Science on the Map

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Science on the Map TOOLBOX SCIENCE ON THE MAP Easy-to-use mapping tools give researchers the power to create beautiful visualizations of geographic data. ILLUSTRATION BY THE PROJECT TWINS THE PROJECT BY ILLUSTRATION BY MARK ZASTROW tracing a map off an atlas so that I had some- by the company Mapbox, which has offices in thing a bit cleaner to work with.” The one after San Francisco, California, and in Washington hen linguist Lauren Gawne roams that — “using Google Earth and dropping pins DC. It lets users create maps from their data the valleys of Nepal documenting on it” — was generic, ugly and “looks horrible and pre-existing online cartographic databases. endangered Tibetan languages, in a PowerPoint”. TileMill is just one tool in the emerging field Wshe takes pains to distinguish each dialect’s So in 2013, she jumped at the chance to join a of customized mapping, where a bevy of open- geographical origin. But when it came to pro- workshop on mapping and visualization at the source technologies and start-ups have given ducing maps of her results, for many years her University of Melbourne rise to an abundance of offerings for research- cartographic methods were somewhat crude. in Australia, where she NATURE.COM ers and enthusiasts. These tools are more “My old maps were [made] using MS Paint was working on her PhD. For more on scientific approachable for novices than the conventional on top of some copyrighted map that I really There she discovered the software, apps and geographic information systems (GISs) that shouldn’t have been using,” she says. Her free, open-source pro- online tools, visit: geographers have long used for analysis of geo- next solution wasn’t much better: “My mum gram TileMill, created nature.com/toolbox spatial data sets. They allow non-specialists 5 MARCH 2015 | VOL 519 | NATURE | 119 © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved TOOLBOX to easily visualize, manipulate and share their basemap in TileMill and data layers in CartoDB, data in formats that are as slickly browsable as then wrap them in an online interface using Google Maps but with greater power and flex- MORE ONLINE Leaflet, a mobile-friendly visualization package ibility. “TileMill allows you to be a complete that runs in the program JavaScript and meshes control freak,” says Gawne, now at Nanyang For more with other JavaScript visualization packages Technological University in Singapore. From on scientific such as D3. Duncan Smith, a geographer at line styles to font spacing and kerning, “I can mapping, University College London, has made one such really manipulate all the variables quite easily.” including a combination: an online map of UK census data Until recently, Google, which is based in gallery and called LuminoCity that uses Leaflet to display Mountain View, California, itself had staked links to tools, the map data over basemaps produced in Tile- see go.nature. the biggest claim in this space, providing various Mill, and a variant of D3 called Dimple to show DUNCAN A. SMITH, CASA UCL ways to access and decorate its maps through com/u76knj graphs of the data onscreen. application programming interfaces (APIs). But as demand grew, the tech giant began lim- STORAGE HUBS iting public access to its APIs in 2011 — and of global basemaps — ranging from familiar Researchers can also store their data sets in a this allowed slightly more sophisticated open- geopolitical and satellite-image formats to CartoDB account, then access them (using the source tools to flourish, says Oliver O’Brien, more stylish black-and-white and even pencil- ubiquitous SQL database language) for other a geographer at University College London. and watercolour-themed renditions. Some are online applications, notes Desmet. For one Today, a fully fledged ecosystem of start-ups produced by TileMill’s maker Mapbox, which project, he used D3 to build a map depicting with open-source technology at their core offer boasts a growing list of corporate and media radar observations of bird migration as wind- platforms that many say have surpassed Goog- clients — in many cases supplanting Google in like flowing curves. The source code is stored le’s offerings. a growing ‘battle of the basemaps’. in the repository GitHub, but the map pulls the “Google really nailed down having maps Mapbox first released TileMill in 2011. The scientific data from his CartoDB account. on the web,” says Javier de la Torre, a founder team took a powerful but complex open-source Despite the visual sophistication of these and current chief executive of one of Google’s cartographic renderer called Mapnik, built an tools, the level of computational analysis they emerging rivals, CartoDB of New York City. easy-to-use interface around it and created a provide is limited. But after using these pro- “What I think they didn’t see coming was that simple styling language, CartoCSS, to custom- grams to get to grips with the basic principles, there was going to be this explosion of new map- ize the maps’ appearance. researchers can progress to more-powerful makers.” “TileMill was a game-changer, absolutely,” GIS platforms. Many scientists — including says Bennett. It allowed non-experts to produce those involved in public policy, such as urban THE NEW MAPPING LANDSCAPE professional-looking maps — either for publica- planning and crisis mapping — use arcGIS, a In 2011, de la Torre was part of a team research- tion as static figures or for use as basemaps in suite of products maintained by Esri, based in ing biodiversity informatics. The group was other visualization tools — without the need for Redlands, California. But there is also an open- seeking an online platform to make a map of more-complicated GIS programs. source alternative: QGIS, a project of the Open all known species on the planet. “There wasn’t The landscape continues to shift rapidly. Source Geospatial Foundation. technology for doing that,” he says — no tool In January, Google announced that it would Researchers who already write code as part could handle the amount of data, nor visualize shut down some premium and paid forms of of their work can use programming languages how they changed over time. Google Maps and focus on its basic Maps API. such as Python and R, which already have The researchers decided to develop the tool In response, CartoDB introduced tools to help capable mapping packages that users may not themselves and created what became the open- users migrate their data to CartoDB, while still even be aware of, points out astronomer James source platform CartoDB. The company offers allowing them to integrate the Google Maps Davenport of the University of Washington in free and paid plans for hosting and visualizing APIs. Mapbox, for its part, has shifted develop- Seattle. He says that astronomers often “end up data through its website. Unlike TileMill, which ment from TileMill to its intended replacement, bastardizing scientific visualization software is primarily intended for drawing and design- Mapbox Studio. to make maps”. He now uses the Python pack- ing static maps, CartoDB specializes in visual- Cost of data storage is a potential stum- age matplotlib in tandem with the rest of his izing dynamic layers of data on top of basemaps. bling block for scientists with large data Python-based analysis to project his infrared Users can import their geo-located data into sets — although CartoDB is open source, its observations onto maps of the sky. CartoDB’s web-based interface and then filter convenience comes in large part from using it Even researchers who would rather not touch or cluster data points, change the colour or size on the company’s hosted web service. The firm a line of code can accomplish a lot with the help of symbols, and animate data changes over time. offers 75 megabytes of storage for free, but to of CartoDB and TileMill. “You don’t have to “CartoDB wants to be a place where your data store more than 1 gigabyte of data, the price rises be particularly technically competent,” says lives,” says Steve Bennett, a research-oriented quickly to hundreds of US dollars per month. Gawne, who produced the Tibetan-language technologist at the University of Melbourne CartoDB also charges to keep data and maps maps for her thesis in TileMill and now teaches who takes workshops on mapping, including private on the site. “We’ve had real problems,” mapping workshops herself. “You have to be not the one that Gawne attended. says Bennett. “If you’re a PhD student with no afraid to try it.” ■ Peter Desmet, who collaborates with a bird- funding, it just doesn’t work.” Mapbox works tracking research team at the Research Insti- with a similar pricing model for hosting maps Mark Zastrow is a science writer in Seoul. He tute for Nature and Forest in Brussels, was a on its servers, although TileMill itself is a free, reported this article from Washington DC. colleague of de la Torre and became an early downloadable program. However, CartoDB adopter of CartoDB. “I was never a desktop does work with academic users to try to find GIS person,” he says. But in CartoDB, “you can a solution, says de la Torre, and awards grants CLARIFICATION create and share a visualization in literally min- of up to US$3,500 to researchers studying the The Toolbox story ‘Adventures with R’ (Nature utes”. Being able to simply send a link to the map impacts of climate change, in recognition of the 517, 109–110; 2015) did not make clear online also makes it much faster to point out company’s environmental roots. what stopped Rabih Murr from practising R data-quality issues to colleagues, he says.
Recommended publications
  • Mobile Application Development Mapbox - a Commercial Mapping Service Using Openstreetmap
    Mobile Application Development Mapbox - a commercial mapping service using OpenStreetMap Waterford Institute of Technology October 19, 2016 John Fitzgerald Waterford Institute of Technology, Mobile Application Development Mapbox - a commercial mapping service using OpenStreetMap 1/16 OpenStreetMap An open source project • OpenStreetMap Foundation • A non-profit organisation • Founded in 2004 by Steve Coast • Over 2 million registered contributors • Primary output OpenStreetMap data Waterford Institute of Technology, Mobile Application Development Mapbox - a commercial mapping service using OpenStreetMap 2/16 OpenStreetMap An open source project • Various data collection methods: • On-site data collection using: • paper & pencil • computer • preprinted map • cameras • Aerial photography Waterford Institute of Technology, Mobile Application Development Mapbox - a commercial mapping service using OpenStreetMap 3/16 MapBox Competitor to Google Maps • Provides commercial mapping services. • OpenStreetMap a data source for many of these. • Large provider of custom online maps for websites. • Clients include Foursquare, Financial Times, Uber. • But also NASA and some proprietary sources. • Startup 2010 • Series B round funding 2015 $52 million • Contrast Google 2015 profit $16 billion Waterford Institute of Technology, Mobile Application Development Mapbox - a commercial mapping service using OpenStreetMap 4/16 MapBox Software Development Kits (SDKs) • Web apps • Android • iOS • JavaScript (browser & node) • Python Waterford Institute of Technology,
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Feature Density for Large Scale Online Maps
    DOI: 10.14714/CP97.1707 PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE A Comparison of Feature Density for Large Scale Online Maps Michael P. Peterson (he/him) University of Nebraska at Omaha [email protected] Large-scale maps, such as those provided by Google, Bing, and Mapbox, among others, provide users an important source of information for local environments. Comparing maps from these services helps to evaluate both the quality of the underlying spatial data and the process of rendering the data into a map. The feature and label density of three different mapping services was evaluated by making pairwise comparisons of large-scale maps for a series of random areas across three continents. For North America, it was found that maps from Google had consistently higher feature and label den- sity than those from Bing and Mapbox. Google Maps also held an advantage in Europe, while maps from Bing were the most detailed in sub-Saharan Africa. Maps from Mapbox, which relies exclusively on data from OpenStreetMap, had the lowest feature and label density for all three areas. KEYWORDS: Web Mapping Services; Multi-Scale Pannable (MSP) maps; OpenStreetMap; Application Programming Interface (API) INTRODUCTION One of the primary benefits of using online map Since the introduction of the technique in 2005 by services like those available from Google, Bing, and Google, all major online map providers have adopted the OpenStreetMap, is that zooming-in allows access to same underlying technology. Vector data is projected and large-scale maps. Maps at these large scales are not avail- divided into vector tiles at multiple scales. The tile bound- able to most (if any) individuals from any other source.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Openstreetmap Data Peter Mooney* and Marco Minghini† *Department of Computer Science, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co
    CHAPTER 3 A Review of OpenStreetMap Data Peter Mooney* and Marco Minghini† *Department of Computer Science, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland, [email protected] †Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy Abstract While there is now a considerable variety of sources of Volunteered Geo- graphic Information (VGI) available, discussion of this domain is often exem- plified by and focused around OpenStreetMap (OSM). In a little over a decade OSM has become the leading example of VGI on the Internet. OSM is not just a crowdsourced spatial database of VGI; rather, it has grown to become a vast ecosystem of data, software systems and applications, tools, and Web-based information stores such as wikis. An increasing number of developers, indus- try actors, researchers and other end users are making use of OSM in their applications. OSM has been shown to compare favourably with other sources of spatial data in terms of data quality. In addition to this, a very large OSM community updates data within OSM on a regular basis. This chapter provides an introduction to and review of OSM and the ecosystem which has grown to support the mission of creating a free, editable map of the whole world. The chapter is especially meant for readers who have no or little knowledge about the range, maturity and complexity of the tools, services, applications and organisations working with OSM data. We provide examples of tools and services to access, edit, visualise and make quality assessments of OSM data. We also provide a number of examples of applications, such as some of those How to cite this book chapter: Mooney, P and Minghini, M.
    [Show full text]
  • Navegação Turn-By-Turn Em Android Relatório De Estágio Para A
    INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO DE COIMBRA INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE ENGENHARIA DE COIMBRA Navegação Turn-by-Turn em Android Relatório de estágio para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Informática e Sistemas Autor Luís Miguel dos Santos Henriques Orientação Professor Doutor João Durães Professor Doutor Bruno Cabral Mestrado em Engenharia Informática e Sistemas Navegação Turn-by-Turn em Android Relatório de estágio apresentado para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Informática e Sistemas Especialização em Desenvolvimento de Software Autor Luís Miguel dos Santos Henriques Orientador Professor Doutor João António Pereira Almeida Durães Professor do Departamento de Engenharia Informática e de Sistemas Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra Supervisor Professor Doutor Bruno Miguel Brás Cabral Sentilant Coimbra, Fevereiro, 2019 Agradecimentos Aos meus pais por todo o apoio que me deram, Ao meu irmão pela inspiração, À minha namorada por todo o amor e paciência, Ao meu primo, por me fazer acreditar que nunca é tarde, Aos meus professores por me darem esta segunda oportunidade, A todos vocês devo o novo rumo da minha vida. Obrigado. i ii Abstract This report describes the work done during the internship of the Master's degree in Computer Science and Systems, Specialization in Software Development, from the Polytechnic of Coimbra - ISEC. This internship, which began in October 17 of 2017 and ended in July 18 of 2018, took place in the company Sentilant, and had as its main goal the development of a turn-by- turn navigation module for a logistics management application named Drivian Tasks. During the internship activities, a turn-by-turn navigation module was developed from scratch, while matching the specifications indicated by the project managers in the host entity.
    [Show full text]
  • Location Platform Index: Mapping and Navigation
    Location Platform Index: Mapping and Navigation Key vendor rankings and market trends: June 2019 update Publication Date: 05 Aug 2019 | Product code: CES006-000085 Eden Zoller Location Platform Index: Mapping and Navigation Summary In brief Ovum's Location Platform Index provides an ongoing assessment and subsequent ranking of the major vendors in the location platform market, with particular reference to the mapping and navigation space. The index evaluates each vendor based on two main criteria: the completeness of its platform and the platform's market reach. It considers the core capabilities of the location platform along with the information that the platform opens up to developers and the wider location community. The index provides an overview of the market and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the leading players. It also highlights the key trends in the mapping space that vendors must keep up with if they want to stay ahead of the game. Ovum view . There are fresh opportunities for location data and services in the consumer domain. The deepening artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities of smartphones are enabling more immersive applications and experiences that can be further enhanced by location capabilities, such as the use of location to enrich augmented reality (AR) shopping applications or enhance contextual gaming. At the same time, AI assistants will draw more deeply on location data, not just on smartphones but also via AI assistants integrated with other connected platforms, including vehicles. Ovum predicts that the global installed base of AI assistants across all device types will grow from 2.39 billion in 2018 to 8.73 billion by the end of 2024.
    [Show full text]
  • Corporate Editors in the Evolving Landscape of Openstreetmap
    International Journal of Geo-Information Article Corporate Editors in the Evolving Landscape of OpenStreetMap Jennings Anderson 1,* , Dipto Sarkar 2 and Leysia Palen 1,3 1 Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; [email protected] 3 Department of Information Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 April 2019; Accepted: 14 May 2019; Published: 18 May 2019 Abstract: OpenStreetMap (OSM), the largest Volunteered Geographic Information project in the world, is characterized both by its map as well as the active community of the millions of mappers who produce it. The discourse about participation in the OSM community largely focuses on the motivations for why members contribute map data and the resulting data quality. Recently, large corporations including Apple, Microsoft, and Facebook have been hiring editors to contribute to the OSM database. In this article, we explore the influence these corporate editors are having on the map by first considering the history of corporate involvement in the community and then analyzing historical quarterly-snapshot OSM-QA-Tiles to show where and what these corporate editors are mapping. Cumulatively, millions of corporate edits have a global footprint, but corporations vary in geographic reach, edit types, and quantity. While corporations currently have a major impact on road networks, non-corporate mappers edit more buildings and points-of-interest: representing the majority of all edits, on average. Since corporate editing represents the latest stage in the evolution of corporate involvement, we raise questions about how the OSM community—and researchers—might proceed as corporate editing grows and evolves as a mechanism for expanding the map for multiple uses.
    [Show full text]
  • Wheelmap: the Wheelchair Accessibility Crowdsourcing Platform Amin Mobasheri1* , Jonas Deister2 and Holger Dieterich2
    Mobasheri et al. Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards (2017) 2:27 Open Geospatial Data, DOI 10.1186/s40965-017-0040-5 Software and Standards SOFTWARE Open Access Wheelmap: the wheelchair accessibility crowdsourcing platform Amin Mobasheri1* , Jonas Deister2 and Holger Dieterich2 Abstract Crowdsourcing (geo-) information and participatory GIS are among the current hot topics in research and industry. Various projects are implementing participatory sensing concepts within their workflow in order to benefit from the power of volunteers, and improve their product quality and efficiency. Wheelmap is a crowdsourcing platform where volunteers contribute information about wheelchair-accessible places. This article presents information about the technical framework of Wheelmap, and information on how it could be used in projects dealing with accessibility and/or multimodal transportation. Keywords: Wheelmap, OpenStreetMap, Open data, Crowdsourcing, VGI, Accessibility Introduction provide information for other users on how accessible Wheelmap - a map for wheelchair-accessible places is an a destination is. Thereby, the map contributes to an initiative of the Sozialhelden, a grassroots organisation active and diversified lifestyle for wheelchair users. from Berlin, Germany. On Wheelmap1 everyone from all People with rollators or buggies benefit from this tool over the world can find and add places and rate them by as well. Furthermore, the aim of Wheelmap is to using a traffic light system. The map, which is available make owners of wheelchair-inaccessible public places since 2010, shall help wheelchair users and people with aware of the problem. They should be encouraged to mobility impairments to plan their day more effectively. reflect on and improve the accessibility of their Currently, more than 800,000 cafés, libraries, swimming premises.
    [Show full text]
  • Google Directions Api Ios
    Google Directions Api Ios Aloetic Wendall always enumerated his catching if Lucas is collectible or stickings incapably. How well-warranted is Wilton when bullate and appropriated Gordan outmode some sister-in-law? Pneumatic and edificatory Freemon always rubric alternatively and enticed his puttiers. Swift programming language is calculated by google directions api credentials will be billed differently than ever since most Google Maps Draw was Between Markers Elena Plebani. Google also started to memory all API calls to pile a valid API key which has shall be. Both businesses and customers mutually benefit from acid free directions API and county paid APIs. So open now available for mobile app launches cloud project, redo and start by. You can attach a google directions api ios apps radio buttons, ios for this. While using an api pricing model by it can use this means that location on google directions api ios for ios apps. Creating google directions api makes it was determined to offsite meeting directions service that location plots in this. To draw geometric shape on google directions api ios swift github, ios apps with a better than ever having read about trying pesticide after that can spot a separate word and. Callback when guidance was successfully sent too many addresses with google directions api ios and other answers from encoded strings. You ever see a list as available APIs and SDKs. Any further explanation on party to proceed before we are freelancers would want great. Rebuild project focused on the travel time i want to achieve the route, could help enhance the address guide on a pair, api google directions.
    [Show full text]
  • Caching Maps and Vector Tile Layers: Best Practices Garima Tiwari
    Caching Maps and Vector Tile Layers: Best Practices Garima Tiwari Tommy Fauvell @CartoRedux https://esri.box.com/v/CachingReadAhead Caching Best Practices | Goals for Today • Differences between Raster Tiles and Vector Tiles • Picking a format • Best ways to cook each • How to share them • How to consume them Creating, Using, and Maintaining Tile Services WORKSHOP LOCATION TIME FRAME Tuesday, 10 July • ArcGIS Pro: Creating Vector Tiles • SDCC – 17B • 10:00 am – 11:00 am • Caching Maps and Vector Tile Layers: Best Practices • SDCC – 10 • 2:30 pm – 3:30 pm • Working With OGC WMS and WMTS • SDCC – Esri Showcase: Interoperability • 4:30 pm – 4:50 pm and Standards Spotlight Theater Wednesday, 11 July • ArcGIS for Python: Managing Your Content • SDCC – Demo Theater 01 • 11:15 am – 12:00 pm • ArcGIS Online: Three-and-a-Half Ways to Create Tile Services • SDCC – Demo Theater 06 • 1:15 pm – 2:00 pm • Understanding and Styling Vector Basemaps • SDCC – 15B • 2:30 pm – 3:30 pm • Working With OGC WMS and WMTS • SDCC – Esri Showcase: Interoperability • 4:30 pm – 4:50 pm and Standards Spotlight Theater Thursday, 12 July • ArcGIS Enterprise: Best Practices for Layers and Service Types • SDCC – 16B • 10:00 am – 11:00 am • ArcGIS Pro: Creating Vector Tiles • SDCC – 17B • 10:00 am – 11:00 am • Web Mapping: Making Large Datasets Work in the Browser • SDCC – 16B • 1:00 pm – 2:00 pm • Caching Maps and Vector Tile Layers: Best Practices • SDCC – 04 • 4:00 pm – 5:00 pm • Understanding and Styling Vector Basemaps • SDCC – 10 • 4:00 pm – 5:00 pm Caching Best Practices | Roadmap 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Location Platform Benchmarking Report: 2021
    Wireless Media Location Platform Benchmarking Report: 2021 20 April 2021 Report Snapshot This report updates our annual benchmark of global location companies, which compares Google, HERE, Mapbox and TomTom across capabilities like map making and freshness, meeting automotive industry needs, map and data visualization, and the ability to appeal to developers, among others. HERE demonstrates strength and leadership across most attributes, followed by Google and TomTom, then Mapbox. Wireless Media Contents 1. Executive Summary .................................................................................4 2. Introduction .............................................................................................6 2.1 Defining Location Platforms ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Map Making & Maintenance Evolution ....................................................................................... 7 3. Pandemic Opportunities and Challenges .............................................8 4. Evolving Location Sector Demands .................................................... 10 4.1 The Automotive Sector .............................................................................................................. 10 4.2 The Mobility and On-Demand Sector ........................................................................................ 14 4.3 Enterprise ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • GLL/2015.4.35 GLL Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No
    K. Król http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/GLL/2015.4.35 GLL Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape No. 4 • 2015, 35–47 PresentAtIon oF oBJeCts And sPAtIAL PHenoMenA on tHe Internet MAP BY MeAns oF net resoUrCe Address PArAMeterIZAtIon teCHnIqUe Karol Król Summary Over the course of several years, web cartography which changed the way of presentation and exchange of information gained new sense. Techniques development and availability of geo- information tools in connection with net data transfer new quality enabled to create maps acces- sible in real time according to user’s preference. The aim of the paper is to characterize and evaluate technique of parameterization for net re- source URL address (Uniform Resource Locator). Examples of maps presented in a browser’s window according to set parameters defined in accordance with rules in force in the range of API programistic interfaces of chosen map services were presented in the paper. Maps devel- oped by URL link parameterization technique were put to functional tests. Moreover, efficiency and utility tests were performed. Performed tests show that creating maps with help of discussed technique needs knowledge and expert abilities which may cause difficulties to less advanced users and its use allows to evoke maps in the browser’s window but in the limited range. Keywords URL resources addressing • web cartography • geo-visualization 1. Introduction The Internet plays bigger and bigger role in interpersonal communication. It is among others influenced by new forms of information transfer, more perfect telecomputer tools and also access to cordless network services. Over the course of several years, web cartography and topic data geo-visualization gained new sense, especially in modeling, analyses and presentation of phenomena occurring in natural environment and having spatial reference [Król and Bedla 2013, Prus and Budz 2014], also in spatial planning [Andrzejewska et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of a Multiscale Base Map for a Tiled Web Map
    DESIGN OF A MULTI- SCALE BASE MAP FOR A TILED WEB MAP SERVICE TARAS DUBRAVA September, 2017 SUPERVISORS: Drs. Knippers, Richard A., University of Twente, ITC Prof. Dr.-Ing. Burghardt, Dirk, TU Dresden DESIGN OF A MULTI- SCALE BASE MAP FOR A TILED WEB MAP SERVICE TARAS DUBRAVA Enschede, Netherlands, September, 2017 Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. Specialization: Cartography THESIS ASSESSMENT BOARD: Prof. Dr. Kraak, Menno-Jan, University of Twente, ITC Drs. Knippers, Richard A., University of Twente, ITC Prof. Dr.-Ing. Burghardt, Dirk, TU Dresden i Declaration of Originality I, Taras DUBRAVA, hereby declare that submitted thesis named “Design of a multi-scale base map for a tiled web map service” is a result of my original research. I also certify that I have used no other sources except the declared by citations and materials, including from the Internet, that have been clearly acknowledged as references. This M.Sc. thesis has not been previously published and was not presented to another assessment board. (Place, Date) (Signature) ii Acknowledgement It would not have been possible to write this master‘s thesis and accomplish my research work without the help of numerous people and institutions. Using this opportunity, I would like to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout the master thesis completion. My colossal and immense thanks are firstly going to my thesis supervisor, Drs. Richard Knippers, for his guidance, patience, support, critics, feedback, and trust.
    [Show full text]