensity range of VI-VII which actually covers the Zagros Taurus thrust zones. The major damage zone with intensity of VIII is located on the Zagros thrust outside the Iraqi borders. Al Fallujah WWTP is located in the very minor8 to minor9 damage zone.

6 Goff, J., Jassim, S. (2006). Geology of Iraq. Dollin Publishers, Czech Republic 7 Hamada desert: It’s is a type of desert landscape consisting of high, largely barren, hard rocky plateaus, where most of the sand has been removed by deflation. 8 Very minor: People do not feel these, but seismographs are able to detect them. 9 Minor: People often feel these, but they almost never cause damage.

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Figure 4-54-5: Seismic Zones in Iraq10 4.1.1.5 Surface water and Groundwater The Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) is located by the Euphrates River on the eastern bank. The Euphrates is the largest river in the Middle East in terms of catchment area and length, and the second largest in terms of water volume. It originates in the mountains of Turkey on the Armenian plateau at an altitude of 3,000-3,500 m above sea level. The river is formed by the confluence of two rivers: The Karasy River (470 km long and 22,000 km2 catchment area) and the Murad River (650 km long and 40,000 km2 catchment area). The total length of the Euphrates River from the source of the Murad River to its confluence with the Tigris River is 2,940 km; 1,159 km of which run within Iraq. The total drainage basin area for Euphrates and its tributaries is 444,000 km2, and each country’s share of the area is illustrated in the following table. The flow of the Euphrates in the project area ranges between a minimum of 50m3/sec and a maximum of 300m3/sec. In flood seasons, the overflow from the Euphrates leads to the formation of a swamp very close to the WWTP site (Figure 4-6Figure 4-6). However, this water does not reach the project site. It Commented [MK6]: Is this swamp the same lagoon that is used to discharge partially treated water? If so please provide more details about this from the monitoring work of F1 PS project (extend of water, does it overflow, depth, 10 Adapted from: Alsinawi, S.A. (2001). Seismological Considerations of the Eastern Arab Region. Proceedings of are samples taken from monitoring wells as recommended the Euro-Mediterranean Seminar on Natural, Environmental and Technological Disasters, Algiers, Algeria by the ESMP Addendum of F1?)

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Figure 4-64-6: Swamp near the WWTP The groundwater quality in the project area is slightly brackish with a salinity of 1000-3000 ppm. The groundwater depth in the project area 1.4m below surface. Generally, the salinity of the groundwater increases from north to south. It increases from the recharge sources at the high land areas (less than 1000 mg/l), towards the discharge areas along the Mesopotamia Zone and Al-Jazira Zone (more than 10000 mg/l).

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Figure 4-74-7: Groundwater depth in the project area11 4.1.2 Biological Environment 4.1.2.1 Terrestrial Environment The project is located in the ecosystem classified as Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian Xeric Shrub-lands. This desert ecosystem, which is located on the Arabian Peninsula and extends from Oman into Iraq, has little biological diversity. A portion of this eco-region is overlapped by the Syrian desert (518,000 km2) that covers parts of Iraq, Jordan, Syria, and Saudi Arabia as well as the Nafud desert (65,000 km2), which extends into Iraq from northern Saudi Arabia12. Some reeds and rushes were found in the area surrounding the WWTP as indicated in Figure 4-8Figure 4-8, but there are no legally protected areas or highly sensitive aquatic habitats in the vicinity of the project or in a close proximity. The area is well away from any sites of special ecological value. It is also distanced from “leading lines” that identify migration routes, and distant from Important Bird Areas (IBAs).

11 Hatem K. al-Jiburi and Naseer H. al-Basrawi, 2013. ‘Hydrogeological Map of Iraq, Scale 1: 1000 000’, 2nd ed. Iraq Bulletin of Geology and Mining, Papers of the Scientific Geological Conference, vol. 11, no. 1, 2015, pp. 17-26. 12 National Report on Biodiversity in Iraq, July 2010

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No conservation practices are exercised in the project area apart from the control of hunting to the extent that they are controlled and monitored throughout the country.

Figure 4-84-8: Reeds and rushes close to the project site 4.2 Socioeconomic Baseline This section contains a description of the baseline socio-cultural characteristics of the social environment at the proposed project area. Socioeconomic conditions were assessed through a combination of a desk-based study, site visits, and consultation with some relevant stakeholders. Based on a combination of both primary data collected from the field and secondary resources reviewed including statistical data, this section highlights basic information about the demographic characteristics and human development profile, access to basic services health, economic characteristics, roads and transport, as well as services. 4.2.1 Administrative Divisions The project is located in Fallujah District in Anbar Governorate. Anbar Governorate has a total area of 136,265 km2, which represents 31.7% of the total area of Iraq, and includes 22 administrative units and sub-districts, organized in 8 districts13. There are three levels of administration in Iraq: Governorates, Districts, and Sub-districts. Each governorate is subdivided into districts (QHADAAS) and sub-districts (NAHIYAS). The district is usually named after the district’s major city. The Anbar governorate’s capital is Ramadi and it is composed of the following eight districts (QHDAA). Covering almost the whole of western Iraq, Anbar is Iraq’s largest governorate, but also the most sparsely populated. The landscape is dominated by desert, particularly in al-Rutba district. Anbar borders Saudi Arabia, Syria and Jordan14.

13 The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018. 14 Accurate population data for most areas of Iraq is limited both in terms of overall population and more area- specific figures. Consequently, specific figures reference studies by reputable organizations. The source of these population estimates is “Anbar Governorate Profile” UN OCHA – Inter-agency Information and Analysis Unit https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/AA091B051604CA5CC12576120033ED8D- Full_Report.pdf

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Figure 4-94-9: The administrative division of Anbar Governorate 4.2.1.1 Fallujah District The district of Fallujah was a significant conflict area from the time of the US invasion in the early 2000s, then during the advancement of ISIS in 2014, and finally in 2015 as Iraqi armed forces sought to retake ISIS-controlled territory. The district of Fallujah is significant because it located on an international road convergence, which enables it to be a center for commercial exchange as well as an industrial zone. The district borders Baghdad and so it is considered a junction for goods coming to and from the capital. It is also a tourist attraction as it is close to Al-Habbaniya Lake. As a result of several military offences, significant physical destruction occurred, including the looting of businesses and the destruction of several factories. These conditions led to the displacement of thousands of families, who have since the end of fighting returned to the district15.

15 Fallujah Area-Based Assessment (2019) REACH Initiative – collaboration between the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and Danish Refugee Council (DRC)

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Figure 4-104-10: District of Fallujah and its Administrative Boundaries 4.2.1.2 Fallujah City The city of Fallujah is a capital of the district of the same name located in Al Anbar Governorate, and the closest city to the project site. Fallujah city is around 65 km north-west from the Iraqi capital of Baghdad and consists of 18 sub-districts. At the most local level of governance, each sub-district has a community leader (mukhtar) who is appointed by local councils and serves as a primary intermediary between residents and government service providers within their area of responsibility. The mukhtar is responsible for keeping and maintaining records of the households living within his sub-district, assigning households to Public Distribution System (PDS) government officials and addressing community concerns to the relevant authorities.16 Fallujah was the first city to fall under the control of ISIS in 2014 and sustained significant damage during the presence of ISIS and military operations by the Iraqi security forces to retake the city in 2016. During that period many residents of the city were displaced. Consequently, almost all residents of the city in 2019 are considered returnees and they can be broadly grouped into two categories. The first category of returnees are those displaced throughout 2014, after the city was taken by ISIS. The second category includes those residents displaced when the city was retaken by GoI forces in June 2016.17 The first category (involving those

16 The Iraqi Public Distribution System (PDS) is run by the Ministry of Trade and provides government-subsidized food and fuel rations to all Iraqi citizens. The system is Iraq’s biggest social safety net reaching almost 39 million people. 17 Fallujah experienced lack of food and other basic needs during ISIS presence, but also when GoI retook the city in December 2015. When GoI forces recaptured Ramadi (north east of Fallujah) all major entryways to the city of Fallujah were cut off, preventing goods and assistance from reaching the inhabitants. Hence, they were economically displaced at that time. For more information see “Iraq: Fallujah siege starving population” (2016)

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Table 4-1: Population Estimates of Districts in Anbar Governorate

Population Figures of Districts in Al Anbar Governorate District Ramadi Fallujah Al- Heet Haditha Rutba Anah Rawah Name Qa'im Population 632,496 602,463 184,352 122,345 111,000 49,706 38,976 30,318

Population 35.7% 34% 10.4% 6.9% 6.2% 2.8% 2.2% 1.7% % of Anbar

Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018

Rutba Anah Rawah 2.8% 2.2% Haditha 1.7% 6.2

Heet Ramadi 6.9% 35.7%

Al-Qa'im 10.4

Fallujah 34%

Ramadi Fallujah Al-Qa'im Heet Haditha Rutba Anah Rawah

Figure 4-114-11: Anbar Governorate population percentage distribution by district

Human Rights Watch. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/07/iraq-fallujah-siege-starving- population

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Table 4-2: The Number of Population and Households in the Project Area

Population Total Area Households Male Female Population Anbar Governorate 393,702 912,523 859,133 1,771,656 Fallujah District 124,322 323,456 298,154 621,610

Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018 Official demographic statistics concerning Fallujah city are not accurate since the arrival of ISIS in 2014. According to estimates of the Central Statistical Organization (CSO, 2018), the population of the city reached 621,610 inhabitants. Fallujah is mainly inhabited by Sunni Muslim tribes; the most famous of which are the Dulaim, Jamila, Jabour, Kubaisat, and Bani Tamim, in addition to the Kurds. Fallujah city has a fairly young population. The largest adult age group was between 18 and 29 years, representing 22% of the population, with a further 42% under the age of 18. Accordingly, this means that almost two-thirds of the total population is 29 years or younger18.

4.2.2.2 Age and Gender Distribution

Figures from the CSO Statistical Abstract 2018 reflect that the population in Anbar Governorate is predominantly young. Based on the final results of the 2018 population census, about 56% of the total population fall under the category of 15-64 years old. However, those who fall in age category less than 15 years represent 42%. This is an indication about growing young communities.

Figure 4-124-12: Age Distribution in Anbar Governorate

18 Fallujah Area-Based Assessment (2019) REACH Initiative – collaboration between the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and Danish Refugee Council (DRC). Available at: https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/iraq/assessment/reach-iraq-area-based-assessment-aba- fallujah-city-january-2019

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Table 4-3: Age composition of the population in Anbar Governorate Age Composition Population Population under 15 years 748,355 Population (15-64) years 983,825 Population 64 years and over 39,476

Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018

The following figure shows the distribution of population in the Fallujah district, according to age and gender19:

Figure 4-134-13: Composition of Fallujah population - Age and Gender In regard to gender, statistical data shows that the female ratio is disproportionate compared to male ratio in Anbar Governorate. According to CSO statistical Abstract 2018, male population in the Anbar Governorate reached 912,523 individuals, while female population stood at 859,133 individuals.

4.2.2.3 Rate of Natural Increase The total population in the Anbar Governorate has grown by 2% of the total population. The following table shows the demographic trends in Anbar Governorate.

Table 4-4: Demographic Trends in Anbar Governorate

Demographic Trends Value

Average size of households (persons) 4.5 Natural growth rate (%) 2 Urban population (% of total Population) 47 Mortality rate per 1000 live births 25 Total fertility rate (child per woman of childbearing age 15-49) 2.5 Age Average 72.3

19 Fallujah Area-Based Assessment (2019) REACH Initiative – collaboration between the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and Danish Refugee Council (DRC)

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Demographic Trends Value

Illiteracy rate among women aged 15-49 years (%) 31 The rate of the urban population (%) 50 The rate of the rural population (%) 50

Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018 4.2.2.4 Average number of household A household consists of all individuals under one roof who share their income and food, while a family consists of all individuals related by birth, marriage, and adoption under one roof. Consultations with government officials revealed that the average household size in Fallujah city was five individuals. The most common demographic profile of the head of household is male (90%), with female heads of households (10%) being mostly widowed.

4.2.2.5 Vulnerable Groups Vulnerable groups are composed of people who are typically excluded, disadvantaged or marginalized based on their socio-economic position. Hence, low-income households with a female head of household and children tend to be financially disadvantaged. Moreover, low- income households taking care of a sick or elderly member of the family is also vulnerable. The group most fitting to this definition in Fallujah are female heads of households, in particular, widowed, unmarried, and divorced women who returned back to the city after displacement. According to a study by REACH, 5% of households in Fallujah city had no adult male household member, which can be an indicator of household vulnerability.20 This is due to the fact in areas with a history of conflict women are more likely to face barriers to accessing the labor market, such as gender-based violence, economic exploitation and cultural and social stigmas. The same study also highlighted that 8% of households in Fallujah reported having at least one family member with a disability.21 4.2.3 Human Development Profile The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established ambitious goals for economic and social development, allocating eight broad targets. The human development profile is based on education, employment, and work status as well as poverty index. 4.2.3.1 Education Educational facilities in the city of Fallujah are functional, but their performance is affected by multiple factors. Interviewed government representatives and community members identified the most critical issues relating to education to be the following: 1) Increased cost for education services 2) Lack of teachers and supplies at the facilities 3) Overcrowded classrooms

20 Ibid. 21 Ibid.

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4) Educational facilities are hard to reach because of long distances, dangerous roads, and other security concerns, and lastly 5) School children have missed on average one year of formal education as a result of the reasons stated above as well as political events and/or weather conditions.

Table 4-5: Educational Facilities in Anbar Governorate and Fallujah City

Educational Level Anbar Governorate Fallujah City

Pre-school 45 10 Primary 974 39 Secondary (middle and high school) 506 64 Technical 19 1

Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018. Fallujah Area-Based Assessment (2019) REACH Initiative – collaboration between the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and Danish Refugee Council (DRC). As shown in the table above, consultations confirmed that there is a wide availability of schools at all levels throughout Fallujah city, including: 39 primary schools, 38 middle schools, and 24 high schools across the city. Furthermore, 10 pre-schools and 1 technical institute were also identified. In addition, the University of Fallujah has four colleges distributed in the city.

Table 4-6: Number of students in education by gender in Anbar Governorate

Kindergarten Primary Secondary Vocational University

Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

3,266 2,930 168,512 148,484 79,084 57,768 1,098 111 17,905 14,122

Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018. Generally speaking, school conditions are deteriorated due to hosting the migrants who were obliged to leave their areas due to the attacks of ISIS. Additionally, the operations that were implemented to free the district also damaged the infrastructure of schools.

4.2.3.2 Labour Profile The following table shows the data recorded in the labour force (CSO, 2018) in Al Anbar Governorate, which does not include non-official sector data. The labour force amounts to 48.5% of the population. The rate of unemployment in the Anbar governorate is high, ranging at about 32.4%.22 Employment rates were also found to be affected by demographics. According to the study by REACH, in Fallujah, there is a considerable gap between men and women, with 59% of all adult men earning an income, compared to only 3% of all adult females.23 Furthermore, wages were reported to be lower than before the arrival of ISIS, especially wages for daily jobs.

22 The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018. 23 Fallujah Area-Based Assessment (2019) REACH Initiative – collaboration between the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and Danish Refugee Council (DRC). Available at:

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Table 4-7: The unemployment rate in project areas from the total labour force Area Total amount of Unemployment rate Child Labour employees (5-14 years)

Anbar Governorate 68.6% 32.4% 4% Fallujah District 65.5% 34.5% Unavailable

Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018. Statistical data of the local unit in Fallujah, 2019. 4.2.3.3 Economic Activities The following table presents the main economic activities pursued by Fallujah residents.24 The main reported employment sectors were: industry, military, small business ownership, agriculture, public sector, and daily work. It should be noted that fishing was also an economic activity in Fallujah. Table 4-8: Description of Economic Activities in Fallujah

Employment Description of Economic Activity Sector

Industry Destruction of the industrial area has had a major negative effect on job availability in Fallujah. The financial means necessary to repair the area and restart factories is not available. The factories currently operating in the industrial area, mainly produce construction materials, such as cement blocks.

Military A high rate of youth unemployment causes youth to look at military career opportunities more than they might otherwise if other opportunities were available. The military serves as an avenue for stable income for young adults.

Small Businesses related to construction, metalworking, food processing, retail, Businesses entertainment, and real estate are showing high growth because private investors choosing to invest in these businesses. However, investors and business owners are having difficulty in finding qualified workers and skilled laborers.

Public Sector Public sector employees (i.e. teachers, lawyers, engineers, and doctors) make up roughly a third of those working in Fallujah. Governmental jobs are sought by residents because public sector workers are paid on time. However, the Government of Iraq (GoI) is not hiring new employees as much and so there is a decrease in the number of government jobs.

Daily Work Daily work was one of the most common income sources. However, it was reported that fewer daily jobs were available and wages had decreased. Daily work

wages tend to be unstable and unreliable and residents tend to seek and ask the government to introduce more stable job opportunities.

Agriculture Local authorities indicated that the agricultural sector was of great importance to https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/iraq/assessment/reach-iraq-area-based-assessment-aba- fallujah-city-january-2019 24 “Labor Market Opportunities and Challenges, Fallujah District, Anbar Governorate” (2019) IOM Iraq. Available at: https://iraq.iom.int/files/Fallujah%2C%20Anbar.pdf

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the city, but that this employment sector was damaged heavily during the recent conflict. In addition, they reported agricultural work had not resumed, as the security situation did not allow farmers to return to the fields. Barriers to resuming work in the agricultural sector included reported damage to equipment and irrigation systems. 4.2.4 Health Services and Facilities Health services in health facilities is either free of charge or require small payment in Fallujah, depending on the type of services. However, healthcare is still considered community need to afford for transportations, medications, and other health, education and public services expenditure. Two public hospitals were identified in Fallujah city: the Fallujah General Hospital and the Fallujah Maternity and Children’s Hospital. In addition, one private hospital was located and a total of 20 public healthcare units. In addition, there are several private health clinics and pharmacies were located throughout Fallujah city.

Table 4-9: Health services available in the project area

Value Item Anbar Governorate Fallujah District

Number of health institutions 276 2

No. of hospitals (public and private) 15 3 Number of primary health care centres 185 20

Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018. Statistical data of the local unit in Fallujah, 2019.

However, the availability of facilities was reportedly insufficient. Currently all patients travel to Fallujah General Hospital or the nearest health center only if they need routine treatment. For emergency/serious issues (e.g., accessing treatment for chronic diseases), they travel to Baghdad or Erbil. Generally, medicines were reported to be available, however not sufficiently or at affordable prices in public facilities. As a result, community members reported difficulties in accessing medication.

Table 4-10: Number and categories of workers in the health sector in Anbar Governorate

No. of No. of N0. Of No. of No. of Area Doctors Pharmacists Dentists Nursing Assistants Anbar 1,055 400 577 2,239 2,375 Governorate Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018.

4.2.5 Infrastructure The general infrastructure of Fallujah city suffered severe damage during the period of ISIS presence and subsequent military operations. Destruction was more severe in certain areas than others, but most of the city’s residents reported damage to their household. However, the government has led efforts to remove said damage. Specifically, government officials stated that

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4.2.5.1 Potable Water & Sanitation Potable Water All households have access to piped water from the river, which they use as their primary source of drinking water. However, the community members raised the issue of the uncleanliness of their piped water. Significantly, they reported that the water treatment plants in the Rural areas (to the sides of the Euphrates River) have been destroyed. Accordingly, their piped water is untreated, and only filtered by their at-home filters. Therefore, bottled water is their primary potable water source. However, they do use the piped water for cooking and bathing. There are three main water stations and four sub-stations throughout Fallujah city. The water provision in the city and its surrounding areas is reported by community members as low both in terms of quantity and quality (especially when compared to before the arrival of ISIS in 2014). Government officials maintain that most of the damage to the water network has been repaired, but due to the need for general maintenance the quality of water is not as it used to be. Sanitation 25 82.4% of the households in Fallujah City are connected to the sewage network . The remaining Commented [MK7]: But F1 is already receiving households inside and surrounding the city use septic tanks to store wastewater. Wastewater quantities of wastewater. Please double check with PMT on the current information regarding the parts of the city removal services are contacted once the tank is full and the residents pay a fee for its removal. covered by sewerage network and please make this section consistent with the ESMP of F1 PS Based on information from the CSO (2018), a brief summary of the extent to which access of basic infrastructure services are available in Al Anbar Governorate and in the project area is given below.

Table 4-11: Water and Wastewater Sector in Anbar Governorate

Item Value

Potable Water Number of total water production plants 435 Proportion of population served by drinking water networks (%) 80 Total amount of water for the Marshes (billion cubic meters / year) / Iraq 3.1 Water imports of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for 2017 water year 40.69 (Billion cubic meters / year) / Iraq Proportion of population served by rainwater systems (rain and shared) (%) 30 Sanitation

25 Rehabilitation of Al-Faloja Sewerage Lift Station F1 - Al-Anbar Governorate ESMP, Ministry of Construction, Housing, Municipalities & Public Works Emergency Operation Development Projects (EODP), 2017.

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Item Value

Number of central treatment plants 1 Total pumping stations 35 Proportion of population served by public and shared sewerage networks (%) 7.5 Proportion of the population served by the independent treatment system (Sept 80 Tank) (%) Number of sanitary landfill sites with environmental approval 0

Source: The Republic of Iraq, the Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Organization CSO, Anbar Governorate 2018.

4.2.5.2 Electricity There are four functional public power stations that provide electricity for Fallujah city. They are located in al-Sakaniya, al-Askary and al-Dhubat sub-districts, and one in the industrial area. An additional station, located in al-Jubail sub-district (south of Fallujah) is heavily damaged and non-functional. The destruction of al-Jubail power station overburdened the others, since the electricity they produce gets distributed among more households. As a result, households receive less and weaker electricity. This situation extends beyond Fallujah city to the rural villages that surround the project area. Subsequently, most households have access to community generators run by diesel. Community members reported that the weak supply of electricity limits the number of home electrical appliances that they can use and increases the need for transformers to convert the electrical output of the power source to match the voltage of their appliances (i.e. convert the available 180 Volt to 220 Volt). Most households receive over 12 hours of public grid provided electricity per day, and for the rest of the day power is sourced from community generators. Due to changes in demand, electricity was reported to be available for a greater number of hours in the spring and autumn, and fewer in summer and winter.

4.2.5.3 Roads and Traffic In Anbar Governorate, a paved road network is available serving all districts of the Governorate. A number of major roads service the region. The major roads in Fallujah District are classified as highway roads, namely “Road 1, and Road 10” as shown in the following figure.

Fallujah depends on an unpaved road network linking it with the rest of the districts in the Governorate; there are few roads paved with asphalt. The residents of the area suffer from a lack of road security, lack of transportation, and many vital roads have been damaged by terrorist acts in recent years. Government officials and local authorities confirmed that the project’s construction and rehabilitation would not have negative impacts on the surrounding community in regard to traffic and access to roads. This is supported by the fact that the rehabilitation work will be within the site boundaries. The project management team also plan to use Road 1 and El Arbaain Road, which connects the centre of the city of Fallujah and the project site WWTP, as well as the WWTP and the international road (Road 1).

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Figure 4-144-14: Roads network map in the project area

There are various types of transportation means. They are not limited to public transportation but also private ones and pickups. The majority of the project area’s roads tend to be dusty and unpaved.

Figure 4-154-15: Photo of El Arbaain Road, the main road to the project site

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Figure 4-164-16: One of the roads located in the road network in Fallujah City (El Mongazat Road)

Figure 4-174-17: The road leading to the entrance of the WWTP (unpaved road) 4.2.6 Land use Anbar is one of the driest governorates in Iraq's western desert climate, with the Syrian Desert making up a section of the governorate. Anbar is known for its distinctive geographic location, which has the Euphrates covering 500 km from west to east. The Euphrates river is located more than 1 km away from the project’s site. The project land is located outside Fallujah City, in an uninhabited area, the project land belongs to the Ministry of Construction and Housing, municipalities and public works. Most of the lands close to the project activities are classified as vacant lands (state-owned lands). The project area is surrounded by a large area of land not used for agriculture or any other purpose (barren land). The boundaries and geographical surroundings of Fallujah WWTP according to the site visit are described below: - The station is surrounded from three sides (north, west, and south) by a swamp of water (it absorbs the water that flows from the Euphrates River in the winter season).

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Figure 4-184-18: Photos of the swamp water area Formatted: Space After: 6 pt

- The nearest residential area to the project site is located about 350 m (Al Naimiya Commented [MK8]: Any required setback from WWTP neighbourhood) from the entrance of the WWTP (east of El Arbaain Road). The second in the local regulations? nearest is Al Mansour neighbourhood, located 1.5 km from the northern side. There are no Formatted: List Paragraph;List Paragraph other residential areas close to the project site from any other direction. The Iraqi law states (numbered (a));Bullet paras;ANNEX;List that the minimum distance from a wastewater treatment plant/facility to a residential area is Paragraph1;List Paragraph2;List Paragraph Char 2 km, and this justifies why some members of the nearby communities had Char Char;Main numbered paragraph;PDP سرد;concernscommented about the unpleasant odour produced at the WWTP. However, this DOCUMENT SUBTITLE;Bullet L1;Liste_LMM Lvl 1 Bullet;Table bullets;Citation;الفقرات issue was not raised as a major concern because according to the people consulted, the odour List;Heading , Indent: Before: 0.12 cm, Hanging: is only felt on very few days in August. Once the plant is back to operation, odour is not 0.32 cm, Space Before: 0 pt, After: 3 pt, Bulleted + expected to be a significant issue provided that an efficient aeration system is maintained and Level: 1 + Aligned at: 0.63 cm + Indent at: 1.27 cm that the rest of the mitigation measures suggested in section 6.2.1.1 are implemented. In Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Complex Script Font: 12 pt addition, upon communicating the “2 km distance issue” to the PMT, they stated that current location of the plant received an approval from concerned authorities prior to its Formatted: Font: Garamond, English (United construction. They also added that the distance was not the only criterion taken into Kingdom) consideration when selecting the land. Among other major criteria was wind direction, and based on Figure 5-3Figure 5-3, the dominant wind direction is not pointing towards any Formatted: Font: Garamond, English (United residential areas. Kingdom) - It must be noted that Al Mansour Neighbourhood, where the comments about the Formatted: List Paragraph;List Paragraph unpleasant odour came from, was built after the WWTP was constructed. Also, Al Naimiya (numbered (a));Bullet paras;ANNEX;List neighbourhood has undergone significant urban development since the plant started Paragraph1;List Paragraph2;List Paragraph Char operating in 2008.However, the odour is related to the current treatment method being used, Char Char;Main numbered paragraph;PDP سرد;which relies on the standby ponds. Thus, once the plant is back to operation, odour is not DOCUMENT SUBTITLE;Bullet L1;Liste_LMM Lvl 1 Bullet;Table bullets;Citation;الفقرات expected to be a significant issue provided that an efficient aeration system is maintained at List;Heading , Indent: Before: 0.46 cm, Space After: all times. 3 pt, No bullets or numbering Formatted: Font color: Text 1 Formatted: (Complex) Arabic (Saudi Arabia), English (United Kingdom)

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Figure 4-194-19: Photos of the nearest residential area to the project site - There is an industrial area near to the project site from the east side, about 100 m from the entrance to the WWTP (beside the El Arbaain road)

- There is also a gas complex located near the WWTP from the north-eastern side, about 115 m from the entrance of the WWTP.

Figure 4-204-20: The gas complex located near the WWTP - The lands located to the south of the project site are empty lands extending for a distance of 600 m to reach an irrigation canal (Unified Canal) branching from the Euphrates River.

- There is an area of agricultural land south of the project site near Euphrates River, about 1.25 km of the project site.

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Figure 4-214-21: The surrounding areas of Fallujah WWTP

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4.2.7 Public Safety and Security In general, the security situation in Fallujah is reported as good by community members, given that several security measures are taken by the government. After 2016, Iraqi Security Forces heavily control the district of Fallujah and its capital. Accordingly, there are multiple checkpoints between Fallujah, Baghdad, and rural areas. These checkpoints are a point of concern for the local community because passing through these checkpoints takes hours and uses up energy resulting in time poverty. 4.2.8 Cultural heritage/ Archaeological Sites Fallujah is known as the “city of mosques” for more than 200 mosques are to be found in the city and throughout the district. Much of the city’s archaeological and cultural heritage sites have been destroyed by the recent conflict. However, given Iraq’s multi-millennia history, artefacts are expected to be found in the area. Therefore, while there are no known sites of historical and archaeological importance within the immediate vicinity of the project, caution should be exercised during the rehabilitation phase (Annex 3: Chance find procedures).

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5 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL RISKS AND IMPACTS The assessment focuses on identifying the environmental and social issues. The ESIA relies on data collected from previous reports and studies to obtain background data about environmental and socio-economic characteristics of the project area. At an early stage, baseline studies have been carried out to obtain information as well as site visits to fill in gaps in data and information on the characteristics of the existing environment of the proposed project area. The identified potential environmental impacts on the physical environment are then evaluated against baseline conditions at the proposed location, and the reasonable performance standards which are assumed to be set during the construction and operational phases of the project. Positive and negative potential impacts on the environment during the project construction and operational phases will be presented in this section. The environmental and social impacts assessment is based on both quantitative and qualitative data available, as well as the consultant’s experience. 5.1 Positive Impacts During Construction/Rehabilitation 5.1.1 Provide direct job opportunities to skilled and semi-skilled labourers Many variables affect the number and type of workers needed at a specific time during the construction phase, including project component, nature of work required, and time plan, amongst others. The project is expected to result in the creation of job opportunities. The local community is expected to provide a proportion of this temporary labour force dependent on skills needed and the strategies of the individual contractors in sourcing their workforce. 5.1.2 Create indirect job opportunities As part of the construction phase, a lot of indirect benefits are expected to be sensed in the targeted areas due to the need for more supporting services to the workers and contractors who will be working on site. Economic activity in the project area will be increased through the following supply chain:  Implementation of works and provision of supplies related to construction, operation and closure of the site and ancillary facilities;  Provision of transportation, freight and storage services to the project;  Drivers and mini-bus owners will benefit from the transportation of the workers;  Provision of food supplies, catering, and cleaning services;  Provision of construction & auxiliary materials, accessories, engineering, installation and spare parts; Security personnel.

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5.2 Potential Negative Impacts During Construction/Rehabilitation 5.2.1 Environmental Impacts 5.2.1.1 Impact of Dust on Air quality

Air quality may be impacted by dust and particulate emissions resulting from the movement of site vehicles on unpaved roads. Dust emissions can also be triggered by windy conditions. Road dust is made of coarse and fine particles that can aggravate heart or lung-related conditions when inhaled through the nose and mouth. Although coarse particles do not go as deep into the lungs as fine particles, they can still have adverse impacts to susceptible individuals26.

The access road to the project area, which is about 500 m long, is unpaved (Figure 5-1Figure 5-3) and therefore is considered a major source of dust and could affect construction staff and workers’ health, especially those working close to the access road.

Figure 5-15-1: Road leading to the Fallujah WWTP Excavation is also expected to take place as part of the civil works. Accordingly, dust will be produced, but the impact will be localized meaning that construction workers are the ones who will be affected the most. In addition, there may be an impact on workers at the nearby gas complex and industrial zones, but it is expected to be less significant than that on construction workers who will be in close contact with the dust generating activities. There are no major residential clusters in the immediate vicinity of the site. In fact, the closest residential area is Al Naimiya neighborhood and it lies on the other side of the main paved road (Al Arbaain Road) leading to Al Fallujah WWTP. The distance from the neighborhood to the WWTP is approximately 350 m.

Accordingly, the impact of dust on air quality is expected to be of Moderate significance.

26 Fact Sheet Series Road Dust, United States Environmental Protection Agency USE-EPA, July 2012

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5.2.1.2 Impacts of Exhaust Emissions on Air Quality

Air quality could also be affected by exhaust emissions from heavy machinery (excavators, loaders, trucks, etc.), equipment and vehicles. It is expected that the following air pollutants will be produced as a result of fossil fuel combustion.

- Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - Sulfur dioxide (SO2) - Carbon monoxide (CO) - volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Nevertheless, if the equipment is well-maintained, the generated emission level will be minor and much lower than the allowable limits defined by Iraqi federal law and international guidelines. Exhaust emitting activities will not be in close proximity of any houses, and therefore the effect is mainly on site personnel, especially those surrounded by construction vehicles for a considerable period of time during working hours.

Accordingly, the impact of emissions on air quality is expected to be of moderate significance. 5.2.1.3 Impacts on Ambient Noise & Vibration

Noise will mainly be produced by the operation of the construction machinery. Noise generating activities for this subproject include:

- Demolishing destroyed buildings (administrative and electrical buildings), loading the debris on trucks and transporting it from the site. - Excavation, backfilling and concreting. - Installing mechanical components such as steel gates, pumps and pipes. However, this is not expected to produce significant noise levels. - Transportation activities and movement of vehicles on site.

Again, these are very short term and localized impacts and will not have an impact on the closest residential areas. The main impact is on construction workers. These noise levels sometimes exceed regulatory limits and, thus, require the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). In general, any noise level above 85 dB(A) requires the use of ear defenders or ear plugs. The construction equipment also produce vibration, and, in some cases, this vibration may pose severe health risks to the personnel handling the equipment.

Accordingly, the impact of noise and vibration is expected to be of moderate significance.

5.2.1.4 Impact of Solid and liquid waste generation Construction activities will generate: - Domestic waste from everyday consumption by workers and site personnel. - Non-hazardous wastes including concrete blocks, scrap steel from the steel bolted walls of the tanks, bricks, packaging waste, old electrical and mechanical components from the from

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the buildings that will be demolished, old pipes which are to be replaced by ductile iron pipes and old filtration screens. - Hazardous wastes generated include empty oil/paint containers and other hazardous waste resulting from operation and maintenance of the equipment and vehicles, i.e. spent oils and lubricants, waste oil filters. Oil and grease will also be used to grease some components of the WWTP such pipes and motors. Commented [MK9]: Any chlorine bottles or equipment? - Sludge resulting from cleaning of clogged pipes at the drying beds and at the effluent pump If any, how it would be managed station. Commented [MK10]: And also from drying beds? General waste decomposes if not frequently collected leading to unpleasant odors and bacteria accumulation which is a hazard to workers' health. Soil and groundwater may be contaminated by the improper disposal of hazardous waste and thus it is crucial to abide by the mitigation measures outlined in the ESMP.

Accordingly, the impact from solid waste generation is expected to be of Minor significance.

5.2.1.5 Impacts of Wastewater Improper management of wastewater during the construction phase could have detrimental impacts on the environment. About 100 workers will be on site during construction. Toilets and washing facilities will be provided early during mobilization stages, throughout the rehabilitation works, and up to the last stage of site demobilization. At an average daily water use of 0.1 m3 per person, it is estimated that 10 m3/day of wastewater will be generated and will need to be disposed of.

Accordingly, the impact from wastewater is expected to be of Minor significance.

5.2.1.6 Impacts on Water Resources

Surface Water Any chemical spills that happen at the site may potentially run off along with rainwater and flow into the drainage pipe shown in Figure 5-2Figure 1-3 . This pipe collects rainwater from the WWTP site only and Commented [MK11]: Is this stormwater collection for transfers it to the surrounding swamp. Thus, chemical leaks that get carried along with rainwater in the WWTP site or for the whole city? rainy seasons can contaminate the water in the swamp outside.

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Figure 5-25-2: Drainage Pipe

Accordingly, the impact on surface water is expected to be of moderate significance.

Groundwater The groundwater depth in the project area is around 1.4m. However, groundwater is unlikely to be affected by the rehabilitation activities because even if excavation depth reaches 1.4m, the site will have to be dewatered meaning that the groundwater will never be exposed at the surface throughout the construction stage. But still, given that the groundwater depth is only 1.4m, it is prone to contamination by the chemical/oil leaks which may happen on site.

Accordingly, the impact on groundwater is expected to be of moderate significance.

5.2.1.7 Impacts on Terrestrial Biodiversity

The project area does not contain any globally important habitats or ecosystems. Also, there are no legally protected areas in the vicinity of the project or in a close proximity. The area is well away from any sites of special ecological value. It is also distanced from “leading lines” that identify migration routes, and distant from Important Bird Areas (IBAs).

Accordingly, the impact is expected to be insignificant.

5.2.1.8 Impacts on Soil Typical construction activities may result in soil contamination due to the following:  Improper chemical storage. Since greasing and lubricating components is one of the rehabilitation activities, there will be oil and grease barrels on site. If the barrels are not tightly closed and placed on an impervious surface, oils might leak and contaminate the soil. Corrosion inhibitors will also be used in pipe repair works and those are typically hazardous and may also leak to the soil if not properly stored.

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 Improper storage and/or disposal of hazardous liquids such as spent oils, paints, or any other chemicals/additives used in concrete making and finishing works.  Leaching of solid wastes which are randomly disposed of.  Leakage from the underground holding tank containing domestic wastewater generated at the site offices.

The impact on soil is expected to be of Minor significance. 5.2.2 Occupational Health and Safety Prior to the commencement of pre-construction works, clearance and removal of unexploded ordnance (UXO) have been done by the Ministry of Interior (MOI). This is an important issue since the WWTP suffered significant damage during the war activities before it was liberated by the army. The project site has been identified as safe after being cleared of UXO by the army and is hence considered safe for the workers who will undertake the rehabilitation activities. The official clearance letter is provided in annex 1. Construction sites are among the most dangerous work environments. Exposure to construction site hazards can expose workers to injuries. To avoid such situations, the contractor must identify and recognize all the risks that can be encountered during normal work. According to standards, each worker must have accurate information about their vulnerability to hazards or injuries in the workplace. Listed below are the main six construction site hazards identified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), all of which will be encountered during the construction of the different components of the Fallujah WWTP project

1. Excavation and Trenching – OSHA has recognized excavation and trenching as the most hazardous construction site operation. During the rehabilitation phase, there will be excavation activities since buildings (administrative, electrical and workshop buildings) will be demolished and reconstructed. In addition, electrical cables will be extended into the site, but will be buried which means that there will be trenches on site at some point. Accidental falls into trenches is a possibility and can lead to serious injuries. 2. Fall - falling from scaffolding more than 6 feet or a steady ladder at a distance of more than 20 feet are among the most serious hazards at the site of construction and the most common. The usual cause of this accident is slipping or foot stumbling or using a loose ladder. As an example, a worker standing on top of an aeration tank or any tank whose body needs repair is at risk of falling. Standing on a scaffolding when painting the external facades of the buildings is also among the occupational hazards which apply to this subproject. 3. Scaffolding - Construction workers responsible for the installation and dismantling of scaffolding and work platforms at construction sites face serious injuries due to falls. 4. Heavy construction equipment. The main causes of such accidents include the injury of workers when the equipment is returning reverse or when the direction of the equipment is changed or when the brakes do not work properly, the flipping equipment injuring its operator, the equipment falling from the excavator, bucket and other mobile construction equipment. 5. Electricity - electricity is a major risk to people both at home and at work. Electricity line workers, electricity technicians and electricity engineers are constantly exposed to electricity and face daily risks.

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In addition, the workers are also at risk of getting infected by COVID-19 if the pandemic remains during construction. During high temperature days, workers could be exposed to heat stress and dehydration. Accident and injuries to workers and the public may be caused by transportation accidents, electric shock, mishandling of machinery and other rehabilitation and construction related accidents. The high noise generated from the machinery could impact workers’ hearing and increased dust generation from different rehabilitation and construction activities, movements and transportations may cause respiratory problems for workers on site if appropriate personal protection equipment is not being used. Due to the high probability of occurrence and the high risk involved, the occupational safety and health impacts during the construction of the WWTP should be considered of major significance. The impacts will be largely controlled by applying the mitigation measures described in the next chapter. Accordingly, the impact considered of major significance 5.2.3 Community Health and Safety Impacts on community health and safety are expected to result from:  Emissions of gaseous pollutants and dust from equipment and machinery used.  Increased background noise levels resulting from the operation of jackhammers  Accumulation of waste in the construction areas and potential burning of construction waste might become a hub for insects and unfavourable smells, which will negatively affect the surrounding communities.  Construction works will involve the use of equipment such as jackhammers and welding machines, which can cause injuries to local community as a consequence of contact, if the workplace is left open. All construction work will take place inside the WWTP fence, which reduces the construction site's risks to the surrounding community. The nearest residential area is about 350 m away (east of El Arbaain Road). The second nearest is Al Mansour neighbourhood, 1.5 km away from the site. The nearest facility to the project site is an industrial area about 100 m from the entrance of the WWTP (beside the El Arbaain road). Accordingly, impact is considered of moderate significance. 5.2.3.1 Traffic Flow (disruption of local and regional traffic) During the mobilization, preconstruction and construction phases: Mobilization of heavy machinery, construction waste disposal, and backfill activities can limit traffic and accessibility. The impact of works on traffic flow and local access will be dependent on the type of road accessed during project activity.

Main roads (highways) – Road 1 The project will not directly affect circulation on main roads. The traffic density on the road while transporting equipment is temporary and will last for a few days.

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Local roads Construction activities will take place near roads which are used by residents of Al Naimiya neighbourhood to access their houses. However, the transportation activities associated with this subproject are not expected to be a burden on traffic and will not restrict the community’s access to residential buildings. Accordingly, the impact on traffic flow is of minor significance. 5.2.4 Social Impacts 5.2.4.1 Child labour Child labor is a common practice in the project communities in Iraq. Children work in construction projects as they accept lower salaries and are less demanding. Additionally, Iraq recently enacted Law 37/2015 (the Iraqi Labor Law). Chapter 3 of this Law states that the minimum age for employment is 15 years old. However, Iraq is also signatory to the 1989 International Convention on the Rights of the Child, which defines everyone under the age of 18 as a child must have special protection and care. Child labor might be detected in the project sites during the construction phase. The contractual agreement of the contractor must shed light on child labor risk and rigid obligations should be inserted in the contractor’s contract. Accordingly, the impact is considered of moderate significance. 5.2.4.2 Temporary Labor Influx The contractors rely on recruiting workers and technicians during the pre-construction and construction works. The temporary labor influx and presence of additional workers may have impacts on the project areas in terms of:  Risk of social conflict: There are no potential effects of temporary labor influx on the culture of the society in the project areas; this is due to the focus of the implementing companies on the labor, whom are often from areas adjacent to the project areas. This helps in the reduction of the hours of their presence in the project areas, as well as their limitation to the working hours only; as such laborers are not permanently resident during the project duration. Moreover, the temporary workers share the same culture and values as those in the study areas.  Increased risk of illicit behavior and crime: the implementation companies and the contractors should revise the criminal records of the workers, in order to avoid the risk of illicit behavior and crime in the project areas.  Increased risk of communicable diseases and burden on local health services: the implementation companies should take care of the workers’ health in order to avoid the spread of the communicable diseases.  Local inflation of prices: The prices of some food commodities and services may rise All worker should be committed to roles and code of conduct of the contractors to ensure good behaviour and limit any potential conflict with the communities and among each other. It is very likely that impacts related to labour influx will be relevant in the project area; in case the contractors do not comply with the Code of Conduct and explain it to the workers at the construction sites.

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Accordingly, the impact is considered of moderate significance. 5.2.4.3 Gender Based Violence (GBV) As per the WB 2016 Labor Influx Guidance Note, the scale of labor influx and the absorptive capacity of the local community indicate the significance of the anticipated risk of GBV27. The project can lead to an increased risk of Gender Based Violence, as women are particularly vulnerable within the context of construction projects. Gender based violence can be manifested through multiple behaviours including:  Sexual harassment of women and girls,  Exploitative sexual relations. Accordingly, the impacts tend to be of moderate significance 5.2.4.4 Land related impact The contractor will need site storage area in order to store the equipment and materials, in addition to temporary facilities for labor. The contractor will use the empty areas within the WWTP boundaries, where there is a lot of land not occupied (state property). The workforce will be sourced from local communities and will live locally. No on-site accommodation will be therefore required except individual accommodation for the guards which will be in the caravans within the WWTP boundaries. Some offices will be located in the caravans within the WWTP site. The offices will include the necessary storage and sanitation facilities for the workers. Therefore, the impact on land will be insignificant. Accordingly, there is no anticipated risk of resettlement or displacement. Accordingly, the impact is considered of insignificant 5.2.4.5 Cultural Heritage and Monuments As the project will be implemented in the same location of the already existing plant and no deep excavations will take place, there is no probability to find antiquities. Additionally, the construction will take place at the project site which is far from any mosques, shrines and graveyards that are of great value to community people. However, if any monument or antiquity was found, chance find procedures will be followed. (Annex 3 Chance find Procedures). Accordingly, this impact on cultural heritage and monuments is expected to be insignificant 5.2.4.6 Infrastructure and underground utility Excavation activities may interfere with, and possibly damage, underground utilities. Excavation will take place when reconstructing the destroyed buildings (administrative, electrical and workshop buildings) and when digging the trenches in which underground electrical cables will be laid. Nevertheless, the project’s site is away from the infrastructure in the area. Also, given the presence of the WWTP outside Fallujah city, the possibility of an impact on facilities and infrastructure is very

27 Source: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/497851495202591233/Managing-Risk-of-Adverse- impact-from-project-labor-influx.pdf

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Accordingly, the impact is expected to be insignificant. 5.3 Positive Impacts during the Operation Phase The project will result in a limited number of job opportunities during the operation phase. They are limited to operation and maintenance staff recruited by Anbar Sewage Directorate (ASD). Other positive impacts are as follows:  Improving sanitation treatment services in Anbar Governorate.  The operation of the WWTP means that a comprehensive sewage collection network can be established to redirect all domestic wastewater to the treatment plant, thus preventing any overflow from domestic wastewater in household septic tanks from reaching rainwater drainage pipes. As a result, the rainwater that gets discharged into the river without undergoing any kind of treatment will be much cleaner. It must be noted that the rainwater drainage network in Fallujah does not cover all parts of the city, only the main streets. The collected rainwater is eventually discharged into the river.  The project will lead to a reduction in the use of septic tanks that cause soil pollution due to sewage leakage into it. 5.4 Potential Negative Impacts during the Operation Phase 5.4.1 Environmental Impacts 5.4.1.1 Air emissions and Odors During operation, the WWTP will have generators that will operate during power cuts. The operation of generators will produce exhaust emissions such as NOx, SOx, and carbon monoxide (CO). However, effect of these emissions is expected to be minor because generators are not continuously used as they are not the main source of electricity. They only operate during power cuts (Emergency Case). In addition to typical exhaust emissions from the generators, unpleasant odors will be produced at: - The inlet screens in the pre-treatment phase where solids are trapped. - The equalizing tanks as well as grit and oil removal tank, as the organic content of the water inside it is still high. - The aeration tanks due to decomposition of organic matter

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- Sludge Holding tanks as well as sludge drying beds, because the sludge is made of solids and bacteria stuck together.

The main constituent of these odors is hydrogen sulfide. As shown in Figure 5-3Figure 5-5, the dominant wind direction is northwest, meaning that the industrial zones on the sides of the access road and the residential areas on the other side of the main road will not be affected by the potential odor, except when the wind direction is northeast which only happens for a limited number of days/year. The main impact is on the staff and technicians who interact with the components that produce odors.

Figure 5-35-3: Dominant Wind Direction (shown by the black arrow)

The impact of air emissions and odor during operation is expected to be of Moderate significance.

5.4.1.2 Noise The main sources of noise during the operation of the WWTP are the pumps, air blowers and generators. The noise that will be produced by the pumps and air blowers are much more significant than what is produced by generators. In addition, the pumps operate at all times to transfer the Commented [MK12]: Would pumps and blowers be water from one treatment stage to another, while the air blowers must always operate to provide inside buildings or in open air? If indoors, would it exceed sufficient oxygen to the aeration tanks. the perimeters of the WWTP? Since pumps and blowers are located outside the buildings, their operation may increase the background noise level at the nearest sensitive receptors, but this increase is unlikely to be distinguishable from the existing noise and traffic in the area. In addition, the PMT stated that those pumps and blowers are fitted with silencers. Also, the closest residential buildings are 350m away from the plant, which is sufficient distance for the sound intensity to drop to an insignificant level. The noise generated at the WWTP may also reach the industrial zones outside the treatment plant but again at a significantly reduced level as it would have propagated for at least 100m. Moreover, in industrial zones, the permissible noise levels are higher than for residential areas.

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Accordingly, the main impact is on the staff and technicians who interact with the components that generate high noise.

The impact of noise during operation is expected to be of Moderate significance.

5.4.1.3 Possible leakage and breakdowns Possible leakages and breakdowns can happen as a result of overloading in the system. This can lead to deterioration in treatment efficiency. Such leakages can be sludge leakages or oil spills that can happen from an overloaded or improperly sealed grit and oil removal tanks. This can potentially cause damage to soil quality. However, if this happens, it will only be for a short period of time, i.e. the time needed to clean the spill and repair the damage in any of the components.

Accordingly, the impact of possible leakage and breaks downs is expected to be minor significance.

5.4.1.4 Water Quality (Effluent Water Quality) A breakdown in any component of the WWTP will negatively affect the efficiency of the treatment process. This means that the effluent water quality might not be acceptable for discharge into the river. It is important to maintain the cleanliness of river because it is an important source of drinking water. Even if this water goes through purification processes in water filtration plants before it can be sold as drinking water, the filtration plants are not designed to handle high BOD content. According to the Iraqi regulations, the treated wastewater effluent can be discharged into a water body if the BOD is less than 40 mg/L, and the limit for suspended solids is 60 mg/L. If the plant is operating in good condition, the BOD and SS are supposed to be 20 mg/L and 30 mg/L respectively (effluent design parameters). A breakdown is only temporary and depending on what component suffers damage, the plant processes can still operate but with less capacity. Also, the PMT stated that a total shutdown of the Commented [MK13]: Would the bypass, in case of plant is highly unlikely because they are 4 units in every treatment stage. breakdown, be discharged to Euphrates? This shouldn’t be the case, any bypass could be dealt with as the existing temporary solution (surface aeration in the holding tank and The impact on water quality is expected to be moderate significance. discharge to the lagoon not to the river). Please confirm that this arrangement will be available during emergency 5.4.1.5 Waste Generation situations Waste activated sludge (WAS) is one of the main by-products of the wastewater treatment process. When the sludge can no longer be used for biological treatment, it is transported to thickeners and then to drying beds. The sludge produced at this plant is intended to be used in agriculture because it contains nitrogen and phosphorus which are beneficial for the soil. However, it may also contain heavy metals, pathogens and bacteria and depending on the concentration of these constituents, the sludge may not be suitable as a fertilizer unless treated as indicated in section 6.2.1.5. In addition, transporting sludge may produce unpleasant odors if the transport vehicles are not properly covered. The odor impact is intermittent and reversible and thus it can be classified as minor. Other waste expected to be produced during operation include domestic wastewater from the offices, solid waste trapped on coarse and fine screens in the pre-treatment stage, skimmed oil and sand (grit) residues from the grit and oil chamber and washout from the drying beds. If the disposal and handling processes described in chapter 3 are interrupted due to any breakdown or failure in the

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project system, the impact may vary from oil spills and waste accumulation to having to stop the operation of the whole plant. In addition, domestic waste will be generated due to everyday consumption by the WWTP staff. The accumulation of this waste will cause a lack of hygiene in work areas and so it must be collected and disposed of on a frequent basis.

The impact of generated waste is expected to be of moderate significance.

5.4.1.6 Improper Storage of Chemicals During operation, chlorine will be supplied to disinfection tanks from a chlorine dosing system. Chlorine is stored inside drums or cylinders and is known to be toxic and flammable, so any leak Commented [MK14]: Assuming it is chlorine gas, what whether gas or liquid is considered to be an occupational hazard. From a health and safety are the procedures followed to store, move and handle leakage incidents and how are empty bottles moved outside perspective, chlorine gas is more hazardous and thus it must be handled according to the procedures the WWTP and to where? provided in section 6.2.1.6.

The impact of improperly handling chlorine is expected to be of major significance. 5.4.2 Occupational Health and Safety The workers may be exposed to the known and unknown dangers of handling treated or untreated sewage and gravy water tanks during pipelines, equipment and tank opening, entry, cleaning and related operations.  Accidents and injuries Risk of accidents and injuries at the FWWTP may result from slippery areas, or entry into confined spaces, including manholes, sewers, pipelines, storage tanks, digesters, and pump stations. Methane generated from anaerobic biodegradation of sewage can lead to fires and explosions.  Chemical exposure Chemical hazards in the FWWTP could include exposure to ammonium compounds chlorine products, sodium hydroxide, odorous compounds, odor-control and sewage-biodegrading enzymes and heavy metals.  Exposure to pathogens and vectors Biological hazards in wastewater treatment plants imply the exposure to pathogens (e.g., viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasitic worms, fungi) and other infectious microorganisms that can result in occupational illnesses such as hepatitis, typhoid fever, dysentery and cholera.  Noise High noise levels can be present in the vicinity of operating machinery and flowing water at water and sanitation facilities. Due to the potential severity of the occupational health and safety accidents, the impacts should be considered of major significance. They should be controlled to a large extent by the implementation of the mitigation measures listed in the next chapter.

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Accordingly, the impacts related to occupational health and safety is expected to be of major significance. 5.4.3 Community health and safety The expected impacts are air emissions (odorous compounds), and increased noise from machines and equipment during the facility operation. This may cause nuisance and disturbance to the community (nearby residential area); however, it should be taken into consideration that the nearest community is Al Naimiya neighbourhood located to the east of the FWWTP, at approximately 350 m and Al Mansour neighbourhood located 1.5 km away from the project area. More details on the associated impacts on the ambient air quality and noise levels in the vicinity of the project are presented above in the same chapter respectively. It is clear that the impact of noise is minor on the nearest communities, but the impact on air quality can be higher depending on the wind intensity and direction. Accordingly, the impacts related to community health and safety are expected to be of moderate significance. 5.4.3.1 Traffic Flow (disruption of local and regional traffic) The operation of the WWTP is not expected to have an impact on traffic at the project site. Accordingly, the impacts pertaining to traffic are insignificant. 5.4.4 Social Impacts 5.4.4.1 Child labor Given the fact that the Project will not recruit any one that does not have an ID, it will be easy to detect and prevent child labour. Children below 18 will not be recruited. Accordingly, the child labour impacts during operation is insignificant. 5.4.4.2 Land Related Impact There will be no impacts related to the acquisition of land in the operational phase. Accordingly, the impacts on land acquisition are insignificant.

5.4.4.3 Cultural heritage and monuments There are no expected impacts on cultural heritage sites during the project operation phase. Accordingly, the impacts on cultural heritage are insignificant

5.4.4.4 Risk on Infrastructure and underground utilities There will be no impacts on any infrastructure within the project sites. However, the rehabilitation of the FWWTP will facilitate and support the completion of current and future projects for sewage network connections in the neighborhoods of Fallujah City. Therefore, the WWTP is one of the most important infrastructure projects in Al Fallujah. Accordingly, the impacts pertaining to enhancement of infrastructure tend to be positive.

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5.4.4.5 Visual and landscape impacts The project will change the aesthetics and landscape of the areas where the FWWTP will be located. However, the impact will be relatively acceptable when considering the height of adjacent buildings and its location in the eastern side of the project site. This side represents the main entrance to the FWWTP, which includes the parking area and administration offices. The visual impacts due to the operation of the FWWTP are considered insignificant. No mitigation measures are foreseen. Accordingly, the impacts related to visual and landscape are insignificant

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Table 5-1: Impacts Assessment During Rehabilitation and Operation Phases

Basic Impact Receptor/ Durati Receptor Spatial Magnitude Impact Significance on Categorization EHS Aspect Index 28 Assessment of Impacts during the Rehabilitation Phase Air Quality Low Low Moderate Moderate Medium MO “Dust” Air Quality “Exhaust Low Very low Moderate Moderate Medium MO emissions” Noise Low Very low Moderate Moderate Medium MO Solid Waste Low Very low Low Low Medium MI Generation Wastewater Low Very low Low Low Medium MI impact Water Low Low Moderate Moderate Medium MO Resources Biodiversity - IN Soil Low Very Low Low Low Medium MI Very OHS Moderate Moderate Major High MA Low Community Very health and Moderate Moderate Moderate Medium MO Low safety Traffic flow Very and road Low Low Minor Medium MI Low access Very Child labour Moderate Moderate Moderate Medium MO low Temporary Very Moderate Low Moderate Medium MO Labor Influx low Very GBV Moderate Low Moderate Medium MO low

28 IN = Insignificant, MI = Minor, MO = Moderate, MA = Major

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Basic Impact Receptor/ Durati Receptor Spatial Magnitude Impact Significance on Categorization EHS Aspect Index 28 Land related ------IN impact Cultural ------IN Heritage Undergroun Very Low Low Low Low MI d utilities Low Visual ------IN Impact Assessment of Impacts during the Operation/Maintenance Phase Air emissions High Low Moderate Moderate Medium MO and odor Noise High Low Moderate Moderate Medium MO Possible Very leakages and Very low Moderate Low Medium MI low breakdown Water Very Low Moderate Moderate Medium MO quality low Waste High Low Moderate Moderate Medium MO generation Improper storage of High Low High High Medium MA chemicals OHS High Moderate Moderate Moderate High MA Community Very health and Moderate Moderate Moderate Low MO Low safety Traffic flow IN and road ------access

Child labour ------IN Land related IN ------impact

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Basic Impact Receptor/ Durati Receptor Spatial Magnitude Impact Significance on Categorization EHS Aspect Index 28 Cultural ------IN Heritage Undergroun ------Positive d utilities Visual ------IN Impact

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6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The environmental and social management plan (ESMP) proposes measures to reduce the negative impacts associated with the project, thus making it compliant with the national laws and regulations and with international guidelines and best practices. Monitoring plans will also be suggested and the parties responsible for implementing them will be identified. The aim of the ESMP is to: - Meet the national and international environmental and social guidelines. - Ensure that the personnel employed by the client abide by the project’s environmental and social regulations during both rehabilitation and operation phases. - Provide a safe and healthy environment for both workers and surrounding communities during all phases of the project.

6.1 Construction/Rehabilitation Phase Mitigation Measures 6.1.1 Mitigation measures for the Environmental Impacts 6.1.1.1 Air Quality  Have a maintenance plan for the construction equipment to minimize exhaust emissions.  Switch off machinery and equipment when not in use.  Whenever possible, spray the soil before any major excavation activities to reduce the impact of dust emissions on workers and site personnel.  To reduce soil dispersion, any excavated material must remain in a confined area or covered by a plastic sheet until disposal from site.  Set an appropriate speed limit (typically 10-15 km/h) for the vehicles operating within site boundaries.  To minimize any unpleasant odors that may be produced at the aeration ponds, the currently operating aeration system must be frequently inspected and maintained as necessary. 6.1.1.2 Noise and Vibration  Protective hearing equipment shall be made available to all workers in areas with high noise.  Ensure that machinery is in good condition and check equipment maintenance records.  Implement a complaints system  The contractor must ensure that all construction equipment have dampeners to reduce vibration-related impacts on equipment operators. 6.1.1.3 Solid and Liquid Waste Generation For non-hazardous waste:  Identify waste types and quantities  Allocate a skip/bin to each type of waste. There must be at least one skip/bin for domestic waste.

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 Allocate a space on site to store scrap material such as old pipes and fittings, old mechanical and electrical components from buildings and concrete blocks etc.  It is recommended to transfer the scrap waste to the ministry’s scrap stores for potential recycling later.  Create a confined area on site to store excavated soil until disposal from site.  Maximize re-use of excavated material as backfill.  Contract a licensed solid waste contractor/scrap dealer to collect domestic waste and scrap on a regular basis. For Hazardous waste and substances:  If there will be diesel tanks on site, they must be shaded and placed on an impervious surface such as concrete.  Store hazardous waste, such as paint cans, in separate skips/waste containers.  Store used oils in barrels until final disposal and place them inside a retaining structure that has secondary containment.  Contract a hazardous waste contractor to collect the hazardous waste and transport it to the dump site which will be identified by local authorities. A disposal site has already been suggested in chapter 3.  Safe handling using the proper PPEs (gloves, face mask and safety boots as a minimum) and safety precautions  Make a register of the quantities that have been disposed of.  Sludge resulting from cleaning of pipes must be stored in an isolated area within the site boundaries, so that the unpleasant odor does not cause irritation to workers and engineers on site. This sludge is to be collected by Al Fallujah Sewage Center and will most probably be dry because it has been inside the pipes ever since the plant went out of operation. It can be used as a fertilizer but only if its pathogenic and heavy metals content is acceptable as clarified in section 6.2.1.5. 6.1.1.4 Wastewater  Discharge domestic wastewater into an underground holding tank. This will only be done on a temporary basis until the plant is brought back to operation.  Regularly inspect the pipes connecting the site offices to the holding tank to ensure that there are no leakages. 6.1.1.5 Water Resources  The contractor must not dump any waste near the swamp outside the plant.  Rapid response to accidental spills of fuels, lubricants and other chemicals, especially in rainy seasons so that no toxic substances get accidentally carried by the drain pipe to the swamp outside the WWTP (contractor should prepare an Emergency Response Plan).  No washing of vehicles and machinery near water bodies, in this case the Euphrates and the swamp that surrounds the plant from 3 directions in rainy seasons.

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 Any chemical/oil spills must be cleaned and removed as soon as they occur to prevent leakage to the groundwater. A spill-kit (gloves, absorbent, plastic bags) must always be available on site. 6.1.1.6 Soil  Adopt strict spill control procedures and develop a spill response and management plan. A spill-kit (gloves, absorbent, plastic bags) must always be available on site.

 Storing oil and chemical materials, such as the corrosion inhibitors that will be used in pipes, on an impervious platform (such as a concrete slab) to prevent any penetration into the ground. During all rehabilitation phases, an area must be designated for chemical storage.  Burying any domestic waste in the project site should be strictly avoided. 6.1.2 Mitigation measures for Occupational Health and Safety Impacts The Contractor shall adopt an Occupational Health and Safety Plan and job hazard analysis during the construction phase. According to WBG EHS Guidelines and OHSA standards the main mitigation measures to prevent common construction hazards are:  Main contractor should submit a Job Hazard Analysis for all activities on site. An OHS plan/Manual for risk management specific to the site and the foreseen activities, and following Commented [MK15]: Please add that the OHS plans the risk control hierarchy, should be submitted, reviewed and approved by the PMT (or Owner should include measures to respond to COVID-19 in case Engineer) prior to commencement of construction. the pandemic remains during construction  All workers, especially working in hazard jobs, should be physically fit for the job. Evidence of their physical fitness should be carried out by specialized labs/centers every six months. Records of workers’ physical fitness should be maintained.  Workers should be trained to identify and evaluate fall hazards and be fully aware of how to control exposure to such risks as well as know how to use fall protection equipment properly.  The contractual agreement with the contractor should include rigid commitments to apply the OHSP that should be prepared in full compliance with the WB EHS requirements.  All workers should be covered with appropriate insurance schemes. The insurance must cover work related accidents (injuries and fatalities), as well as any damage to a third party.  The contractor also will be obliged to maintain daily attendance sheets in order to verify the attendance of workers in case of accidents and provide the injured persons with proper health insurance. To prevent heavy construction equipment risk, workers should follow all construction safety guidelines necessary to eliminate the exposure to such injuries and accidents  The best way to prevent Electrical hazard is for workers to be at a safe working distance from the power lines.  Rigid obligations and penalties will be added to the contractor/subcontractors' ToR in order to warrantee no child labor is occurred in the project  Sufficient number of OHS supervisors should be assigned in order to minimize the breaching of OHS requirements

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 Daily toolbox should be given to workers in order to share any information about OHS  A worker’s complaint system must be made available to workers on site  Develop and implement procedures to avoid or minimize the transmission and spread of COVID-19 that may be associated with the influx of temporary or permanent contract-related labor.  Develop COVID-19 risk-based procedures tailored to site conditions and workers characteristics, and based on guidance issued by relevant authorities, both national and international (e.g. WHO), for more details please check Annex 5. 6.1.3 Mitigation measures for Community Health and Safety Impacts  In addition to all OHS, and environmental measures mentioned above which aim for health and safety, awareness-raising actions and signs should be provided to workers and community members and access to the site should be restricted.  PMT supervisors and Health and Safety officers should be hired by the contractors to oversee work sites and they will be largely responsible for the community and their safety around the construction site.  Ensure an efficient grievance mechanism is put in place. Traffic flow • A traffic plan should be developed to provide the maximum safety to the population and project personnel. Which should include: o Coordination with traffic department (ministry of interior) for vehicles route and movement. o Time management for vehicles movement; especially avoiding the peak hours • Target signage and outreach activities to improve public awareness of traffic changes and potential hazards • Ensure vehicle safety and regular maintenance • Review any complaints related to traffic and accidents • Clear sign surrounding construction site and the entrance / exit gate. • Vehicle speed restrictions should be applied across the project site. • Place signs at least 500 m from the site entrance to indicate that the WWTP is a construction site. 6.1.4 Mitigation measures for Social Impacts 6.1.4.1 Child labor • The ToR to be prepared for both contractor and subcontractors will prohibit any kind of hiring minors in the project (Children below 18 years old); • The ToR also will oblige the contractor/subcontractor to keep a copy of IDs of laborers in order to facilitate the monitoring of the presence of hired staff below 18 years;

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• The contractor /subcontractor also will be obliged to maintain daily attendance sheets in order to verify the attendance of workers not include staff below 18 years’ old. 6.1.4.2 Temporary labor influx In order to minimize impacts pertaining to labor influx the following should be thoroughly implemented: • A code of conduct for workers should be developed, all workers should be trained on. All types of inappropriate behavior of workers should be identified, and the importance of adhering to the code of conduct is emphasized. Code of conduct induction to be done every 2 weeks for the recurrent workers and the newcomers before starting work. • Apply penalties to workers violating the code of conduct. • Apply the full requirements related to operating the grievance mechanism including anonymous channels • Raising awareness of the local populations about the project commitment towards communities’ and the measures taken for that through consultations and focus group discussions 6.1.4.3 Gender Based Violence (GBV) • Code of conduct to be developed and signed by sub-contractor. It should include prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment (SEA/SH) at workplace. • Apply penalties to workers violating the code of conduct. • Preparation of appropriate code of conduct that stipulates the different commitment of labor towards community groups and the different behavior that should be avoided. • Grievance mechanism should be made available to community people 6.1.4.4 Infrastructure and underground utility • Coordination with departments of potable water, wastewater, electricity, and telecom authorities to obtain maps/ data on underground utilities, whenever available • Collecting most accurate maps for underground utilities and infrastructure routes from Information Centers in the various Governorates and asking them for site markings, whenever available, and making such data available to the contractor prior to commencing the works. • In case an underground utility and infrastructure pipe has been damaged, standard procedures should be followed, as described before, in addition to preparing a documentation report for the accident. The documentation report should include: o Time and place of accident; o Name of contractor; o Type of underground utilities and infrastructure line; o Description of accident circumstances and causes; o Actions taken and responses of different parties, such as infrastructure company; o Duration of fixing the damage; and

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o Damage caused (description shall be according to observation, expertise judgment, reports of infrastructure company). 6.2 Operation Phase Mitigation Measures 6.2.1 Mitigation measures for the Environmental Impacts 6.2.1.1 Air Quality  Stand-by Diesel generators must be regularly inspected and maintained to ensure that their emissions remain within acceptable standards. Odor reduction mitigation measures  Maintain an efficient aeration system and good biological treatment efficiency through fine bubble air diffusers in the aeration tanks to mix the effluent inside the tanks and minimize hydrogen sulfide formation.  Frequent sludge withdrawal from the settling tanks is necessary to minimize bad odor that might escape.  The odor produced by the sludge in the drying beds can be reduced by adding lime which kills bacteria by raising the pH level of the sludge.  The sludge in the drying beds has to be collected by FSC on a frequent basis.  The sludge transportation vehicles must be adequately sealed.  Assign a staff member from the WWTP to receive community complaints related to unpleasant odors. Commented [MK16]: As the community raised concerns about odors during consultation, there should be  Surround the plant with 2 rows of tall trees. The trees line will act as a wind block and clear guidance how this will be prevented/mitigated. Any minimize the odor that reaches surrounding areas. need for odor control measures (based on legacy of operation before the war)? Any need for certain control 6.2.1.2 Noise over the biological treatment to maximize efficiency and minimize odor risks? Any need for preventing odor The impact of noise emissions during the operation phase of the WWTP can be minimized by propagation towards nearest receptors? providing air blowers with silencers as well as implementing an occupational health and safety plan that shall include the following measures:  Providing ear plugs to all technicians and staff who work in high noise areas.  Training workers on how to use protective hearing equipment.  Placing visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant.  Having a maintenance plan for all components of the WWTP.  Implementing a complaints system for the plant staff. Even though it has been stated the impact of noise emissions on the neighboring community is not significant, a grievance mechanism must be established to receive complaints from the local community regarding noise, if any. 6.2.1.3 Possible Leakages and Breakdown  Ensure that the tank level switches are properly functioning, so that no tank accidentally overflows.

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 Inspect the oil and grit removal tanks on a daily basis, to detect any leakages as soon as they occur.  Check that the water level in the grit and oil tank is higher than the outlet pipe level. This is meant to ensure that the tank/chamber is efficient at separating the oil from wastewater. 6.2.1.4 Water Quality (Effluent Water Quality)  Regular maintenance and inspection for all plant components.  Take regular water samples from the treated effluent pumps station and analyze for the parameters indicated in law No. 27 of 1999, especially BOD and SS. The water sampling results are an indication of the treatment process efficiency and will help in deciding where maintenance is needed.  In case the plant goes out of operation, it is recommended to use the standby ponds and their associated aeration mechanism to treat the incoming wastewater temporarily until the damage in the plant is repaired. This solution is feasible only if the lagoon where the partially treated wastewater is discharged is able to handle the quantities that will be generated without expanding beyond its design area (3,659,667 m2). 6.2.1.5 Waste Generation  Domestic waste must be collected in bins and collected by the municipality to be disposed of at dump site identified by the local municipality.  Domestic wastewater from the offices will be connected to the equalizing tanks and treated as part of the wastewater entering the WWTP.  The components responsible for waste handling must be regularly inspected and maintained. These include the shredders, compactors, sand classifiers and the associated air pump and tube, and the skimmed oil containers.  The screening waste will be dried during the compaction process where the waste will be pressed together thus effectively draining it.  The sand residues (grit) from the grit and oil chamber will be dried as they get conveyed upward by the spiral screw of the sand classifier. The blades of the spiral screw turn at a low speed to allow the water to run back down, and so by the time the grit reaches the outlet of the conveyor, it will be dry. The dry sand/grit is then collected in bins and transported to the dumpsite which will be identified by local authorities.  Concerning empty chlorine cylinders, it is recommended to return them to the chlorine supplier for refill or maintenance.  Workers handling sludge should wear suitable personal protective equipment (PPE).  To check the suitability of sludge in agricultural applications, take samples from the drying beds, and analyze for pathogenic content and heavy metals. If concentration of pathogens and heavy metals is high, it must be reduced and one practical low-cost way to do so is by adding lime. Lime raises the pH level of the mix thus eliminating most microorganisms and significantly reducing the heavy metals content of the sludge. According to the EPA guidelines, the allowable limits for some pollutants are as follows.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Table 6-1: EPA limits for land application29 Pollutant Limit for land application (ppm) Arsenic 75 Cadmium 85 Copper 4,300 Lead 840 Mercury 57 Molybdenum 75 Nickel 420 Selenium 100 Zinc 7,500

 The dried sludge must be loaded onto trucks and then transported to a final treatment facility. The trucks must be properly sealed during transportation. 6.2.1.6 Improper storage of chemicals Chorine must be stored and handled according to the following guidelines30: 1- The cylinders/containers must be stored in an upright position and must remain tightly closed and chained to a wall to prevent them from falling. 2- Chlorine must not be stored within one meter of any heating device 3- The cylinders must be separated by at least 75 cm for easy access. 4- The cylinders must remain on an impermeable surface. 5- Chlorine gas feed and storage rooms must not be part of any other building where personnel work. 6- It is recommended to use the cylinders which have been in storage for a longer time before using the newer ones. 7- The chlorine gas feed and storage rooms must be equipped with an emergency ventilation system that only operates when workers enter the room. It must be noted that Al Fallujah WWTP is already equipped with a chlorine scrubber to extract air containing high chlorine concentration from the chlorination building. 8- The chlorination room must have an independent heating system to maintain a temperature of 15oC. 9- The alarm system must be regularly inspected to make sure that it is working effectively.

3029 Gas leak incidents Formatted: Footnote Reference;ftref;16 Point;Superscript 6 Point;BVI fnr Car Car Car Car Char Char, No underline

29 http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/pdf/g1939.pdf 30 http://www.saskh2o.ca/pdf/epb265.pdf, http://www.hydroinstruments.com/files/Chlorine%20Handling%20Manual%202016%2005%2006. pdf

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

1- Workers responding to the leak must be wearing gloves, a face shield and a breathing apparatus as minimum protection. 2- Keep a ventilation fan turned while inside the room and ensure the chlorine gas is being blown out without any hindrances. 3- Inspect all devices, equipment and pipes in the room to determine where the leak is coming from. A leak can be confirmed using ammonium hydroxide. 4- Repair the source of leak A major leak might necessitate notifying the plant managers, the chlorine supplier and the fire department. 6.2.2 Mitigation measures for Occupational Health and Safety Impacts The FWWTP operator will implement an occupational health and safety plan, which will include principally the following measures:  The health and safety risk on the workers should be Coverage with appropriate insurance schemes for all the types of workers.  The employer must make arrangements to conduct the periodic medical examination once every six months to ensure the fitness of workers and to uncover possible upcoming risks of occupational diseases in its early stages, and provision of immunization when needed  Safe Practices and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)  Organization of work shifts  Develop emergency plans.  Training Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to select and use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).  Hygiene procedures o Contaminated clothing should be removed and bagged for proper disposal or decontamination. o Wash face, arms, hands and legs with soap, using a substantial amount of water. o Disinfect equipment (e.g., using iodine compounds, bromine, chlorine, ozone, or their equivalent) and wash contaminated spaces, decks and bulkheads with detergent, sanitizer, or bleach. o Dispose of or re-wash rubber boots, gloves, eye goggles, face shields and respirators with a disinfectant solution. o Wash contaminated clothing separately. o Do not enter other spaces with work contaminated clothing  A worker’s complaint system must be made available to workers on the facility. 6.2.3 Mitigation measures for Community Health and Safety Impacts  Follow the air quality and noise mitigation measures.  Provide a complaint mechanism for the community.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

 Regular consultation with surrounding communities to ensure the sustainable operation of the project

97

6.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Construction/Rehabilitation Phase Commented [MK17]: Please address previous comments in the matrices Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n Construction/Rehabilitation Phase  Have a maintenance plan for Minor  Site inspection Air Quality Dust and Contractor Resident Within the construction equipment to  Review Engineer - exhaust minimize exhaust emissions. equipment contractor’s emissions  Switch off machinery and maintenance PMT cost equipment when not in use. records.  Whenever possible, spray the  Review the soil before any major complaints excavation activities to reduce reports the impact of dust emissions on workers and site personnel.  To reduce soil dispersion, any excavated material must remain in a confined area or covered by a plastic sheet until disposal from site.  Set an appropriate speed limit (typically 10-15 km/h) for the vehicles operating within site boundaries.  Formatted: Indent: Before: 0 cm, No bullets or  To minimize the unpleasant Minor  Site inspection numbering Unpleasant MoCHMPW PMT resident PMT’s cost odors that may be produced  Review engineer odour from the aeration ponds, the maintenance aeration system must be records. frequently inspected and maintained as necessary.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n  Protective hearing equipment Minor  Site inspection Noise and The Contractor Resident Within shall be made available to all  Review the vibration operation of workers in areas with high equipment Engineer - contractor’s heavy noise. maintenance PMT cost construction  Ensure that machinery is in records. equipment good condition and check  Review will lead to equipment maintenance complaints/ an increase records. grievance log. in ambient  Implement a complaints noise levels, system but the  The contractor must ensure impact is that all construction equipment mainly on have dampeners to reduce workers and vibration-related impacts on site equipment operators. personnel. Insignificant  Field Solid and Inappropriat For non-hazardous waste: investigations. Contractor Resident Within  liquid Waste e handling of Identify waste types and  Review waste Engineer - contractor’s Generation hazardous or quantities register. PMT cost  non- Allocate a skip/bin to each  Review the hazardous type of waste. There must be at complaints waste can least one skip/bin for domestic reports. waste. lead to soil  Allocate a space on site to and surface store scrap material such as old water pipes and fittings, old contaminatio mechanical and electrical n. components from buildings and concrete blocks etc.  It is recommended to transfer

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n the scrap waste to the ministry’s scrap stores for potential recycling later.  Create a confined area on site to store excavated soil until disposal from site.  Maximize re-use of excavated material as backfill.  Contract a licensed solid waste contractor/scrap dealer to collect domestic waste and scrap on a regular basis. For Hazardous waste and substances:  If there will be a diesel tank on site, it must be shaded and placed on an impervious surface such as concrete.  Store hazardous waste, such as paint cans, in separate skips/waste containers.  Store used oils in barrels until final disposal and place them inside a retaining structure that has secondary containment.  Contract a hazardous waste contractor to collect the hazardous waste and transport it to the dump site which will be identified by local authorities. A disposal site has already been

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n suggested in chapter 3.  Safe handling using the proper PPEs (gloves, face mask and safety boots as a minimum) and safety precautions  Make a register of the quantities that have been disposed of.  Sludge resulting from cleaning of pipes must be stored in an isolated area within the site boundaries, so that the unpleasant odor does not cause irritation to workers and engineers on site. This sludge is to be collected by Al Fallujah Sewage Center (FSC) and will most probably be dry because it has been inside the pipes ever since the plant went out of operation. It can be used as a fertilizer if its pathogenic and heavy metals content is acceptable as clarified in section 6.2.1.5.

 Discharge domestic Insignificant  Field Impact of Improper wastewater into the investigations. Contractor Resident Within wastewater disposal of underground holding tank. This Engineer - contractor’s wastewater will only be done on a PMT cost temporary basis until the plant is brought back to operation.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n  Regularly inspect the pipes connecting the site offices to the holding tank to make sure that there are no leakages.

 The contractor must not  Field Water Improper dump any waste near the Minor investigations. Contractor Resident Within Resources disposal of swamp outside the plant. Engineer - contractor’s hazardous PMT cost  Rapid response to accidental waste and spills of fuels, lubricants and leakages other chemicals, especially in from rainy seasons so that no toxic equipment substances get accidentally can result in carried by the drain pipe to the the swamp outside the WWTP contaminatio (contractor should prepare an Emergency Response Plan). n of nearby water bodies  No washing of vehicles and and machinery near water bodies, in this case the Euphrates and the groundwater. swamp that surrounds the plant from 3 directions in rainy seasons.  Any chemical/oil spills must be cleaned and removed as soon as they occur to prevent leakage to the groundwater. A spill-kit (gloves, absorbent, plastic bags) must always be available on site.

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n  Contamina  Adopt strict spill control  Field Soil ted by procedures and developing a Insignificant investigations. Contractor Resident Within leakages spill response and management Engineer - contractor’s from plan. A spill-kit (gloves, PMT cost equipment absorbent, plastic bags) must or chemical always be available on site. containers  Storing oil and chemical  Improper materials, such as the corrosion disposal of inhibitors that will be used in solid or pipes, on an impervious hazardous platform, such as a concrete waste. slab, to prevent any penetration into the ground. During all rehabilitation phases, an area must be designated for chemical storage.  Burying any domestic waste in the project site should be strictly avoided.

Work force Occupationa  The Contractor shall adopt an Moderate  Field Contractor Resident Included in l health and Occupational Health and Safety investigations. (OHS manager) engineer - PMT contractor safety Plan and job hazard analysis  Accidents log Workers cost during the construction phase. complaints to be According to OHS standards handled by an the main mitigations measures assigned social to prevent common officer construction hazards are:  Workers should be trained to identify and evaluate fall hazards and be fully aware of how to control exposure to

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n such risks as well as know how to use fall protection equipment properly.  Main contractor should submit a Job Hazard Analysis for all activities on site. An OHS plan/Manual for risk management specific to the site and the foreseen activities, and following the risk control hierarchy, should be submitted, reviewed and approved by the PMT (or Owner Engineer) prior to commencement of construction.  All workers, especially working in hazard jobs, should be physically fit for the job. Evidence of their physical fitness should be carried out by specialized labs/centers every six months. Records of workers’ physical fitness should be maintained.  Workers must comply with WBG EHS Guidelines and OHSA’s general rule for the safe use of ladders and stairways  The contractual agreement with the contractor should include rigid commitments to apply the OHS Plan that should

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n be prepared in full compliance with the WB EHS requirements.  All workers must be covered with appropriate insurance schemes. In addition, the insurance must cover work related accidents (injuries and fatalities), as well as any damage to a third party.  The contractor also will be obliged to maintain daily attendance sheets in order to verify the attendance of workers in case of accidents and provide the injured persons with proper health insurance. To prevent Heavy Construction Equipment risk, workers should follow all construction safety guidelines necessary to eliminate the exposure to such injuries and accidents  The best way to prevent Electrical hazard is for workers to be at a safe working distance from the power lines.  Rigid obligations and penalties will be added to the contractor/subcontractors' ToR in order to warrantee no child labor is occurred in the project

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n  Sufficient number of OHS supervisors should be assigned in order to minimize the breaching of OHS requirements  Daily toolbox should be given to workers in order to share any information about OHS  A worker’s complaint system must be made available to workers on site  Develop and implement procedures to avoid or minimize the transmission and spread of COVID-19 that may be associated with the influx of temporary or permanent contract-related labor.  Develop COVID-19 risk- based procedures tailored to site conditions and workers characteristics, and based on guidance issued by relevant authorities, both national and international (e.g. WHO), for more details please check Annex 5. Community Community • In addition to all OHS, and Minor  Accidents log  Contractor Resident Included in health and environmental measures  Checking OHS staff engineer – PMT contractor safety mentioned above which aim community  Complaints Social cost for health and safety, grievances. raised by the development awareness-raising actions and community officer signs should be provided to will be

106

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n workers and community managed by members and access to the the social site should be restricted. development • PMT supervisors and Health officer and Safety officers should be assigned in the hired by the contractors to project oversee work sites and they will be largely responsible for the community and their safety around the construction site. • Ensure an efficient grievance mechanism is put in place. Traffic flow Insignificant Checking Contractor Within Community • A traffic plan should be Resident developed to provide the accidents log (Occupational engineer - PMT contractor’s maximum safety to the and community health and safety cost population and project grievances. manager- person personnel, which should in charge for include: communication) o Coordination with traffic department (ministry of interior) for vehicles route and movement. o Time management for vehicles movement; especially avoiding the peak hours • Target signage and outreach activities to improve public awareness of traffic changes

107

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n and potential hazards • Ensure vehicle safety and regular maintenance • Review any complaints related to traffic and accidents • Clear sign surrounding construction site and the entrance / exit gate. • Vehicle speed restrictions should be applied across the project site. • In addition to preparing necessary signs at the entrance of the project by at least 500 m, which could occupy the main road during this period. Community Child labor • The ToR to be prepared for Minor Site The contractor Resident Contractors both contractor and investigation (site manager) engineer - PMT ’ cost subcontractors will prohibit any kind of hiring minors in the project (Children below 18 years) • The ToR also will oblige the contractor/subcontractor to keep a copy of IDs of laborers in order to facilitate the monitoring of the presence of hired staff below 18 years • The contractor

108

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n /subcontractor also will be obliged to maintain daily attendance sheets in order to verify the attendance of workers not include staff below 18 years’ old Community Temporary In order to minimize impacts Minor  Site visit The contractor Resident Contractors labor influx pertaining to labor influx the  Monthly (site manager) engineer - PMT ’ cost following should be thoroughly reporting implemented:  Implementin  A code of conduct for workers should be developed, g the GRM all workers should be trained and on. All types of inappropriate following up behavior of workers should with the be identified, and the grievances. importance of adhering to the  Meetings code of conduct is with emphasized. Code of conduct surrounding induction to be done every 2 communities weeks for the recurrent workers and the newcomers before starting work.  Code of conduct induction to be done every 2 weeks for the recurrent workers and the newcomers before starting work.  Apply the full requirements related to operating the grievance mechanism including anonymous

109

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n channels  Raising awareness of the local populations about the project commitment towards communities’ and the measures taken for that through consultations and focus group discussions  Apply penalties to workers violating the code of conduct

Community Gender  Code of conduct to be Minor  Site visit The contractor Resident Contractors Based developed and signed by sub-  Monthly (site manager) engineer - PMT ’ cost Violence contractor. It should include reporting (GBV) prevention of sexual  Implementin exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment (SEA/SH) g the GRM at workplace. and  Apply penalties to workers following up violating the code of conduct. with the  Preparation of appropriate grievances. code of conduct that  Meetings stipulates the different with commitments of labor surrounding towards community groups communities and the different behavior that should be avoided.  Grievance mechanism should

110

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n be made available to community people Community Infrastructur • Coordination with Insignificant Checking The contractor Resident Contractors e and departments of potable water, records of (site manager) engineer - PMT ’ cost underground wastewater, electricity, and infrastructure utility telecom authorities to obtain accidents maps/ data on underground utilities, whenever available • Collecting most accurate maps for underground utilities and infrastructure routes from Information Centers in the various Governorates and asking them for site markings, whenever available, and making such data available to the contractor prior to commencing the works. • In case an underground utility and infrastructure pipe has been damaged, standard procedures should be followed, as described before, in addition to preparing a documentation report for the accident. The documentation report should include: o Time and place of accident; o Name of contractor; o Type of underground

111

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementatio Supervision n utilities and infrastructure line; o Description of accident circumstances and causes; o Actions taken and responses of different parties, such as infrastructure company; o Duration of fixing the damage; and o Damage caused (description shall be according to observation, expertise judgment, reports of infrastructure company). 6.4 Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Operation Phase

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision • Stand-by generators must be Minor  Field Air quality Exhaust Fallujah Sewage Anbar Sewage Operation regularly inspected and investigations emission Center (FSC) Directorate Management maintained to ensure their  Review regular s and (ASD) cost emissions remain within maintenance odors acceptable limits. sheets

• Maintain an efficient aeration  Reviewing system and good biological complaints log treatment efficiency through

112

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision fine bubble air diffusers in the aeration tanks to mix the effluent inside the tanks and minimize hydrogen sulfide formation. • Frequent sludge withdrawal from the settling tanks is necessary to minimize bad odor that might escape. • The odor produced by the sludge in the drying beds can be reduced by adding lime which kills bacteria by raising the pH level of the sludge. • The sludge in the drying beds has to be collected by FSC on a frequent basis. • The sludge transportation vehicles must be adequately sealed.  Assign a staff member from the WWTP to receive community complaints relating to unpleasant odors. Formatted: Font: Font color: Auto, (Complex) Arabic  Surround the plant with 2 rows (Egypt) of tall trees. The trees line will act as a wind block and minimize the odor that reaches surrounding areas. The impact of noise emissions Minor  Field Noise Operatio during the operation stage of the investigations FSC ASD Operation n of WWTP can be minimized by  Review Management

113

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision generato providing the air blowers with regular cost rs, silencers as well as implementing maintenance pumps an occupational health and safety sheets plan that shall include the and air  Reviewing following measures: complaints log blowers  Providing ear plugs to all technicians and staff who work in high noise areas.  Training workers on how to use protective hearing equipment.  Placing visually clear instructions in areas where noise emissions are significant.  Having a maintenance plan for all components of the WWTP.  Implementing a complaints system for the plant staff. Even though it has been stated the impact of noise emissions on the neighboring community is not significant, a grievance mechanism must be established to receive complaints from the local community regarding noise, if any.  Ensure that the tank level Insignificant  Field Soil Possible switches are properly functioning, investigations FSC ASD Operation leakage so that no tank accidentally  Review regular management and overflows. maintenance cost breakdo  Inspect the oil and grit removal sheets

114

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision wns tanks on a daily basis, to detect any leakages as soon as they occur.  Check that the water level in the grit and oil tank is higher than the outlet pipe level. This is meant to ensure that the tank/chamber is efficient at separating the oil from wastewater.

 Regular maintenance and Minor  Field Water Effluent inspection for all plant investigations FSC ASD Operation Quality water components.  Reviewing management (Effluent quality cost  Take regular water samples water sampling Water not from the effluent pump station results. Quality) meeting and analyze for the parameters the indicated in law No. 27 of 1999, standard especially BOD and SS. The water s sampling results are an indication of the treatment process efficiency and will help in deciding where maintenance is needed.  In case the plant goes out of operation, it is recommended to use the standby ponds and their associated aeration mechanism to treat the incoming wastewater temporarily until the damage in the plant is repaired. This solution is feasible only if the lagoon

115

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision where the partially treated wastewater is discharged is able to handle the quantities that will be generated without expanding beyond its design area (3,659,667 m2).  Domestic waste must be Insignificant  Field Waste Inappro collected in bins and collected by investigations. FSC ASD Operation/ generation priate the municipality to be disposed of  Sludge maintenance (waste handling at dump site identified by the sampling results. cost activated of solid local authority. sludge and and  Domestic wastewater from the domestic liquid offices will be connected to inlet waste) waste. tanks and treated as part of the wastewater entering the treatment process.  The components responsible for waste handling must be regularly inspected and maintained. These include the shredders, compactors, sand classifiers and the associated air pump and tube, and the skimmed oil containers.  The screening waste will be dried during the compaction process where the waste will be pressed together thus effectively draining it.  The sand residues (grit) from the grit and oil chamber will be

116

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision dried as they get conveyed upward by the spiral screw of the sand classifier. The blades of the spiral screw turn at a low speed to allow the water to run back down, and so by the time the grit reaches the outlet of the conveyor, it will be dry. The dry sand/grit is then collected in bins and transported to the dumpsite which will be identified by local authorities.  Concerning empty chlorine cylinders, it is recommended to return them to the chlorine supplier for refill or maintenance.  Workers handling sludge should wear suitable personal protective equipment (PPE).  To check the suitability of sludge in agricultural applications, take samples from the drying beds, and analyze for pathogenic content and heavy metals. If concentration of pathogens and heavy metals (Table 6-1Table 6-1) Formatted: Font: Garamond, 11 pt, Complex Script is high, it must be reduced and Font: 11 pt one practical low-cost way to do Formatted: Font: Garamond, 11 pt, Complex Script so is by adding lime. Lime raises Font: 11 pt, Check spelling and grammar the pH level of the mix thus eliminating most microorganisms Formatted: Font: Garamond, 11 pt, Complex Script and significantly reducing the Font: 11 pt, Check spelling and grammar heavy metals content of the

117

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision sludge.  The dried sludge must be loaded onto trucks and then transported to a final treatment facility. The trucks must be properly sealed during transportation. Moderate  Field Improper Imprope Chorine must be stored and investigations. FSC ASD Operation/ chemical r handled according to the  Review maintenance 31 storage handling following guidelines : Chlorine cost of  The cylinders/containers must detection chlorine be stored in an upright position devices results tanks and must remain tightly closed and chained to a wall to prevent them from falling.  Chlorine must not be stored within one meter of any heating device  The cylinders must be separated by at least 75 cm for easy access.  The cylinders must remain on an impermeable surface.  Chlorine gas feed and storage rooms must not be part of any other building where personnel work.

31 http://www.saskh2o.ca/pdf/epb265.pdf, http://www.hydroinstruments.com/files/Chlorine%20Handling%20Manual%202016%2005%2006.pdf

118

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision  It is recommended to use the cylinders which have been in storage for a longer time before using the newer ones.  The chlorine gas feed and storage rooms must be equipped with an emergency ventilation system that only operates when workers enter the room. It must be noted that Al Fallujah WWTP is already equipped with a chlorine scrubber to extract air containing high chlorine concentration from the chlorination building.  The chlorination room must have an independent heating system to maintain a temperature of 15oC.  The alarm system must be regularly inspected to make sure that it is working effectively. Gas leak incidents  Workers responding to the leak must be wearing gloves, a face shield and a breathing apparatus as minimum protection.  Keep a ventilation fan turned while inside the room and ensure the chlorine gas is being blown

119

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision out without any hindrances.  Inspect all devices, equipment and pipes in the room to determine where the leak is coming from. A leak can be confirmed using ammonium hydroxide.  Repair the source of leak A major leak might necessitate notifying the plant managers, the chlorine supplier and the fire department.

Work force Occupat The FWWTP operator will Minor  Site visits FSC ASD ional No implement an occupational health  Incidents and additional health and safety plan, which will include accidents and cost principally the following reports safety measures: • The health and safety risk on the workers should be Coverage with appropriate insurance schemes for all the types of workers. • The employer must make arrangements to conduct the periodic medical examination once every six months to ensure the fitness of workers and to uncover possible upcoming risks of occupational diseases in its

120

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision early stages, and provision of immunization when needed, • Safe Practices and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • Organization of work shifts • Develop emergency plans. • Training Workers must be trained to recognize potential hazards, use proper work practices and procedures, recognize adverse health effects, understand the physical signs and reactions related to exposures, and are familiar with appropriate emergency evacuation procedures. They must also be trained to select and use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). • Hygiene procedures o Contaminated clothing should be removed and bagged for proper disposal or decontamination. o Wash face, arms, hands and legs with soap, using a substantial amount of water. o Disinfect equipment (e.g., using iodine compounds, bromine, chlorine, ozone,

121

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

Receptor/E Impact Mitigation Means of Responsibility Estimated HS Aspect Residual Supervision Cost impact Implementation Supervision or their equivalent) and wash contaminated spaces, decks and bulkheads with detergent, sanitizer, or bleach. o Dispose of or re-wash rubber boots, gloves, eye goggles, face shields and respirators with a disinfectant solution. o Wash contaminated clothing separately. o Do not enter other spaces with work contaminated clothing • A worker’s complaint system must be made available to workers on the facility. • Follow the air quality and Minor  ASD To be Community Commu Site visits FSC determined nity noise mitigation measures.  Incidents and by the PMT health • Provide a complaint accidents in and mechanism for the reports coordination safety community. • Regular consultation with with the surrounding communities to concerned ensure the sustainable parties operation of the project

122

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

6.5 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for the Construction/Rehabilitation Phase Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring Construction/Rehabilitation Phase Air Quality - Compliance Resident Quarterly - Near - Site inspection PMT (dust and with dust Engineer - PMT excavation - Following up with management exhaust abatement and complaints costs emissions) measures. backfilling - Checking equipment - Equipment activities. maintenance dates. condition - Internal - Documentation in - Emissions unpaved reports visibility roads used by - Number of vehicles. complaints - Construction related to air equipment to quality. check if they produce any visible emissions.

Noise & - Noise level on Resident Quarterly - Areas of - Site inspection PMT Vibration site. Engineer - PMT medium to - Complaints log management - Noise level at high activity - Checking equipment costs the nearest on site. maintenance dates receptor - Nearest - Documentation in - Number of receptors reports complaints including the related to high industrial noise levels. zones close to - Equipment the WWTP condition entrance, and the residential buildings on the other side

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Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring of the main access road.

Solid and liquid - Waste Resident Quarterly - Waste areas - Site inspection PMT waste segregation Engineer - PMT on site - Checking waste management generation - Storage - Immediate register costs conditions of surroundings - Checking disposal hazardous of the WWTP receipts (spent oils, to make sure - Documentation in lubricants and that no waste reports. sludge resulting is dumped from pipe outside. cleaning) and non-hazardous waste (scrap, excavated material, packaging waste, domestic waste etc.) and materials; - Disposal receipts and frequency of collection.

Wastewater - Condition of Resident Quarterly - Site offices - Site (visual) inspection PMT sanitary pipes Engineer - PMT management connecting site costs offices to the holding tank. Water - Signs of spillage Resident Quarterly - Soil within site - Site (visual) inspection PMT Resources of hazardous Engineer - PMT boundaries. management materials, costs

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Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring especially in - Swamp rainy seasons. outside the - Water quality in WWTP the swamp surrounding the WWTP from 3 directions. Soil - Signs of spillage Resident Quarterly - Equipment - Site (visual) inspection PMT of hazardous Engineer - PMT and vehicle - Documentation in management materials parking areas. reports costs - Waste - Areas where management waste is practices on site produced. - Condition of - Waste storage chemical areas. storage areas OHS - Complaints Resident Engineer Once a - Site - Regular check on the No additional raised from the - PMT month - Office (to workers attendance costs workers check records) sheet - Number of - Regular reporting of accidents/ any accidents, as well injuries as records and reports - OHS Plans on health, safety and - Trainings welfare of workers performed and - Continuous recorded monitoring of all - PPE used by hazardous events. workers - Regular inspection of - Fire prevention workers against equipment in pathogenic agents and place provision of - Workers’ immunization when health needed - Monitoring of labor

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Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring - Workers’/empl working conditions oyees’ according to the temperature previously mentioned - Frequency of OHS mitigation sterilization. measures. - Daily check of toilet and workers camps cleanliness and follow up on continuous sterilization of the rest areas as well. - Checking temperature of all workers on a daily basis and recording it in a log. - Check that the medical insurance of the contracted workers covers treatment of COVID 19. Community - Number of Resident Engineer Once a - Nearest Monthly reports and No additional health and accidents/ - PMT month receptors grievance log costs safety injuries (Naimiya - Complaints neighborhood, raised by local Al Mansour community Neighborhoo d) - Office (to check records) Traffic flow - Comments and Resident Engineer Once a - Site Monthly reports and No additional notifications - PMT month - Office (to grievance log costs from Traffic check records) Department

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Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring - Complaints raised by community Child labor The monitoring of Resident Engineer Once a - Site  Monthly reports and No additional child labor will be - PMT month - Office (to grievance log costs intensively check records)  The monitoring of presented in the child labor will be OHS manual to intensively presented be implemented in the OHS manual during operation to be phase Temporary - Workers’ Resident Engineer On quarterly - Site  Review the trainings No additional labor influx compliance to - PMT basis - Office (to and number of costs the Code of check records) workers trained on Conduct when the code of conduct interacting with  Periodic reports the  Maintaining a surrounding grievance log communities. - Complaints raised due to labor influx - Corrective measures adopted. Gender Based - Complaints Resident Engineer On quarterly - Site  Periodic reports No additional Violence raised due to - PMT basis - Office (to  Maintaining a costs (GBV) GBV check records) grievance log - Corrective measures adopted Infrastructure - Number of Resident Engineer On quarterly - Site  Periodic reports and No additional and incidents - PMT basis - Office (to grievance log costs underground relating to check records)

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Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring utility infrastructure  Review the damage. documentation of - Corrective affected procedures infrastructure and taken check what corrective procedures were taken

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6.6 Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan for the Operation Phase

Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring - Number of - All - Site inspection Air quality ASD Every 6 PMT complaints by components - Measurements for the (odors and months management community of the WWTP air quality from the exhaust cost relating to - Nearest generators exhaust. emissions) unpleasant residential - Reviewing the regular odors. area (Al maintenance report - Condition of Naimiya) - Reviewing complaints generators (if log used) - Biannual report - Odor control measures in place - Noise level on - All over the - Field investigation Noise ASD Every 6 PMT site and at plant. - Reviewing the regular months management nearest - Nearest maintenance report cost receptors. residential - Reviewing HSE - Number of area (Al reports as well as complaints by Naimiya) complaints log plant staff and - Biannual report by surrounding community relating to high noise. - Level of compliance with OHS measures (e.g. wearing ear

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Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring plugs when needed) - Soil quality on - Soil within - Field investigation Possible leaks ASD Every 6 PMT site. plant - Reviewing the regular and months management - Condition of boundaries. maintenance report breakdowns costs the grit and oil - Grit and oil - Taking water samples tanks (level tanks and all from the outcome of switches, water other tank every treatment stage, level in components. OR check sampling comparison to results if these outlet pipe samples were taken level) already. - Efficiency of treatment in other plant components.

- Quality of water - Checking water Water Quality ASD Monthly Water outlet PMT coming out sampling results. The from the treated management from the treated analysis of the effluent pumps costs effluent pumps station samples must be station. carried out by a certified lab. - Document the results in a bi-annual report. Waste - Disposal ASD Quarterly - Waste - Site inspection PMT Generation receipts (oil generation - Review waste register management from grit and oil areas on site. and disposal receipts. costs tanks, solid - Checking sludge

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Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring waste trapped sampling results and by the coarse whether it is properly and fine treated if its screens, waste pathogenic content is sludge and high. domestic waste) - Sludge suitability to be used as a fertilizer. Improper - Chlorine ASD Quarterly - Chlorine - Chlorine detection PMT storage of Concentration Storage Room devices management chemicals - Condition of - Visual inspection costs chlorine store Occupational - Complaints ASD Bi-annual - Site - Regular reporting of No additional health and raised from the - Office (to any accidents, as well costs safety workers check paper as checking records - Number of records) and reports on health, accidents/ safety and welfare of injuries workers - Continuous monitoring of all hazardous events. - Regular inspection of workers against pathogenic agents and provision of immunization when needed. - Review the procedures followed

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Frequency Estimated Receptor/EH Monitoring Responsibility Location of Methods of of Cost of S aspect indicators of monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring monitoring in applying the OHS plan - Reviewing periodic medical examination reports of workers Community - Complaints ASD Bi-annual - Site - The monitoring of No additional health and raised by local - Office (to occupational health costs safety community check paper and safety will be - Number of records) intensively presented accidents/ in the OHS manual to injuries be implemented during operation phase. - Community grievance log - Reviewing community consultation reports

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6.7 Institutional Framework for ESMMP Implementation 6.7.1 Environmental Management Structures According to the data provided from PMT of Ministry of Construction and Housing, municipalities and public works (MoCHMPW), the contractors of the project will be responsible for the implementation of all project activities including the environmental mitigation measures, OHS requirements and social commitments. The site resident engineer under supervision of MoCHMPW and Anbar Sewer Directorate (ASD) will be responsible for supervising the contractor during construction phase. However, during operation, ASD and Fallujah Sewage Center (FSC) will be responsible for supervising the implementation of the management and monitoring plans.

The following plans and guidelines must be prepared in order to define the exact procedures to be applied and the responsible entity: o Occupational Health and Safety guidelines o Detailed Environmental Action Plan o Grievance and Redress Mechanism o Stakeholder Engagement Plan In order to be able to implement and monitor various plans, it is strongly recommended to have in place the ESMP the following roles and responsibilities 6.7.2 Roles and responsibilities of Project owner and the contractor Environmental and H&S Officers Roles and responsibilities of the ESMP are divided between two main entities, namely, Project owner MoCHMPW/ ASD & FSC, and the contractor. The project owner is mainly responsible for high level monitoring and the implementation of an overall supervision and ensuring that the measures are adhered to. The second entity is the contractor who is responsible for full implementation of mitigation measures in full cooperation with the MoCHMPW/ ASD & FSC staff. The project owner’s mandates are as follows:  Ensure workers and contractor compliance to HSE manuals and procedures  Occurrence of HSE incidents and suggestions for incident avoidance  Management of wastes generated from the project’s site  Management of liquid waste  Checking that handling of hazardous waste is performed according to the requirements of the Environmental Law, where a permit for handling hazardous material and Hazardous wastes is issued from Project owner  Compiling daily reports and sending them to the governorate H&S and Environmental officers for preparation of monthly summary reports. The Social and Environmental Officer at FSC will prepare the monthly reports and send to H&S and Environmental officer at ASD head office for compilation into quarterly reports to MoCHMPW.

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6.7.3 Roles and responsibilities of Project Coordination Unit (PCU) under ReFAATO  Coordinate with all ministries and stakeholders.  Consolidate and disseminate all reports from the PMTs and reflect the work progress to higher officials.  Coordinate all monitoring and assume responsibility for internal and external independent evaluations.  Coordinate the citizen’s engagement program.  Coordinate the communications and sensitization program.  Coordinate training activities and capacity building programs.  Ensure compliance with all legal obligations and instruments.  Participate in Bank support missions. 6.7.4 Roles and responsibilities of Project Management Teams (PMTs)/ MoCHMPW/ ASD and contractor Social Development Officers The PMTs will be directly responsible for planning, coordinating, monitoring, and evaluation of all activities including consultant selection, reporting, procurement and auditing, and payment authorization. The PMTs in this subproject, MoCHMPW/ASD, will be responsible for adopting the following procedures: 6.7.4.1 Compliance with World Bank safeguard policies  Preparing internal guidelines for the preparation, implementation, monitoring and reporting of social documents required by various safeguard instruments;  Reviewing, as applicable, ESIA and other social safeguard documents prepared by consultants to ensure compliance with relevant safeguard policies of the National and the World Bank;  Providing recommendations to MoCHMPW/ ASD management and other contractors accordingly and make necessary changes prior to submission of relevant social documents to the World Bank – ensure consistency in the level of proficiency and presentation of the documentation;  Carrying out documentation review pertaining to social compliance (including bidding documents, reviews on-site, reports from contractors etc.) throughout project implementation;  Coordinating and facilitating the work of consultants engaged to carry out environmental and social impact assessments and resettlement planning (If any) and external monitoring of safeguard instruments implementation; and  Preparing training materials, and conducting technical training workshops to MoCHMPW/ ASD, the contractor staff and project implementation agencies on social safeguards requirements. 6.7.4.2 Monitoring and reporting  Conducting internal monitoring of the implementation of the environmental and social components of the ESMP in matters pertaining to timely payments and the provision of temporary measures to affected persons;

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 Contributing to project progress reports pertaining to overall implementation of social requirements of the project. 6.7.4.3 Communication with and responsiveness to targeted communities  Adhere to the designed community friendly GRM with clear and timely bound tiers and responsibilities to ensure dissemination on the local level. Develop quarterly grievance and redress report to be shared with REFAATO.  Conduct field visits to ensure that the established GRMs are functioning properly and that the individual projects are implemented in a socially sustainable manner;  Participate in the process of disbursing compensations and keep track record of the compensation process documentation.  Reach out to local communities, including PAPs (If any), to raise awareness about the project and the implementation schedule.  Build the capacity and provide support to the field staff as needed. 6.7.4.4 Required Actions  Involvement of environmental and social officers during the design, costing, tendering, and construction phases would be advantageous;  Detailed HSE manuals covering each activity must be developed and institutionalized in the MoCHMPW/ ASD; and  Specifically, contractor should take steps to develop capacity of site engineers and HSE officers with specific courses focused on implementation of the ESMP detailed in this ESIA report. 6.7.4.5 Required Resources Environmental department in both MoCHMPW/ ASD and contractors in Iraq have wide experience in terms of contracting and technical works. However, they tend to have less capacity in terms of environmental, occupational health and safety and social requirements in accordance to WB operational polices. Based on meeting conducted with the resident engineer and Environmental &Social (E&S) staff in the PMT, they tend to have less information about the WB legislations and requirements pertaining to E&S. On the other hand, they received relatively limited capacity building on GRM management. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to provide them with the training courses below. It has been concluded from the assessment of the existing practices of MoCHMPW/ ASD Environmental Department that they are following sound environmental procedures in the construction and operation phases. However, the involvement of departments should be emphasized during the design, tendering and construction phases. Following are recommended training programs for MoCHMPW/ ASD staff and the resident engineer to build their capacity for managing the project:

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Table 6-2: Recommended Training Courses for MoCHMPW/ ASD staff and Resident Engineers

Type of Proposed Training course Particpating parties training Scheduling Tailored training on Class room + on  Environmental Department Before detailed Environmental job training staff of MoCHMPW design of the project Management and  Resident engineers ASD monitoring for the project Occupational health Classroom + on  Environmental Department Prior to project and safety Job training staff of MoCHMPW implmentation  Resident engineers ASD

Monitoring and Classroom + on  Environmental Department Prior to project evaluation (activities Job training staff of MoCHMPW implmentation and tools)  Resident engineers ASD Tailored training on Classroom + on  Environmental Department Prior to project managing labor, and Job training staff of MoCHMPW implmentation GBV.  Resident engineers ASD

Table 6-3: Recommended Training Courses for Social Development Officers in MoCHMPW

Training course Type of training Particpating Parties Proposed Scheduling WB operational One-day  Social Development  One workshop during the policies Workshop + on Officers beginning of the project OP 4.12 with the job training implementation emphasis on involuntary actions and grievances Promotion of Workshop + on  Social Development  Once before the project Awareness Raising the job training Officers implementation Activities  Refreshment course during the implementation of the project Community One-day  Social Development  One workshop during the Participation Tools Workshop + on Officers beginning of the project the job training implementation Monitoring and Two days'  Social Development  One workshop during the Evaluation Workshop + on Officers beginning of the project mechanisms (M&E) the job training  Project management implementation unit In order to save resources, the above-mentioned capacity building activities should be implemented with all entities participating in EODP project in form of Training of Trainers (TOT) and it should be ensured that there is an information sharing mechanism in place.

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7 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION INCLUDING SECTION ABOUT GRM 7.1 Consultation Objectives The Stakeholder Engagement chapter aims at highlighting the key consultation and community engagement activities conducted and their outcomes, in addition to outlining the validity and reliability of the data collected. The stakeholder engagement activities were conducted with reference to ESS10: Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure.32 Objectives of various consultation activities are summarized as follows: - Identification of project stakeholder groups, including members of the public who could be affected (directly or indirectly) by the project’s construction and operation activities. - Stakeholder engagement process; timely and ongoing provision of information to stakeholders on the environmental and social issues that could potentially affect them. - Meaningful consultation and disclosure to be based on the disclosure of information of relevant project activities and undertaken in a manner that is inclusive and culturally appropriate for all stakeholders. - Grievance Redress Mechanism by which the general public and other stakeholders can raise concerns, which the Company will handle in a prompt and consistent manner. Accordingly, consultation activities with stakeholders were undertaken in order to fulfil the requirements of WB regulations. The subsequent subsection elaborates on how these stakeholders were identified. 7.2 Stakeholder Identification The first step in the process of stakeholder engagement is stakeholder identification; that is, determining who the project stakeholders are, and how they should be grouped. Most importantly, identifying stakeholder representatives is key to carrying out consultations seamlessly. These representatives do not only inform the project with their valuable information, but they also serve as a communication channel to disseminate information to large numbers of stakeholders and receive information from them. The following table presents all potential project stakeholders: Table 7-1: Detailed list of stakeholders Categories Stakeholder Groups Role Primary Stakeholders Environmental Sector The Ministry of Health and  MoHE is one of the main stakeholders that Environment (MoHE) work closely with the Project in order to warrantee their level of environmental commitment.  Responsible for developing public policies related to the protection of environment and improving its quality. In addition, it is responsible for issuing regulations for

32 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/837721522762050108/Environmental-and-Social-Framework.pdf 138

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Categories Stakeholder Groups Role environmental determinants and monitoring their implementation. Local Governmental Al Anbar Governorate  Supporting the project by providing Entities requested services such as data related to climate change, temperature, humidity, etc. In addition to various permits required, and infrastructure maps, when requested.  Taking necessary security measures  Educating population on and implementing the GRM. Environmental Office  Responsible for monitoring compliance to within the Governorates environmental requirements. Local units in the  The main role of the District authority is the Governorate and in provision of support to the project through Falluja District giving permits for electricity installation and water supply, and mobilizing people to gain information about the project.  Permits for the lands needed for the project, should be prepared by the Governorate and approved by the LGU. Project Owner The Ministry of  Overseeing activities of the Environmental Construction and Housing, and Social Management Plan related to the municipalities and public projects works (MoCHMPW)  Reviewing supervision reports from the resident engineer (ASD)  Develop quarterly grievance and redress report to be shared with REFAATO Anbar Sewer Directorate It is a Governmental Directorate affiliated to (ASD) the Iraq Ministry of Construction and Housing, municipalities, and public works and responsible for  maintenance and operation of the Anbar Sewer  supervising the construction contractor during the project period Fallujah Sewage Center It is a Governmental administration affiliated (FSC) to the Anbar Sewer Directorate, and responsible for  operation and maintenance of FWWTP Contractors Not yet defined  They will be responsible for the implementation of project management plans

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Categories Stakeholder Groups Role Financial Institutes The World Bank (WB)  Financiers and regulators Coordination Reconstruction Fund for REFAATO is the coordinating body between Affected Areas by the ministries and the World Bank and Terroristic Operation responsible for: (REFAATO)  Project coordination will remain with the Iraqi Council of Ministers through REFAATO’s Project Coordination Unit (PCU). REFAATO will be the overall counterpart of the Bank and will coordinate all activities financed under the EODP and AF loans.  GRM data collection, feedback and reporting Other Governmental Security forces Entities (army, police, or People  Providing civil protection during the Mobilization Forces) construction phase. Potential Affected Residents of communities  Residents and users of the parallel roads of Communities within the project site in the project site are more likely to be Falluja City adversely affected by environmental and social impacts. For example, due to traffic during construction and other impacts relating to community health and safety.  Residents of local communities will also potentially benefit from job opportunities or other positive economic outcomes, particularly, from safe crossings and improve the level of transportation. Vulnerable groups  Vulnerable groups may likely be adversely affected by environmental and social impacts, while also being least likely to benefit from the project. For example, females who have a limited contribution in the society. Secondary Stakeholders Civil Society Local NGOs in the regional  They are responsible for sharing and headquarter levels, as information with the community, in well as the local Community practical terms. Development Association  They provide support to facilitate project (Agricultural Associations implementation. and Water Consumers Associations) Media  Online journalism  Disclosure of information about the project on the website of the Ministry of Water 140

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Categories Stakeholder Groups Role Resources.  Disclosure of information about the project on the Facebook pages of the local government. Suppliers and Traders Private companies  Mainly potential tenderers for the construction works. Traders (small-scale stores)  Provide construction materials. (unofficial suppliers)  Provide fuels to cars and machineries.  Provide workers with food and amenities. 7.3 Consultation Methodology and Activities The Consultant carried out stakeholder engagement activities in February and March 2020 through the following methods: Semi-Structured Interviews with community members surrounding the project area, as well as Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The diversity of community representation was taken into account. The identification of relevant stakeholders to the project took into account two factors, namely the geographical proximity of the potential stakeholders to the project area, and the level of influence on/by the project, to include specific groups of stakeholders depending on several levels, to achieve the objectives of the current study. The following stakeholder groups have been identified:  Residents in the project areas, especially residents of houses overlooking project activities; o The community people o Women o Young people and Elderly  Officials of the Fallujah Sewage Center (FSC) Following are the main consultation activities conducted:  The study team conducted multiple site visits to the project area. In addition, field observations were organized at project activities points to define various stakeholders, and the potential impacts of the project.  Published comprehensive information on the project, in order to enable the competent stakeholders to determine the concerns, requirements, and recommendations; this included providing a general background about the project for high school students in the project area. Table 7-2: Summary of the consultation activities that were conducted in project area Number Place of Stakeholders Method Date Males Females consultation At their place of Fallujah Sewage Center (FSC) 2 0 Interview work and location of the project February & March 2020 of Fallujah 1 - Interview At his office (قائم مقام) Surrogate

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Number Place of Stakeholders Method Date Males Females consultation The residents in the project area interviews 11 9 At their residence FGDs

Consultation meeting with the official of the Fallujah FGD with Female teachers at the White Rose Girls Sewage Center High School

Consultations with the Residents of Al Naimiya and Al Mansour neighborhoods in the city of Fallujah

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Providing a general background about the project for high school students in the project area

Figure 7-17-1: photos of some meetings with the project stakeholders The following table presents all stakeholder engagement activities conducted by the Consultant and the key outcomes obtained. Table 7-3: Key comments and concerns raised during the consultations Method of Stakeholder Key Outcomes Engagement Fallujah Sewage Individual Officials at the Fallujah Sewage Center explained that Center (FSC) interviews - Some of the city's neighborhoods are connected to of the sewage network, and others are currently under (قائم مقام) Surrogate Fallujah construction. - Neighborhoods lacking a sewage system depend on septic tanks. Waste is disposed of by trucks designated for this purpose, whereby the waste is dumped in specific places of the landfill. In addition, some farmers use waste tanks for reclamation of orchard soil. In general, septic tanks are a cause of groundwater pollution. When the sewage pipes network was extended in the old neighborhoods of the city, we had to change the soil. - The operation of the WWTP means that a comprehensive sewage collection network can be established to redirect all domestic wastewater to the treatment plant, thus preventing any overflow from domestic wastewater in household septic tanks from reaching rainwater drainage pipes. As a result, the rainwater that gets discharged into the river without undergoing any kind of treatment will be much cleaner. Also, the project will lead to the cessation of the use of septic tanks that cause soil pollution due 143

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Method of Stakeholder Key Outcomes Engagement to sewage leakage into it. With regard to the grievance mechanism, we have telephone numbers dedicated to complaints, we also have a page on Facebook to communicate with community people and of course, some citizens submit their complaints in writing to the Directorate. Community people here are aware of various means of communication. The maximum solution to the complaint is two days. The grievance mechanism that was followed for the projects funded by the World Bank was explained, and similarities were discussed by focusing on the importance of informing the complainant of the measures taken. Potential Affected Individual Consultation activities with the community people near the Communities interviews and project area explained that: FGDs - Most of the neighborhoods depend on septic tanks, and therefore need trucks to dump the contents of the tanks. The rate increases during the rainy season and the high groundwater level. - The people welcome the project because it supports the sanitation services in the area in a big way, and they look forward to job opportunities during the construction period of the project, as most of them are daily workers. - Residents suffer from the high cost of sewage disposal trucks, unlike neighborhoods connected to the sewage network. - Community people stressed that the WWTP project is important for the entire city of Fallujah and it is important to return the treatment unit to work because it is essential services, - Residents explained that they do not have specific concerns about the project, other thanbut a few commented that the odour bothered them on some days during the summer when the winds are stable and the temperature is high. This concern came from the Commented [MK18]: Odor from the WWTP? Or from community which is closest to the project site (Al accumulated raw sewage? How does the ESMP address this Naimiya)Al Mansour Neighbourhood. They said that the concern? Is there an odor control system or certain unpleasant odour has been there even when the plant used operational requirements to prevent odors? to operate, but this issue was not raised as a major concern because according to the people consulted, the odour is only felt on very few days in August. and is related to the temporary treatment method currently being used, which relies on the standby pond. Accordingly, O once the plant is back to operation, odour is not expected to be a significant issue provided that an efficient aeration system is maintained and that the rest of the mitigation measures suggested in section 6.2.1.1 are implemented.. - Residents indicated that they suffer from the accumulation 144

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Method of Stakeholder Key Outcomes Engagement of rain water in the roads during the winter season, which impedes their movement and affects the speed of filling the septic tanks, - The residents of the project area stressed that they should be prioritized for the job opportunities that the project offers, whether in the construction or the operational phase. 7.3.1 Summary of consultation outcomes The key finding from the consultation activities is that public and government acceptance and support for the project are very strong. The vast majority of the residents of the area are aware of the project and looking to start construction even though their homes are not connected to the drainage network; rehabilitation of the WWTP will help complete the infrastructure projects for the sewage network. The consultation activities raised no concerns about construction activities; but in the operation odour in the summer are the only concern of the residents. They focused on the project benefits during operation. The Consultant aimed to identify the most effective outreach channels that support continuous dialogue with the community, these channels are represented in: - Social media; - Some government officials in the local units. 7.4 Grievance Redressal Mechanism (GRM) 7.4.1 GRM objectives The objective of a grievance procedure is to ensure that all comments and complaints from any project stakeholder are considered and addressed in an appropriate and timely manner. The effective grievance management can help in:  Identification, channelling and impartial, timely and effective resolution of issues related to the implementation of Emergency Operation for Development Project (EODP) and its additional fund;  Strengthening accountability and responsiveness towards beneficiaries, affected persons and the public regarding EODP and EODP AF implementation; and  Serving as an important feedback and management mechanism for the PCU and PMTs to deduce challenges and risks for EODP implementation. 7.5 Communication channels for sharing information about GRM Due to the diversity of the context in different Governorates and the socioeconomic characteristics of the beneficiaries, the communication channels to receive grievances were locally tailored to address all petitioner’s concerns and complaints. A range of channels will be available for submission of feedback including complaint boxes that will be installed in locations that are easily accessible to the public, a free of charge phone line, regular 145

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project mail, an email account, and even on the social media application WhatsApp. In addition, hard copies of GRM uptake forms will be available at the PMT offices and project site. The main GRM uptake channels are summarized in the table below.

Figure 7-27-2: GRM uptake channels for submission of feedback

REFAATO PMT Sub-Project Engineers

. Email: . Letters to the PCU and/or . Feedback boxes on sub project [email protected] relevant PMTs sites . REFAATO hotline: . Phone calls to PMTs using . In-person feedback to resident GRM users can call telephone or WhatsApp engineers on sub project sites and between Sunday- . In-person feedback to resident PMTs and documented in GRM Thursday from 10 AM engineers on sub project sites and uptake form to 2 PM documented in GRM uptake hotline: 80011111 form . To communicate by Resident Engineer mail: Iraq, Baghdad, Name: Palestine Street Phone number: Email: As stated above, REFAATO has an online complaint system, available at refaato.net/form/.33 In addition to the above-mentioned channels, the Fallujah Sewage Center (FSC) has a complaint system. Furthermore, on a more local level, community people should be informed about the GRM using the snowball method, which enables them to exchange information verbally. Accordingly, the most effective outreach channels to do this verbal exchange is by:  Mukhtars (community leaders);  Religious leaders;  Social media;  NGOs in the project area. 7.5.1 Grievance tools  Posting contact information for the sub project engineer/contractor, PMT GRM focal point and the Project Coordination Unit GRM focal point on visible sign boards on all sub project sites, through the contact information of the resident engineer;  Installation of complaint boxes on sub project sites by Project Management Team in locations that are easily accessible to the public;  Availability of hard copies of EODP GRM brochures and the GRM uptake form at all PMT offices and at all subproject sites;  Webpages and social media platforms used by the PCU and the PMTs 7.5.2 Registration of GRM After receiving the comments and complaints, they will be summarized and listed in a Complaints/Comments Log Book, containing the name/group of commenter/complainant, date

33 A sample of the online form (in Arabic and English) is included in Annex 2. 146

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project the comment was received, brief description of issue, information on proposed corrective actions to be implemented (if appropriate), and the date of response sent to the commenter/complainant. 7.5.3 Response to grievances The grievance note should be signed and dated by the aggrieved person. Where the affected person is unable to write, s/he should obtain assistance from the community to write the note and mark the letter with his/her thumbprint. Individuals who submit their comments or grievances have the right to request that their name be kept confidential, though this may mean that the social officer in charge of the GRM is unable to provide feedback on how the grievance is to be addressed. However, an anonymous complaint can receive a code and should be investigated appropriately and treated courteously. Significantly, the GRM classifies feedback in two categories high-level and standard, each has its own procedure as explained further below.

High-Level Feedback Feedback received to be categorized as ‘high’ level instances will include issues that meet the following criteria: . Incidents that caused or may potentially cause significant or great harm to the environment, workers, communities, or natural resources, including issues of gender-based violence; . Incidents which entail failure to implement environmental and social measures with significant impacts or repeated non-compliance with E&S policies; . Incidents for which failure to address may potentially cause significant impacts that are complex and/or costly to reverse; and . Incidents that may result in fatality or some level of lasting damage or injury.

This type of feedback will be acknowledged, and an investigation will be launched by the PCU/PMT and any other relevant stakeholders with 24 hours during work days and within 48 hours if the feedback was received over the weekend. It should be noted that some types of incidents, including accidents and fatalities need to be reported to the World Bank. This guidance is provided in the Environment & Social Incident Response Procedures. Standard-Level Feedback If the identity of the aggrieved person is known and the grievance is classified as ‘standard’, the acknowledgement of grievance will be within 3 business days. At the 20 business-day mark, if a complaint/question is still pending, the GRM focal point for the PMTs and the PCU will provide an update to the non-anonymous GRM user, inform them if there will be delays in resolving their case, and provide the date for which they will be able to provide a response.

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Figure 7-37-3: Grievance cycle

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7.6 Confidentiality Individuals who submit their comments or grievances have the right to request that their name be kept confidential, though this may mean that the PMT is unable to provide feedback on how the grievance is to be addressed. However, an anonymous complaint can receive a code and should be investigated appropriately and treated courteously. 7.6.1 Institutional Responsibility for the Grievances During construction and operation phases, the persons below will be responsible for grievance management:  Sub project Engineers and Contractors  PMT GRM Focal Point or Social Development Officer  PMT Head or Coordinator  PCU GRM Focal Point  President of REFAATO 7.7 Monitoring of Grievances Monitoring Monitoring refers to the process of tracking grievances and assessing the extent to which progress is being made to resolve them. All grievances activities should be monitored in order to verify the process. The monitoring process should be implemented as follows: All information related to contact, cases, tracking and monitoring of feedback cases shall be tracked through a database created for this purpose. The database shall be managed by the PCU GRM focal point and updated and shared by GRM focal points of the PMTs on a monthly basis. All files shall be protected to ensure no loss of data and information. Ultimately, the PCU’s GRM focal point will be responsible for consolidating, monitoring and reporting on the total number of complaints, enquiries and other feedback that have been received, resolved or are pending at the subproject, PMT and PCU levels. As part of this system, the higher levels of the EODP GRM are responsible for monitoring complaints handling performance at the lower levels at any given point during the implementation of this project. Information compiled by the PCU GRM focal point will be essential for reporting on progress on the EODP’s grievance indicators, “number and percentage of grievances registered that are addressed”, that are included in the Project Results Framework on a quarterly basis. Reporting GRM focal points for all PMTs will report to the PCU GRM focal point on the second Monday of each month. The PCU GRM focal point will make consolidated reports available to the REFAATO President on a monthly basis, and to the World Bank on a quarterly basis and on request. The reports should provide an overview of feedback received that is related to EODP implementation. Additional information should include: 1. Nature of the feedback 2. Aggregate information on the GRM users (including demographic – student, parent, gender, etc.) 149

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3. Information on where the feedback was received and in what format. 4. Information on the status of complaints and queries (resolved, under review, etc.). 5. Information on how complaints and queries were resolved. 6. Information on unresolved complaints/queries and why they are not yet resolved. Such reports may also include recommendations for improving the GRM or the EODP design. These recommendations should be based on the monitoring of the GRM, specifically the extent of the GRM’s functionality and the types of feedback that have emerged. 7.8 Disclosure activities As soon as the site-specific ESIA gets clearance from the World Bank and approval from the Ministry of Environment, the following disclosure procedures will be adapted: . A final report, in English and Arabic, will be published on the WB, EODP and Ministry of Construction and Housing, municipalities and public works websites. . A copy of the ESIA report in English and a summary in Arabic will be made available in the Ministry of Construction and Housing, municipalities and public works (MoCHMPW) branch office in Al Anbar Governorate (Anbar Sewer Directorate ASD). Additionally, an Arabic executive summary will be made available in the regional branch of Al Fallujah. . An A3 poster will be installed in the entrance of the regional branch office informing about the results of the ESIA and the website link for the full ESIA study. . It will be useful also to maintain leaflets of the project impacts, GRM and contact office in the regional branch.

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ANNEX 1 – OFFICIAL UXO CLEARANCE LETTER

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ANNEX 2 – FEEDBACK UPTAKE FORMS ON REFAATO'S WEBSITE

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ANNEX 3 – CULTURAL HERITAGE CHANCE-FIND PROCEDURE Cultural property includes monuments, structures, works of art, or sites of significance points of view, and are defined as sites and structures having archaeological, historical, architectural, or religious significance, and natural sites with cultural values. This includes cemeteries, graveyards, and graves. During the project induction meeting, all contractors will be made aware of the presence of an on-site archaeologist who will monitor earthmoving and excavation activities. The initial phase of the proposed emergency reconstruction operations poses limited risks in damaging cultural property since sub-projects will largely consist of small investments in community infrastructure and income generating activities, reconstruction of existing structures, and minor public works. Further, it is understood by the Consultant that any activity that would adversely impact cultural property would make a subproject ineligible. Nevertheless, the Consultant will check that the following procedures for identification, protection from theft, and treatment of discovered artefacts should be followed in the event that archaeological material is discovered:  Stop all construction activities in the area of the chance find.  Delineate the discovered site or area.  Record the find location, and all remains are to be left in place.  Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture immediately (within 24 hours or less);  Notify the supervisory Engineer who in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture (within 72 hours). The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values.  Decisions on how to handle the findings shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the Ministry of Culture. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding an irremovable remain of cultural or archaeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage.  Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing by the Ministry of Culture; and  Construction work could resume only after permission is given from the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of Culture concerning safeguard of the heritage.  The Consultant will ensure that during project supervision, the Site engineer will monitor the above regulations relating to the treatment of any chance find encountered and observed. Relevant findings will be recorded in World Bank Project Supervision Reports (PSRs), and Implementation Completion Reports (ICRs) will assess the overall effectiveness of the project’s cultural property mitigation, management, and activities, as appropriate.

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ANNEX 4 – CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES (ARABIC)

Commented [MK19]: Please reflect the comments on يجب على مقاول اإلنشاء االلتزام باإلجراءات التالية: the ESMP here as well جودة الهواء - عمل صيانة دورية للمعدات - عدم تشغيل المعدات في حالة عدم استخدامها. - رش التربة بالمياه أثناء أعمال الحفر إن أمكن، للتقليل من االنبعاثات الترابية وأثرها على العمال بالموقع. - أي مواد بناء قابلة للتطاير يتم تخزينها يجب تغطيتها بحيث ال تتسبب الرياح بانتشارها في الهواء، وذلك إلى حين نقلها خارج الموقع. - تحديد سرعة قصوى للمركبات والمعدات التابعة للمشروع. السرعة القصوى داخل حدود الموقع تتراوح ما بين 10-15 كم/ساعة. الضوضاء - توفير سدادات أذن للعمال بمناطق الضوضاء العالية وتدريبهم على كيفية استعمالها - صيانة المعدات بشكل دوري. - التأكد من أن جميع المعدات التي يتم قيادتها مزودة بمخمدات لالهتزاز. - تطبيق نظام الشكاوى لتلقي الشكاوى المتعلقة بالضوضاء. إدارة المخلفات المخلفات الصلبة الغير خطرة - تحديد أنواع المخلفات التي ستنتج من أنشطة المشروع وتخصيص صندوق لكل نوع بما في ذلك المخلفات الخطرة والمخلفات العامة. - وضع عالمات على الصناديق لتوضيح نوع المخلفات الذي يحتويه. - تخصيص مكان في الموقع لتخزين الخردة )scrap( مثل المواسير القديمة والمكونات الكهربائية والميكانكية الناتجة عن إزالة المباني والبلوكات الخرسانية. - نقل الخردة إلى المخازن التابعة للوزارة للنظر في إمكانية إعادة استخدامها أو بيعها، وذلك بالتنسيق مع المهندس المقيم. - تخصيص مكان داخل حدود الموقع لتخزين نواتج الحفر. - تعظيم استخدام نواتج الحفر كتربة للردم حين تكون صالحة. - التعاقد مع مقاول مصرح له بالتخلص من المخلفات العامة والscrap. - عمل سجل بنوع وكميات المخلفات التي تتولد في الموقع. المخلفات الخطرة - في حال وجود تانك ديزل بالموقع، يجب أن يتم تغطيته ووضعه على سطح غير نفاذ. - تخصيص صندوق لتخزين المخلفات الخطرة الصلبة كعلب الدهانات المستخدمة. - تخزين براميل الزيوت المستخدمة داخل على سطح غير نفاذ الحتواء أي تسريبات. - التعاقد مع مقاول مصرح له بجمع المخلفات الخطرة ونقلها إلى أقرب موقع طمر صحي. - استخدام جميع المعدات الواقية الالزمة للتعامل مع المخلفات الخطرة )قناع ، قفازات األمان وحذاء واقي كحد أدنى( - عمل سجل بنوع وكميات المخلفات التي تتولد في الموقع. - تخزين الحمأة الناتجة عن تنظيف المواسير في مكان منعزل داخل الموقع حتى ال يتأثر العمال والمهندسين بالروائح. من الممكن استخدام هذه الحمأة كسماد لألراضي الزراعية ولكن ذلك يتم بالتنسيق مع مركز مجاري الفلوجة. المخلفات السائلة غيرالخطرة 158

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- عمل بيارة )سيبتك تانك( لتجميع مياه الصرف الناتجة عن المكاتب ويجب تفريغ البيارة بصفة دورية من خالل التعاقد مع شركة مرخص لها بالتعامل مع الصرف الصحي. - فحص المواسير التي تربط ما بين دورات المياه والسيبتك تانك. جودة المياه - االلتزام بإجراءات التعامل مع المخلفات سابقة الذكر. - عدم التخلص من القمامة في المسطحات المائية المجاورة للمشروع ومنها مستنقع المياه الذي يتكون خارج المحطة. - عدم غسيل أي معدات بجوار المسطحات المائية. - التعامل السريع مع أي انسكابات حتى ال تصل إلى مسطحات المياه خارج الموقع، علما بأن هناك ماسورة صرف لمياه األمطار يمكن أن تنقل المياه إلى المستنقع الذي يتكون خارج حدود الموقع. - إزالة أي انسكابات كيماوية أو تسريبات زيت فور وقوعها حتى ال تصل إلى المياه الجوفية. يجب على المقاول توفير جميع األدوات والمعدات )مادة المتصاص التسريب كالتربة، أكياس بالستيكية، قفازات( الالزمة المتصاص أي تسريب. جودة التربة - على المقاول االلتزام بجميع اإلجراءات التعامل مع المخلفات وخاصة الخطرة لمنع حدوث أي تسريبات للتربة. - على المقاول عمل خطة للتعامل مع أي انسكابات تتضمن توفير جميع األدوات والمعدات )مادة المتصاص التسريب كالتربة، أكياس بالستيكية، قفازات( الالزمة المتصاص أي تسريب كيميائي أو تسريب زيت. - تخزين المواد الكيميائية، مثل الزيوت ومضادات التآكل التي سوف تستخدم في صيانة المواسير على أسطح غير نفاذة )مثل بالطة خرسانية( لمنع االنسكابات من الوصول إلى التربة. - عدم دفن أي مخلفات بالموقع. السالمة والصحة المهنية - يجب على المقاول تحضير خطة سالمة وصحة مهنية طبقا لمعايير البنك الدولي تتضمن تحليال لمخاطر العمل ألنشطة المشروع. - يجب التأكد من اللياقة البدنية للعاملين عن طريق إجراء فحص طبي كل 6 أشهر. - تدريب العمال على كيفية تحديد المخاطر وعلى الطريقة الصحيحة الستخدام األدوات الواقية من السقوط. - التأمين الصحي على جميع العمال ويجب أن يشمل التأمين اإلصابات والحوادث المتعلقة بالموقع وأي أضرار تلحق بطرف ثالث. - عمل سجل بالحضور واالنصراف لجميع العمال - على جميع العمال البقاء على مسافة آمنة من خطوط الكهرباء سواء داخل الموقع أو خارجه. - يجب أن يقوم المقاول الرئيسي بتطبيق عقوبات على أي مقاول آخر يستعين باألطفال كعمالة. - تعيين شخص مؤهل لتطبيق ومتابعة إجراءات السالمة المهنية. - عمل محاضرات يومية لتوعية العمال بهذه اإلجراءات. - تطبيق نظام الشكاوى لتلقي الشكاوى المتعلقة بالسالمة والصحة المهنية. - عمل وتطبيق إجراءات لمنع أو تقليل انتشار فيروس كورونا )COVID-19( الذي يمكن أن يرتبط بوجود عمالة غير محلية في المشروع، وجعل هذه اإلجراءات تتناسب مع ظروف الموقع والعمالة. - يجب عمل وتطبيق إجراءات الوقاية من الكورونا بما يتناسب مع المعايير المحلية والدولية. تم استعراض اإلجراءات المفصلة بالملحق 5. السالمة المجتمعية - بجانب إجراءات السالمة والصحة المهنية، يجب القيام بأنشطة توعية مجتمعية. - منع دخول غير العاملين إلى الموقع. - تطبيق الية الشكاوى المجتمعية.

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اإلجراءات الخاصة بالمرور - عمل خطة مرورية تتضمن التنسيق مع إدارة المرور التابعة لوزارة الداخلية واختيار أوقات غير أوقات الذروة للقيام بعمليات النقل الخاصة بالمشروع. - وضع عالمات إلخطار المجتمع المحلي بأي تغيرات في الطرق. - التأكد من أن جميع المعدات والمركبات تعمل بحالة جيدة - مراجعة الشكاوى الخاصة بالمرور - وضع عالمات على مدخل الموقع وعلى بعد 500 متر من الموقع إلخطار المجتمع المحيط بوجود عمليات إنشاء في موقع المشروع. - تحديد سرعة قصوى للمركبات والمعدات التابعة للمشروع عمالة األطفال - عدم تعيين من هم دون سن ال18. - االحتفاظ بنسخة من البطاقات الشخصية لجميع العاملين. - عمل سجل يومي بأسماء العاملين بالمشروع للتأكد من عدم وجود من هم دون 18 سنة السلوك السليم (code of conduct) - عمل مدونة قواعد سلوك - يجب عمل محاضرات للعمال بصفة دورية )كل أسبوعين وللعمال الجدد( على السلوكيات التي يجب اتباعها أثناء عملهم بالمشروع. - يجب التأكيد على منع التحرش الجنسي أو العنف القائم على أساس الجنس. - تطبيق الية الشكاوى المجتعية - على المقاول التواصل مع المجتمعات المحيطة للتأكيد على التزامه بمعايير السلوك السليم. - معاقبة من يخالف مبادىء السلوك السليم. البنية التحتية بالمنطقة - على المقاول التنسيق مع الجهات المعنية لمعرفة أماكن أي مواسير أو كبالت خاصة بالبنية التحتية للمنطقة. - في حالة تأثر أي مواسير مياه، يجب إخطار سكان المنطقة بفترة انقطاع المياه.

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ANNEX 5 – COVID19 MEASURES WBG response to COVID-19

Health and Safety issues

Civil Works (conversion and construction of medical facilities including isolation facilities)

Older people and people with pre-existing medical conditions (including asthma, diabetes, heart disease) appear to be more vulnerable to becoming severely ill from COVID-1934.

The following table lists the health and safety risks and impacts associated with civil works financed by the Bank in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Potential mitigation measures and references to sources of additional advice and information are provided.

Activity Risks and Impacts Mitigation Measures Design The focus on treatment Ensure that the designs for medical facilities also consider activity – and care is progressed the collection, segregation and treatment of medical hospitals, disproportionately with waste. clinics the need for adequate medical waste There is no evidence that direct, unprotected human infrastructure. contact during the handling of healthcare waste has resulted in the transmission of COVID-19.

The treatment of healthcare wastes produced during the care of COVID-19 patients should be collected safely in designated containers and bags, treated and then safely disposed.

Open burning and incineration of medical wastes can result in emission of dioxins, furans and particulate matter, and result in unacceptable cancer risks under medium (two hours per week) or higher usage. If small-scale incinerators are the only option available, the best practices possible should be used, to minimize operational impacts on the environment. Best practices in this context are:  effective waste reduction and segregation, ensuring only the smallest quantities of combustible waste types are incinerated;  an engineered design with sufficient residence time and temperatures to minimize products of incomplete combustion;  siting incinerators away from health-care buildings and residential areas or where food is grown;

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 construction using detailed engineering plans and materials to minimize flaws that may lead to incomplete destruction of waste and premature failures of the incinerator;  a clearly described method of operation to achieve the desired combustion conditions and emissions; for example, appropriate start-up and cool-down procedures, achievement and maintenance of a minimum temperature before waste is burned, use of appropriate loading/charging rates (both fuel and waste) to maintain appropriate temperatures, proper disposal of ash and equipment to safeguard workers;  periodic maintenance to replace or repair defective components (including inspection, spare parts inventory and daily record keeping); and  improved training and management, possibly promoted by certification and inspection programs for operators, the availability of an operating and maintenance manual, visible management oversight, and regular maintenance schedules. Single-chamber, drum and brick incinerators do not meet the BAT requirements under Stockholm Convention.

Small-scale incineration should be viewed as a transitional means of disposal for health-care waste.

Alternative treatments should be designed into longer term projects, such as steam treatment methods. Steam treatment should preferably be on site, although once treated, sterile/non-infectious waste may be shredded and disposed of in suitable waste facilities.

See WHO Safe management of wastes from health-care activities

Construction Land taking for the Follow ESS5 and IPF Policy para 12 on E&S requirements in activity – construction of new and situations of urgent need of assistance. hospitals, expansion of existing clinics, hospitals. mortuary Injury during the Apply ESHGs to implementation of projects. construction of new buildings or refurbishment of existing buildings. Design and The design of the facility For patients with possible or confirmed COVID-19, operation of and the operating isolation rooms should be provided and used at medical 162

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project facilities, procedures will help facilities. Isolation rooms should: including prevent spread of  be single rooms with attached bathrooms (or with a triage, infection dedicated commode); isolation (or  ideally be under negative pressure (neutral pressure quarantine) may be used, but positive pressure rooms should be facilities avoided);  be sited away from busy areas (areas used by many people) or close to vulnerable or high-risk patients, to minimize chances of infection spread;  have dedicated equipment (for example blood pressure machine, peak flow meter and stethoscope), but should avoid excess equipment or soft furnishings;  have signs on doors to control entry to the room, with the door kept closed;  have an ante-room for staff to put on and take off PPE and to wash/decontaminate before and after providing treatment.

An operation manual should be prepared prior to the opening of isolation rooms to describe the working procedures to be taken by healthcare workers to protect themselves and prevent infection escape while providing treatment. The operational procedures should be of a standard to meet guidance from WHO and/or CDC on infection control:  WHO interim guidance on Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected;  WHO technical brief water, sanitation, hygiene and waste management for COVID-19;  WHO guidance on infection prevention and control at health care facilities (with a focus on settings with limited resources);  WHO interim practical manual for improving infection prevention and control at the health facility;  CDC Guidelines for isolation precautions: preventing transmissions of infectious agents in healthcare settings; and  CDC guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities.

Improve Some vulnerable groups Projects should develop and commit to specific actions to access to (especially the elderly or ensure disadvantaged and vulnerable groups have support and those with pre-existing effective treatment, whether in medical facilities or in the treatment for medical conditions) may community. the be severely affected by Similarly, where IP communities are involved, need to 163

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project disadvantage COVID-19 and may need follow ESS7 and IPF policy Para 12 on emergency d vulnerable additional support to provision. groups access treatment. Employment Workers do not receive Contractors should ensure that contracted workers have of workers the care needed if medical insurance, covering treatment of COVID-19. infected with COVID-19. Transient and Workers that are Expats or transient workers should adhere to national expat mobilized from abroad requirements and guidelines with respect to COVID-19. workforce or returning from Expats or transient workers coming from abroad become vectors countries/regions with cases of the virus: for transmission of  Should not return if displaying symptoms disease to construction  Should self-isolate for 14 days following their return projects. Workers that travel from other For self-isolation, workers should be provided with a single regions may also room that is well-ventilated (i.e., with open windows and provide a vector for an open door). If a single room is not available for each passing infection onto worker, adequate space should be provided to maintain a work sites. distance of at least 1 m between workers sharing a room. Workers in isolation should limit their movements in shared space, for example through timed use of shared spaces (such as kitchens and bathrooms) with cleaning prior to and after use of the facilities. Visitors should not be allowed until the worker has shown no signs and symptoms for 14 days, and the number of staff involved in caring for those in isolation should eb kept to a minimum.

Healthcare professionals and cleaners should visit each day (wearing the appropriate PPE and observing hygiene requirements and make appropriate arrangements for supplying food and water to the kitchens for the workers in isolation. Further information is provided by WHO in Home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Labor camps Close working and living Develop contingency plans with arrangements for conditions of workforce accommodation, care and treatment for: may create conditions  Workers self-isolating for the easy  Workers displaying symptoms transmission of COVID-  Getting adequate supplies of water, food and supplies 19 and the infection of large numbers of Contingency plans also should consider arrangements for people. the storage and disposal arrangements for medical waste, which may increase in volume and which can remain infectious for several days (depending upon the material).

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ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

 Medical masks and some respirators (N95 or FFP2)  Gloves (medical, and heavy duty for cleaners)  Eye protection (goggles or face screens) Medical staff at the facilities should be trained and be kept up to date on WHO advice and recommendations on the specifics of COVID19

The medical staff/management should run awareness campaigns and posters on site advising workers:  how to avoid disease spread (cough/sneeze in crook of elbow; keep 1m or more away, sneeze/cough in tissue and immediately through tissue away, avoid spitting, observe good hygiene)  the need to regularly wash hands with soap and water – many times per day  to self-isolate if they think they may have come in contact with the virus  to self-isolate if they start to display any symptoms, but alert and seek medical advice

Wash stations should be provided regularly throughout site, with a supply of clean water, liquid soap and paper towels (for hand drying), with a waste bin (for used paper towels) that is regularly emptied.

Wash stations should be provided wherever there is a toilet, canteen/food and drinking water, or sleeping accommodation, at waste stations, at stores and at communal facilities. Where wash stations can not be provided (for example at remote locations), alcohol-based hand rub should be provided.

Enhanced cleaning arrangements should be put in place, to include regular and deep cleaning using disinfectant of catering facilities/canteens/food/drink facilities, latrines/toilets/showers, communal areas, including door handles, floors and all surfaces that are touched regularly (ensure cleaning staff have adequate PPE when cleaning consultation rooms and facilities used to treat infected patients)

Worker accommodation that meets or exceeds IFC/EBRD worker accommodation requirements (e.g. in terms of floor type, proximity/no of workers, no ‘hot bedding’, drinking water, washing, bathroom facilities etc.) will be in good state for keeping clean and hygienic, and for cleaning to minimize spread of infection. 165

ESIA for Al Fallujah Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project

To minimize pressure on PPE resources: WHO advice on the effectiveness and use of PPE by general public should be followed to ensure that the supplies are not exhausted through ineffective use – this is equally important on construction sites.

Other measures (such as working water sprinkling systems at crushers and stock piles, covered wagons, water suppression or surfacing of haul roads etc.) should be used for dust suppression on site before relying upon the use of dust masks (which could unnecessarily reduce the availability of N95/FFP2 masks for use by medical staff performing some duties)

References and sources of further information https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/lab-biosafety-guidelines.html https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/index.html https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/coronavirus-covid-19-list-of-guidance#guidance-for- health-professionals https://worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com/sites/wbsites/coronavirus/Pages/index.aspx

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