„That Dirty Little Coward“ Die Verkehrung Des Heroischen in Ron Hansens the Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford [1983]

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„That Dirty Little Coward“ Die Verkehrung Des Heroischen in Ron Hansens the Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford [1983] DOI 10.6094/helden.heroes.heros/2015/01/07 Andreas J. Haller 63 „That dirty little coward“ Die Verkehrung des Heroischen in Ron Hansens The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford [1983] Der Bandit Jesse James ist bis heute einer der 1. Jesse James: berühmtesten Helden des ‚Wilden Westens‘. Zur Heroisierung des Gesetzlosen 1882 wurde er von Robert Ford, einem Mitglied seiner Bande, erschossen. In meinem Beitrag Vom Partisanen zum Banditen werde ich zeigen, wie in Ron Hansens Roma n The Assassination of Jesse James by the Die Heroisierung des Banditen Jesse James kann Coward Robert Ford von 1983 die Widersprüche nicht verstanden werden, ohne die beson dere des Heroischen zum Ausdruck kommen. Der politische und soziale Situation in den Vereinig- lite rarische Text erkundet diese Widersprüche ten Staaten von Amerika in der zweiten Hälfte des bis in die psychischen Abgründe seiner Figuren. 19. Jahrhunderts zu berücksichtigen, durch die 2007 wurde er von Andrew Dominik unter dem der Bank- und Eisenbahnräuber Bewunderung gleichen Titel mit Brad Pitt und Casey Affleck in erringen konnte. Die Heroisierung Jesse James’ den Hauptrollen verfilmt. Durch diese Adaption ist ein Symptom der Spaltung der USA vor, wäh- wurde Hansens Erzählung für die Aktualisierung rend und nach dem Bürgerkrieg [1861–1865]. des Mythos von Jesse James äußerst wirk- Jesse James wuchs im ländlichen Missouri, mächtig. Ausgangspunkt meiner Überlegungen an der ‚Frontier‘, an der Grenze zu den unbesie- ist, dass nicht die bloße Gegnerschaft zwischen delten Territorien im Westen, in einer aus dem Robert Ford und dem Helden Jesse James Ford Süden stammenden, protestantischen, sklaven- zum Antihelden macht. In dieser Hinsicht hätten haltenden Farmerfamilie auf. Seine Sympathie auch andere Gegenspieler, wie der Gouverneur und Loyalität waren von Anfang an klar verteilt. Thomas Crittenden, die Pinkerton-Detektive Der Staat Missouri blieb nach einer Intervention oder Sheriff James Timberlake zu Antihelden der unionstreuer Kräfte und nachdem die Truppen Jesse-James-Geschichte werden können. Doch des gewählten Gouverneurs Claiborne Jackson diese Figuren bleiben unheroisch, ihnen fehlt unter General Sterling Price am 7./8. März 1862 das Außergewöhnliche.1 bei Pea Ridge von Unions-General Samuel Dass die Handlungen des Antihelden stets in Curtis geschlagen worden waren, Teil der Ver- Beziehung zum Heroischen stehen, darauf hat einigten Staaten. Jackson formte im südlichen Dietmar Voss hingewiesen (Voss 24). Mein e Nachbarstaat Arkansas eine Exilregierung, die These ist, dass der Antiheld Anteil am Heroi- Missouri als Bundesstaat der Konföderation schen hat, das sich in ihm spiegelt – und ver- betrachtete. Die Sympathisanten des Südens kehrt. Der Antiheld ist also etwas anderes als konnten sich in der Folge nicht mehr zum Dienst eine Figur, die kein Held ist, er ist nicht die Nega- in den regulären konföderierten Einheiten mel- tion des Helden, auch nicht reiner Antagonist, den und die Kampfhandlungen in Missouri ver- sondern ein Phänomen, das sich aus einer spe- lagerten sich verstärkt auf Guerilla-Operationen zifischen Konstellation von Subjekt, Gesellschaft (Dyer 21, Fellman 11, Parrish 46). und Heldentum entwickelt. Ich werde ausführen, Nachdem sich sein Bruder Frank James den wie in Hansens Roman die Momente der Spie- Partisanen der südlichen Konföderation ange- gelung und Verkehrung im Verhältnis von Jesse schlossen hatte und seine Familie daraufhin von James und Robert Ford das Heroische und das unionstreuen Milizen schikaniert wurde, schloss Antiheroische in Beziehung setzen. sich auch der erst sechzehnjährige Jesse einer Guerilla-Bande unter ‚Bloody‘ Bill Anderson an (Brant 27). Schon bald tat sich der Jugendliche durch sein außerordentliches Geschick mit dem Revolver und seinen furchtlosen Kampfeinsatz helden. heroes. héros. Andreas J. Haller 64 hervor (Brant 35, Settle 28, Stiles 126). Diese Washington noch deren Gesetze an. Sie setzten auch ‚Bushwhackers‘ genannten Partisanen ihre Aktivitäten in Missouri nach 1865 fort (Stiles operierten in kleinen Gruppen, die Bahn- und 164). Insofern gab es in Missouri keinen klaren Telegrafenlinien sabotierten, politische Gegner Bruch und der Krieg hörte nicht einfach auf. Der überfielen und Einheiten der Union aus dem Hin- Übergang vom Partisanen- zum Banditentum terhalt angriffen. Sie konnten dabei auf ein weit war ein kontinuierlicher, fließender. Weder ihr verzweigtes Netz von Unterstützern zurückgrei- Status als Gesetzlose noch ihr Selbstbild als fen, die den irregulären Kämpfern Unterkünfte Rebellen hatte sich durch die Kapitulation Lees zur Verfügung stellten und sie mit Proviant und verändert. Dieses Selbstbild der Partisanen als Informationen versorgten (Settle 17). ehrenhafte Rebellen und noble Freiheitskämpfer Durch den Krieg wurde auch an der westli- setzte sich in ihrer Karriere als Banditen nach chen Frontier eine Generation junger Männer in dem Krieg fort. Michael Fellman schreibt: „many der Ausübung von Gewalt trainiert und in mili- ex-Confederates reasserted their code of per- tärischer Taktik geschult. Für die überlebenden sonal and southern honor, justifying the many Partisanen war es jedoch schwierig, sich nach deeds which might in a less romantic light have dem Krieg in das gesellschaftliche Leben ein- looked like the products of malice and brutality“ zugliedern. Im Zuge der ‚Reconstruction‘-Poli- (Fellman 248). In der mythischen Rekonstruk- tik2 wurde Veteranen und Sympathisanten des tion des sezessionistischen Partisanen, dessen Südens der Zugang zu politischen Ämtern und Bild sich mit dem des Banditen der Nachkriegs- gewissen Berufen verwehrt. Da die Partisanen zeit vermischte, erschien die Gestalt des ‚guten‘ zudem als irreguläre Kämpfer ohne Uniform Gesetzlosen – eine Figur, die sich im Western- keinem staatlich kommissionierten Kommando Genre bis heute hartnäckig behauptet (vgl. unterstanden,3 waren ihre Taten nicht von der Fellman 247–248). Generalamnestie für Soldaten abgedeckt und Mit dem Ende des Krieges und der Expansio n wurden als Verbrechen betrachtet. Da sie au- des Industriekapitals nach Westen entstanden ßerdem einen bedeutenden Teil ihres jungen neue soziale Konflikte (Zinn 212–295). Die Er- Lebens im Busch, auf dem Sattel und mit der schließung der Weiten der Prärie durch die Ei- Waffe in der Hand verbracht hatten, waren sie senbahn ist das offensichtlichste Symbol der so an diesen Lebensstil gewöhnt, dass es eini- Industrialisierung Nordamerikas. Durch diesen gen ehemaligen Partisanen einfacher schien, radikalen Modernisierungsschub wurden auch damit weiterzumachen anstatt sich eine bürger- die Grundlagen der kleinzelligen Landwirtschaft liche Existenz aufzubauen, auch wenn die meis- zerstört. Die Eisenbahngesellschaften und kre- ten von ihnen diesen Weg einschlugen (Settle ditgebenden Banken wurden von den kleinen 30–32). Dass sich diejenigen unter ihnen, de- Farmern, die nur wenig Land besaßen, zuneh- nen der Weg zurück in die Gesellschaft ver- mend als Bedrohung angesehen. In diesem sperrt schien, in die Gesetzlosigkeit gedrängt Kontext ist es nicht überraschend, dass Raub- sahen, wie die James- und Younger-Brüder, überfälle auf Eisenbahnen und Banken, wie sie ist von einigen Zeitgenossen als Ungerechtig- die James-Younger-Bande durchführte, von ei- keit wahrgenommen worden. Auf der anderen nem Teil der Bevölkerung nicht als schwerwie- Seite nämlich wurden ehemalige unionstreue gende Verbrechen angesehen wurden, sondern ‚Jayhawkers‘, Mitglieder von Freiwilligenver- als legitime Appropriation durch die deklassierte bänden aus Kansa s, die sich durch Mord und Landbevölkerung. Im Nachkriegs-Missouri kam Brandschatzung ebenfalls einen traurigen Na- es also zu einer Situation, in der Ressentiments men machten, zu berühmten und gefeierten gegen die Siegerjustiz und das ‚Yankee‘-Kapital Westernhelden, unter ihnen ‚Buffal o‘ Bill Cody aus dem Norden dafür sorgten, dass der Kampf und der spätere Marshal ‚Wild‘ Bill Hicko k der Banditen als Fortsetzung des Bürgerkriegs (Brant 20, Hollon 115). Hinzu kam, dass sich wahrgenommen wurde (Stiles 388). nicht alle Partisanen in Missouri ergeben hat- Mit Eric Hobsbawm lässt sich der Mythos des ten und die Kapitulation General Rober t E. Sozialbanditen als Ausdruck des Widerstands Lees bei Appomattox ihnen als Verrat der einer agrarischen Gemeinschaft verstehen, die Sache des Südens erschien. Virginia war weit sich gegen gesellschaftliche Umwälzungen und weg und die militärische Situation im Westen Modernisierung wehrt. Das Ziel des Sozialbandi- war keineswegs so eindeutig wie im Osten, auch ten ist „die Bewahrung einer traditionellen Welt, wenn die Hoffnung, Missouri zurückzuerobern, in der die Menschen gerecht behandelt werden“ nach einem gescheiterten Versuch von General (Hobsbawm, Sozialrebellen 16, vgl. Hobsbawm, Price im Herbst 1864 endgültige zunichte war Banditen 43–44, 199–200). Die Vorstellung ei- (Parrish 113–114). Dennoch betrachteten einige ner Welt der traditionellen Gerechtigkeit war Partisanen den Krieg nicht als beendet und er- jedoch unter den Sympathisanten der Konfö- kannten weder die Legitimität der Regierung in deration stark von religiösen und rassistischen helden. heroes. héros. Die Verkehrung des Heroischen in Ron Hansens The Assassination Vorstellungen geprägt und zehrte von der Erin- legendären Heldenfiguren verglich. Er schrieb, 65 nerung an die Vorkriegsordnung und den alten dass sie in vergangenen Zeiten mit König Arthur Süden. Während Richard White meint, dass sich an der Tafelrunde gesessen und mit Lancelot
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