Medici, Borgia, Hapsburg, and Plantagenet

Home , House of Borgia, House of Lancaster, House of Medici, Pope Callixtus III

ChurchChurch HistoryHistory ChurchChurch HistoryHistory

IntroductionIntroduction toto ChurchChurch HistoryHistory st rd TheThe AncientAncient ChurchChurch AD 11st-3-3rd centuriescenturies th th TheThe RiseRise ofof ChristendomChristendom AD 44th-5-5th centuriescenturies th th TheThe EarlyEarly MiddleMiddle AgesAges AD 66th-10-10th centuriescenturies th th TheThe AgeAge ofof CrusadesCrusades AD 1111th-13-13th centuriescenturies th th TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance AD 1414th-15-15th centuriescenturies Welcome to the Renaissance Turnovers... The Black Death and a Century of War Wobbling Out of Control (part 3) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt Remember,Remember, Henry'sHenry's father—Henryfather—Henry IV,IV, ofof thethe PlantagenetPlantagenet family—wasfamily—was aa strongstrong supportersupporter ofof thethe Archbishop'sArchbishop's campaigncampaign againstagainst ReformersReformers YoungYoung HenryHenry VV actuallyactually hadhad friendsfriends amongamong thethe LollardsLollards,, andand thusthus camecame underunder firefire forfor consortingconsorting withwith peoplepeople “of“of lowlow reputation”reputation” ToTo expressexpress thisthis inin post-Reformationpost-Reformation England,England, ShakespeareShakespeare hadhad himhim hanginghanging outout inin barsbars withwith thievesthieves andand ruffiansruffians TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt Remember,Remember, Henry'sHenry's father—Henryfather—Henry IV,IV, ofof thethe PlantagenetPlantagenet family—wasfamily—was aa strongstrong supportersupporter ofof thethe Archbishop'sArchbishop's campaigncampaign againstagainst ReformersReformers WhenWhen hehe becamebecame king,king, HenryHenry VV tooktook seriouslyseriously hishis role,role, andand supportedsupported thethe ArchbishopArchbishop asas wellwell Thus,Thus, manymany ofof hishis earlierearlier friendsfriends thoughtthought thatthat he'dhe'd turnedturned hishis backback onon themthem ManyMany othersothers thoughtthought thatthat he'dhe'd finallyfinally simplysimply growngrown upup TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt Remember,Remember, Henry'sHenry's father—Henryfather—Henry IV,IV, ofof thethe PlantagenetPlantagenet family—wasfamily—was aa strongstrong supportersupporter ofof thethe Archbishop'sArchbishop's campaigncampaign againstagainst ReformersReformers WhenWhen hehe becamebecame king,king, HenryHenry VV tooktook seriouslyseriously hishis role,role, andand supportedsupported thethe ArchbishopArchbishop asas wellwell InIn 1415,1415, hehe sailedsailed toto FranceFrance toto personallypersonally leadlead thethe fightingfighting therethere Henry argued that his claim to the French throne was stronger than French King Charles VI's claim (Remember: both the English king Edward II and the French king Philip VI had each claimed that, by law, he was the rightful next king of France) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt Remember,Remember, Henry'sHenry's father—Henryfather—Henry IV,IV, ofof thethe PlantagenetPlantagenet family—wasfamily—was aa strongstrong supportersupporter ofof thethe Archbishop'sArchbishop's campaigncampaign againstagainst ReformersReformers WhenWhen hehe becamebecame king,king, HenryHenry VV tooktook seriouslyseriously hishis role,role, andand supportedsupported thethe ArchbishopArchbishop asas wellwell InIn 1415,1415, hehe sailedsailed toto FranceFrance toto personallypersonally leadlead thethe fightingfighting therethere Henry argued that his claim to the French throne was stronger than French King Charles VI's claim Henry began taking town after town while Charles took his time marshalling his forces, building up slowly while Henry exhausted his own troops (think rope-a-dope) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt Remember,Remember, Henry'sHenry's father—Henryfather—Henry IV,IV, ofof thethe PlantagenetPlantagenet family—wasfamily—was aa strongstrong supportersupporter ofof thethe Archbishop'sArchbishop's campaigncampaign againstagainst ReformersReformers WhenWhen hehe becamebecame king,king, HenryHenry VV tooktook seriouslyseriously hishis role,role, andand supportedsupported thethe ArchbishopArchbishop asas wellwell InIn 1415,1415, hehe sailedsailed toto FranceFrance toto personallypersonally leadlead thethe fightingfighting therethere On October 25, Henry's tired, hungry 6,000 men met Charles' fresh and ready 30-36,000 men at a field near Agincourt The British held the high hill, and it had rained the night before, so the ground was all soft and soggy with mud But the mud worked for the British, since the heavy war horses and armored French knights bogged down badly leavingleaving thethe FrenchmenFrenchmen sittingsitting ducks for the British archers and their longbows... just like they'd been at Crécy in 1340 TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt Remember,Remember, Henry'sHenry's father—Henryfather—Henry IV,IV, ofof thethe PlantagenetPlantagenet family—wasfamily—was aa strongstrong supportersupporter ofof thethe Archbishop'sArchbishop's campaigncampaign againstagainst ReformersReformers WhenWhen hehe becamebecame king,king, HenryHenry VV tooktook seriouslyseriously hishis role,role, andand supportedsupported thethe ArchbishopArchbishop asas wellwell InIn 1415,1415, hehe sailedsailed toto FranceFrance toto personallypersonally leadlead thethe fightingfighting therethere On October 25, Henry's tired, hungry 6,000 men met Charles' fresh and ready 30-36,000 men at a field near Agincourt In the end, the British won the day The French lost 7-10,000 men The British lost 112 men Eventually, Charles gave Henry his daughter, Catherine, in marriage, and England essentially controlled France TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt Remember,Remember, Henry'sHenry's father—Henryfather—Henry IV,IV, ofof thethe PlantagenetPlantagenet family—wasfamily—was aa strongstrong supportersupporter ofof thethe Archbishop'sArchbishop's campaigncampaign againstagainst ReformersReformers WhenWhen hehe becamebecame king,king, HenryHenry VV tooktook seriouslyseriously hishis role,role, andand supportedsupported thethe ArchbishopArchbishop asas wellwell InIn 1415,1415, hehe sailedsailed toto FranceFrance toto personallypersonally leadlead thethe fightingfighting therethere TheThe EmperorEmperor ZsigmondZsigmond visitedvisited HenryHenry toto brokerbroker peacepeace andand toto groomgroom himhim asas anan allyally Henry presented him with the Order of the Garter—Britain's greatest military honor Zsigmond made Henry a knight inin thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt Remember,Remember, Henry'sHenry's father—Henryfather—Henry IV,IV, ofof thethe PlantagenetPlantagenet family—wasfamily—was aa strongstrong supportersupporter ofof thethe Archbishop'sArchbishop's campaigncampaign againstagainst ReformersReformers WhenWhen hehe becamebecame king,king, HenryHenry VV tooktook seriouslyseriously hishis role,role, andand supportedsupported thethe ArchbishopArchbishop asas wellwell InIn 1415,1415, hehe sailedsailed toto FranceFrance toto personallypersonally leadlead thethe fightingfighting therethere TheThe EmperorEmperor ZsigmondZsigmond visitedvisited HenryHenry toto brokerbroker peacepeace andand toto groomgroom himhim asas anan allyally Henry presented him with the Order of the Garter—Britain's greatest military honor Zsigmond made Henry a knight inin thethe OrderOrder ofof thethe DragonDragon And then Henry died, forcing Henry VI to become king as a child —whose regents then quickly lostlost France...France... The Hundred Years' War was over TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ButBut thatthat doesn'tdoesn't meanmean thatthat England'sEngland's warswars werewere over,over, becausebecause theythey jumpedjumped intointo aa CivilCivil War...War... TheThe PlantagenetPlantagenet familyfamily hadhad controlledcontrolled EnglandEngland forfor aa couplecouple ofof centuriescenturies ButBut withwith HenryHenry IV'sIV's ascension,ascension, thethe familyfamily waswas splitsplit betweenbetween Henry'sHenry's HouseHouse ofof LancasterLancaster (which celebrated their Welsh heritage by taking as their own the symbolic Red Dragon of Wales) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ButBut thatthat doesn'tdoesn't meanmean thatthat England'sEngland's warswars werewere over,over, becausebecause theythey jumpedjumped intointo aa CivilCivil War...War... TheThe PlantagenetPlantagenet familyfamily hadhad controlledcontrolled EnglandEngland forfor aa couplecouple ofof centuriescenturies ButBut withwith HenryHenry IV'sIV's ascension,ascension, thethe familyfamily waswas splitsplit betweenbetween Henry'sHenry's HouseHouse ofof LancasterLancaster andand thethe rivalrival claimantclaimant HouseHouse ofof YorkYork (which likened themselves to the strength of a wild, white boar) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ButBut thatthat doesn'tdoesn't meanmean thatthat England'sEngland's warswars werewere over,over, becausebecause theythey jumpedjumped intointo aa CivilCivil War...War... TheThe PlantagenetPlantagenet familyfamily hadhad controlledcontrolled EnglandEngland forfor aa couplecouple ofof centuriescenturies ButBut withwith HenryHenry IV'sIV's ascension,ascension, thethe familyfamily waswas splitsplit betweenbetween Henry'sHenry's HouseHouse ofof LancasterLancaster andand thethe rivalrival claimantclaimant HouseHouse ofof YorkYork TheThe firstfirst DukeDuke ofof York—EdumundYork—Edumund ofof Langley—Langley— tooktook asas hishis ownown symbolsymbol aa whitewhite roserose (symbolizing purity) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ButBut thatthat doesn'tdoesn't meanmean thatthat England'sEngland's warswars werewere over,over, becausebecause theythey jumpedjumped intointo aa CivilCivil War...War... TheThe PlantagenetPlantagenet familyfamily hadhad controlledcontrolled EnglandEngland forfor aa couplecouple ofof centuriescenturies ButBut withwith HenryHenry IV'sIV's ascension,ascension, thethe familyfamily waswas splitsplit betweenbetween Henry'sHenry's HouseHouse ofof LancasterLancaster andand thethe rivalrival claimantclaimant HouseHouse ofof YorkYork TheThe firstfirst DukeDuke ofof York—EdumundYork—Edumund ofof Langley—Langley— tooktook asas hishis ownown symbolsymbol aa whitewhite roserose InIn response,response, yearsyears later,later, LancastrianLancastrian HenryHenry TudorTudor tooktook aa redred roserose asas thethe symbolsymbol ofof hishis househouse Thus, the Civil War between the two royal houses is often called “The War of the Roses” TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ButBut thatthat doesn'tdoesn't meanmean thatthat England'sEngland's warswars werewere over,over, becausebecause theythey jumpedjumped intointo aa CivilCivil War...War... TheThe PlantagenetPlantagenet familyfamily hadhad controlledcontrolled EnglandEngland forfor aa couplecouple ofof centuriescenturies ButBut withwith HenryHenry IV'sIV's ascension,ascension, thethe familyfamily waswas splitsplit betweenbetween Henry'sHenry's HouseHouse ofof LancasterLancaster andand thethe rivalrival claimantclaimant HouseHouse ofof YorkYork TheThe firstfirst DukeDuke ofof York—EdumundYork—Edumund ofof Langley—Langley— tooktook asas hishis ownown symbolsymbol aa whitewhite roserose InIn response,response, yearsyears later,later, LancastrianLancastrian HenryHenry TudorTudor tooktook aa redred roserose asas thethe symbolsymbol ofof hishis househouse AfterAfter thethe TudorsTudors wonwon thethe War,War, theythey combinedcombined thethe twotwo symbolssymbols TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici SinceSince thethe timetime ofof PisanPisan PopePope JohnJohn XXIII,XXIII, thethe TuscanTuscan MediciMedici hadhad actedacted asas thethe PapalPapal bankers,bankers, andand hadhad growngrown tremendouslytremendously wealthywealthy WhenWhen CosimoCosimo de'de' MediciMedici tooktook overover thethe bankbank inin 1434,1434, thethe familyfamily hadhad becomebecome soso wealthywealthy andand powerfulpowerful thatthat theythey essentiallyessentially ruledruled thethe city-statecity-state ofof FlorenceFlorence TheirTheir wealthwealth waswas soso widespreadwidespread thatthat thethe monetarymonetary unitunit ofof Florence—theFlorence—the “Florin”—became“Florin”—became thethe commoncommon unitunit forfor mostmost ofof EuropeEurope (There's a reason that the abbreviation for the Dutch Guilder is still “ƒ” or “fl”) (Special bonus points for anyone who can remember the names of the two rival kingdoms in the movie, The Princess Bride) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici SinceSince thethe timetime ofof PisanPisan PopePope JohnJohn XXIII,XXIII, thethe TuscanTuscan MediciMedici hadhad actedacted asas thethe PapalPapal bankers,bankers, andand hadhad growngrown tremendouslytremendously wealthywealthy WhenWhen CosimoCosimo de'de' MediciMedici tooktook overover thethe bankbank inin 1434,1434, thethe familyfamily hadhad becomebecome soso wealthywealthy andand powerfulpowerful thatthat theythey essentiallyessentially ruledruled thethe city-statecity-state ofof FlorenceFlorence TheThe MediciMedici bankruptedbankrupted thethe officialofficial DuchyDuchy andand tooktook tacittacit controlcontrol ofof allall ofof TuscanyTuscany For the next several centuries, the Medici plotted and manipulated the political and economic destiny of Europe from behind the scenes As part of their capitalist competitiveness (and thanks to the luxury of their wealth), the Medici also became patrons of the arts and sciences For instance, Lorenzo de' Medici was the patron for Michelangelo Buonarroti and Leonardo da Vinci TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici SinceSince thethe timetime ofof PisanPisan PopePope JohnJohn XXIII,XXIII, thethe TuscanTuscan MediciMedici hadhad actedacted asas thethe PapalPapal bankers,bankers, andand hadhad growngrown tremendouslytremendously wealthywealthy WhenWhen CosimoCosimo de'de' MediciMedici tooktook overover thethe bankbank inin 1434,1434, thethe familyfamily hadhad becomebecome soso wealthywealthy andand powerfulpowerful thatthat theythey essentiallyessentially ruledruled thethe city-statecity-state ofof FlorenceFlorence TheThe MediciMedici bankruptedbankrupted thethe officialofficial DuchyDuchy andand tooktook tacittacit controlcontrol ofof allall ofof TuscanyTuscany GiovanniGiovanni didi LorenzoLorenzo de'de' MediciMedici eveneven becamebecame PopePope LeoLeo X—whoseX—whose luxuriousluxurious lifestylelifestyle andand lavishlavish spendingspending actuallyactually bankruptedbankrupted thethe ChurchChurch TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici AnotherAnother importantimportant familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof BorgiaBorgia (technically,(technically, it'sit's thethe HouseHouse ofof BorjaBorja,, thethe namename ofof theirtheir fiefdomfiefdom inin Aragón)Aragón) (but(but theythey becamebecame soso importantimportant inin ItalyItaly that,that, thoughthough theirtheir basebase continuedcontinued toto bebe inin Valencia,Valencia, theythey werewere betterbetter knownknown byby thethe ItalianItalian variantvariant ofof theirtheir name,name, “Borgia”)“Borgia”) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici AnotherAnother importantimportant familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof BorgiaBorgia TheThe Borgias—likeBorgias—like thethe Medici—wereMedici—were veryvery wealthy,wealthy, andand involvedinvolved themselvesthemselves inin thethe politicalpolitical intriguesintrigues ofof thethe dayday ButBut thethe BorgiasBorgias werewere moremore interestedinterested inin directdirect controlcontrol ofof power—andpower—and inin lessless reputablereputable waysways ofof obtainingobtaining itit For instance, the family line included several important cardinals and a couple of Popes, including Alfons de Borja (who became Pope Callixtus III... who had Jeanne d'Arc [AKA Joan of Arc] [a French heroine from the Hundred Years' War who'd been executed as a heretic by thethe English in 1431— theoretically because she'd dressed inin aa man'sman's armorarmor inin battle,battle, butbut mostly because they really, really didn't like being beaten in the field by a 19-year-old girl]) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici AnotherAnother importantimportant familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof BorgiaBorgia TheThe Borgias—likeBorgias—like thethe Medici—wereMedici—were veryvery wealthy,wealthy, andand involvedinvolved themselvesthemselves inin thethe politicalpolitical intriguesintrigues ofof thethe dayday ButBut thethe BorgiasBorgias werewere moremore interestedinterested inin directdirect controlcontrol ofof power—andpower—and inin lessless reputablereputable waysways ofof obtainingobtaining itit For instance, the family line included several important cardinals and a couple of Popes, including Alfons de Borja (who became Pope Callixtus III... who had Jeanne d'Arc [AKA Joan of Arc] posthumously re-tried and completely exonerated by the Inquisition in 1452, and who excommunicated Halley's Comet in 1453) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici AnotherAnother importantimportant familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof BorgiaBorgia TheThe Borgias—likeBorgias—like thethe Medici—wereMedici—were veryvery wealthy,wealthy, andand involvedinvolved themselvesthemselves inin thethe politicalpolitical intriguesintrigues ofof thethe dayday ButBut thethe BorgiasBorgias werewere moremore interestedinterested inin directdirect controlcontrol ofof power—andpower—and inin lessless reputablereputable waysways ofof obtainingobtaining itit For instance, the family line included several important cardinals and a couple of Popes, including Alfons de Borja and Rodrigo de Borja (who became Pope Alexander VI... whose own Master of Ceremonies once wrote, “There is no longer any crime or shameful act that does not take place in public in Rome and in the house of the Pontiff”) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici AnotherAnother importantimportant familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof BorgiaBorgia TheThe Borgias—likeBorgias—like thethe Medici—wereMedici—were veryvery wealthy,wealthy, andand involvedinvolved themselvesthemselves inin thethe politicalpolitical intriguesintrigues ofof thethe dayday ButBut thethe BorgiasBorgias werewere moremore interestedinterested inin directdirect controlcontrol ofof power—andpower—and inin lessless reputablereputable waysways ofof obtainingobtaining itit For instance, the family line included several important cardinals and a couple of Popes, including Alfons de Borja and Rodrigo de Borja Rodrigo's son, Cèsar, and daughter, Lucrècia, were often guests and participants inin Alexander'sAlexander's orgiesorgies inin thethe VaticanVatican They also became famous for their various incestuous relationships with one another, as well as for poisoning anyone who got in their way TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici AnotherAnother importantimportant familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof BorgiaBorgia TheThe Borgias—likeBorgias—like thethe Medici—wereMedici—were veryvery wealthy,wealthy, andand involvedinvolved themselvesthemselves inin thethe politicalpolitical intriguesintrigues ofof thethe dayday ButBut thethe BorgiasBorgias werewere moremore interestedinterested inin directdirect controlcontrol ofof power—andpower—and inin lessless reputablereputable waysways ofof obtainingobtaining itit For instance, the family line included several important cardinals and a couple of Popes, including Alfons de Borja and Rodrigo de Borja Rodrigo's son, Cèsar, and daughter, Lucrècia, were often guests and participants inin Alexander'sAlexander's orgiesorgies inin thethe VaticanVatican As part of the competitive wealthy families of Europe, the Borgias were also famously patrons of the arts and sciences (including, again, a time of patronage of Leonardo da Vinci under Cèsar) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici AnotherAnother importantimportant familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof BorgiaBorgia StillStill anotheranother familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof HapsburgHapsburg ComingComing fromfrom thethe BlackBlack ForestForest inin GermanyGermany (which(which isis reallyreally closeclose toto thethe samesame areasareas ofof NorthernNorthern ItalyItaly thatthat thethe MediciMedici andand thethe BorgiasBorgias werewere growinggrowing powerfulpowerful in)in) (remind(remind yourselfyourself thatthat therethere isis nono “Germany”“Germany” oror “Italy”“Italy” asas nationsnations yet,yet, andand thatthat thethe distinctionsdistinctions betweenbetween “German”“German” andand “Italian”“Italian” areare veryvery slightslight atat thisthis stagestage inin thethe game,game, soso II couldcould justjust asas easilyeasily callcall themthem thethe HouseHouse ofof Asburgo,Asburgo, asas theythey dodo inin ItalyItaly today)today) Remember the “Italian” rivalry between the Guelph family (originally the “Welf” family from Bavaria, who supported the Pope) and the Ghibelline family (the “Waiblingen” family from southern Germany, who supported the Holy Roman Emperor)? (Leading to the family rivalry in Romeo and Juliet...) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching momentmoment2—— ButBut thethe PlantagenetsPlantagenets weren'tweren't thethe onlyonly cruciallycrucially importantimportant familyfamily inin thethe RenaissanceRenaissance We'veWe've alreadyalready mentionedmentioned thethe HouseHouse ofof MediciMedici AnotherAnother importantimportant familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof BorgiaBorgia StillStill anotheranother familyfamily waswas thethe HouseHouse ofof HapsburgHapsburg ComingComing fromfrom thethe BlackBlack ForestForest inin Germany,Germany, thethe HapsburgsHapsburgs tooktook anan eveneven moremore directdirect interestinterest inin publicpublic affairsaffairs They'dThey'd beenbeen havinghaving HapsburgsHapsburgs electedelected asas KingsKings ofof ItalyItaly sincesince RudolfRudolf II backback inin 12731273 andand inin 1440,1440, FriedrichFriedrich IIIIII becamebecame EmperorEmperor ofof thethe HolyHoly RomanRoman EmpireEmpire (NOTE: A Hapsburg of one sort or another sat on the throne of the Empire until 1740 when the world was rocked when Karl VII— from a completely different German family— took power) That's 300 straight years of one family in complete control of the Holy Roman Empire TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof CeutaCeuta HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis waswas aa dukeduke inin PortugalPortugal whowho encouragedencouraged KingKing JoãoJoão II toto attackattack NorthNorth AfricaAfrica NotNot onlyonly diddid thisthis beginbegin aa solidsolid 500500 yearsyears ofof PortuguesePortuguese expansionexpansion throughoutthroughout thethe worldworld butbut itit alsoalso gavegave PortugalPortugal aa crucialcrucial footholdfoothold inin NorthNorth AfricaAfrica That became a constant thorn in Spain's side but also afforded Portugal an unprecedented introductionintroduction intointo thethe slaveslave marketmarket When the black Muslim slavers sold black slaves to the white Portuguese, they in turn eventually brought them back to Europe to serve For the first time in history, the condition of slavery became tied to the color of one's skin The slaves were simply referred to descriptively as “blacks” (in Portuguese, “negros”)—which morphed into the demeaning “niggers” from the English TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof CeutaCeuta 14181418 PopePope MartinMartin VV calledcalled forfor anan AfricanAfrican CrusadeCrusade NowNow thatthat “Christendom”“Christendom” hadhad aa footholdfoothold inin paganpagan Africa,Africa, itit seemedseemed likelike thethe timetime waswas rightright ItIt alsoalso didn'tdidn't hurthurt thatthat HenriqueHenrique gavegave thethe PopePope aa veryvery generousgenerous bribebribe asas well—whichwell—which includedincluded tenten AfricanAfrican slavesslaves ofof hishis ownown ThisThis way,way, thethe ChurchChurch officiallyofficially gavegave PortugalPortugal licenselicense toto enslaveenslave anyany non-Christiannon-Christian whomwhom theythey camecame acrossacross inin AfricaAfrica In 1425 Martin issued a Papal bull that threatened to excommunicate any Christian who bought or sold another Christian...... to or from a Muslim (it was still perfectly fine to buy and sell other Christians with other Christians, though there were rules about the proper treatment of Christian slaves—and you could do whatever you wanted with heathen ones) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— InIn 1431,1431, MartinMartin calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil inin BaselBasel HeHe waswas boundbound andand determineddetermined to—onceto—once andand forfor all—toall—to makemake itit totallytotally clearclear thatthat thethe PopePope waswas completelycompletely sovereignsovereign overover thethe wholewhole ChurchChurch (especially(especially itsits councilscouncils ofof cardinals)cardinals) InIn 1438,1438, Martin'sMartin's successor,successor, EugeneEugene IV,IV, triedtried toto fillfill hishis PapalPapal treasurytreasury byby takingtaking backback allall ofof thethe landslands andand titlestitles thatthat MartinMartin hadhad givengiven asas PapalPapal giftsgifts toto hishis ownown friendsfriends andand relativesrelatives ThisThis putput himhim atat oddsodds withwith allall ofof hishis cardinalscardinals andand withwith mostmost ofof thethe rulersrulers ofof NorthernNorthern Italy,Italy, whowho censuredcensured himhim InIn response,response, hehe startedstarted upup hishis ownown CouncilCouncil atat Ferrara,Ferrara, aimedaimed atat healinghealing thethe GreatGreat SchismSchism withwith thethe EasternEastern OrthodoxOrthodox ChurchChurch fromfrom backback inin 10541054 Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos of Constantinople was eager to get Rome's help against the invading Muslim Turks A shaky agreement was actually reached, but then utterly denounced by the Greek Orthodox churches and monks back in the East TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— InIn 1431,1431, MartinMartin calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil inin BaselBasel HeHe waswas boundbound andand determineddetermined to—onceto—once andand forfor all—toall—to makemake itit totallytotally clearclear thatthat thethe PopePope waswas completelycompletely sovereignsovereign overover thethe wholewhole ChurchChurch (especially(especially itsits councilscouncils ofof cardinals)cardinals) InIn 1438,1438, Martin'sMartin's successor,successor, EugeneEugene IV,IV, triedtried toto fillfill hishis PapalPapal treasurytreasury byby takingtaking backback allall ofof thethe landslands andand titlestitles thatthat MartinMartin hadhad givengiven asas PapalPapal giftsgifts toto hishis ownown friendsfriends andand relativesrelatives ThisThis putput himhim atat oddsodds withwith allall ofof hishis cardinalscardinals andand withwith mostmost ofof thethe rulersrulers ofof NorthernNorthern Italy,Italy, whowho censuredcensured himhim InIn response,response, hehe startedstarted upup hishis ownown CouncilCouncil atat Ferrara,Ferrara, aimedaimed atat healinghealing thethe GreatGreat SchismSchism withwith thethe EasternEastern OrthodoxOrthodox ChurchChurch fromfrom backback inin 10541054 FerraraFerrara alsoalso dissolveddissolved thethe CouncilCouncil ofof BaselBasel Eugene wanted a Council to be held only on Italian lands—not “foreign” lands The cardinals in Basel were forced to comply to Eugene's authority, or else be removed from their offices TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— InIn 1431,1431, MartinMartin calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil inin BaselBasel HeHe waswas boundbound andand determineddetermined to—onceto—once andand forfor all—toall—to makemake itit totallytotally clearclear thatthat thethe PopePope waswas completelycompletely sovereignsovereign overover thethe wholewhole ChurchChurch (especially(especially itsits councilscouncils ofof cardinals)cardinals) InIn 1438,1438, Martin'sMartin's successor,successor, EugeneEugene IV,IV, triedtried toto fillfill hishis PapalPapal treasurytreasury byby takingtaking backback allall ofof thethe landslands andand titlestitles thatthat MartinMartin hadhad givengiven asas PapalPapal giftsgifts toto hishis ownown friendsfriends andand relativesrelatives ThisThis putput himhim atat oddsodds withwith allall ofof hishis cardinalscardinals andand withwith mostmost ofof thethe rulersrulers ofof NorthernNorthern Italy,Italy, whowho censuredcensured himhim InIn response,response, hehe startedstarted upup hishis ownown CouncilCouncil atat Ferrara,Ferrara, aimedaimed atat healinghealing thethe GreatGreat SchismSchism withwith thethe EasternEastern OrthodoxOrthodox ChurchChurch fromfrom backback inin 10541054 FerraraFerrara alsoalso dissolveddissolved thethe CouncilCouncil ofof BaselBasel InIn response,response, thethe CouncilCouncil ofof BaselBasel deposeddeposed EugeneEugene andand electedelected FelixFelix VV asas Pope...Pope... causingcausing aa newnew WesternWestern SchismSchism InIn response,response, EugeneEugene excommunicatedexcommunicated allall ofof thethe cardinalscardinals atat BaselBasel TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— InIn 1431,1431, MartinMartin calledcalled forfor aa newnew CouncilCouncil inin BaselBasel HeHe waswas boundbound andand determineddetermined to—onceto—once andand forfor all—toall—to makemake itit totallytotally clearclear thatthat thethe PopePope waswas completelycompletely sovereignsovereign overover thethe wholewhole ChurchChurch (especially(especially itsits councilscouncils ofof cardinals)cardinals) InIn 1438,1438, Martin'sMartin's successor,successor, EugeneEugene IV,IV, triedtried toto fillfill hishis PapalPapal treasurytreasury byby takingtaking backback allall ofof thethe landslands andand titlestitles thatthat MartinMartin hadhad givengiven asas PapalPapal giftsgifts toto hishis ownown friendsfriends andand relativesrelatives InIn 1447,1447, EmperorEmperor FriedrichFriedrich IIIIII broughtbrought thethe wholewhole thingthing toto aa closeclose byby makingmaking itit illegalillegal forfor thethe CouncilCouncil toto meetmeet inin BaselBasel anyany longerlonger InIn response,response, theythey justjust movedmoved thethe CouncilCouncil toto LausanneLausanne inin 14481448 ThatThat samesame year,year, Russia'sRussia's Patriarchs,Patriarchs, disgusteddisgusted withwith Constantinople'sConstantinople's dealingsdealings withwith Rome,Rome, declareddeclared theirtheir independenceindependence The Metropolitan Jonah of Moscow became the first head of a new Russian Orthodox Church, and Moscow was declared a “Третий Рим” (“Third Rome”) (after Rome and Constantinople) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof CeutaCeuta 14181418 PopePope MartinMartin VV calledcalled forfor anan AfricanAfrican CrusadeCrusade 14441444 TheThe AfricanAfrican slaveslave tradetrade officiallyofficially beganbegan HenriqueHenrique oversawoversaw thethe importationimportation ofof AfricanAfrican slavesslaves intointo EuropeEurope enen massemasse (in(in partpart becausebecause ofof thethe massivemassive lossloss ofof manualmanual laborerslaborers inin EuropeEurope duedue toto thethe ravagesravages ofof thethe PlaguePlague andand thethe HundredHundred Years'Years' War,War, andand inin partpart becausebecause theythey couldcould simplysimply buybuy peoplepeople soso cheaplycheaply inin Africa)Africa) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof CeutaCeuta 14181418 PopePope MartinMartin VV calledcalled forfor anan AfricanAfrican CrusadeCrusade 14441444 TheThe AfricanAfrican slaveslave tradetrade officiallyofficially beganbegan HenriqueHenrique oversawoversaw thethe importationimportation ofof AfricanAfrican slavesslaves intointo EuropeEurope enen massemasse AfterAfter Martin'sMartin's edict,edict, EuropeansEuropeans nownow boughtbought slavesslaves primarilyprimarily fromfrom heathenheathen landslands likelike AfricaAfrica andand thethe onlyonly nationnation withwith aa slaveslave pipelinepipeline fromfrom AfricaAfrica waswas PortugalPortugal Henrique set up a 20% tax on all slaves imported intointo EuropeEurope And Portugal got filthy rich... TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof CeutaCeuta 14181418 PopePope MartinMartin VV calledcalled forfor anan AfricanAfrican CrusadeCrusade 14441444 TheThe AfricanAfrican slaveslave tradetrade officiallyofficially beganbegan HenriqueHenrique oversawoversaw thethe importationimportation ofof AfricanAfrican slavesslaves intointo EuropeEurope enen massemasse AfterAfter Martin'sMartin's edict,edict, EuropeansEuropeans nownow boughtbought slavesslaves primarilyprimarily fromfrom heathenheathen landslands likelike AfricaAfrica andand thethe onlyonly nationnation withwith aa slaveslave pipelinepipeline fromfrom AfricaAfrica waswas PortugalPortugal ByBy 1552,1552, 10%10% ofof thethe populationpopulation ofof LisbonLisbon werewere slaves...slaves... TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance FunkyFunky littlelittle teachingteaching moment—moment— ToTo controlcontrol thethe breedingbreeding ofof slavesslaves (and(and thusthus keepkeep upup thethe demanddemand forfor newnew slavesslaves fromfrom Africa),Africa), thethe PortuguesePortuguese regularlyregularly hadhad thethe menmen castratedcastrated TheThe CopticCoptic ChristianChristian monksmonks inin EgyptEgypt werewere especiallyespecially proudproud ofof theirtheir “cottage“cottage business”business” ofof castratingcastrating slavesslaves InIn fact,fact, thethe monksmonks castratedcastrated soso manymany slavesslaves thatthat theirtheir monasteriesmonasteries becamebecame veryvery wealthywealthy fromfrom thethe moneymoney theythey mademade fromfrom EuropeEurope They considered this a clearclear sign of God's approval of their part in the slave trade TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof CeutaCeuta 14181418 PopePope MartinMartin VV calledcalled forfor anan AfricanAfrican CrusadeCrusade 14441444 TheThe AfricanAfrican slaveslave tradetrade officiallyofficially beganbegan 14521452 PopePope NicholasNicholas VV issuedissued hishis DumDum DiversasDiversas TheThe PapalPapal bullbull extendedextended toto thethe kingskings ofof SpainSpain andand PortugalPortugal “full“full andand freefree permissionpermission toto invade,invade, searchsearch out,out, capture,capture, andand subjugatesubjugate thethe SaracensSaracens andand paganspagans andand anyany otherother unbelieversunbelievers andand enemiesenemies ofof ChristChrist whereverwherever theythey maymay be,be, asas wellwell asas theirtheir kingdoms,kingdoms, duchies,duchies, counties,counties, principalities,principalities, andand otherother property...property... andand toto reducereduce theirtheir personspersons intointo perpetualperpetual servitude”servitude” TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof CeutaCeuta 14181418 PopePope MartinMartin VV calledcalled forfor anan AfricanAfrican CrusadeCrusade 14441444 TheThe AfricanAfrican slaveslave tradetrade officiallyofficially beganbegan 14521452 PopePope NicholasNicholas VV issuedissued hishis DumDum DiversasDiversas TheThe PapalPapal bullbull extendedextended toto thethe kingskings ofof SpainSpain andand PortugalPortugal “full“full andand freefree permission...”permission...” (technically, this was supposed to be in support of another call for a Crusade in Africa, but in reality, itit waswas justjust toto provideprovide PortugalPortugal andand SpainSpain withwith God's blessing for their slave trades) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof CeutaCeuta 14181418 PopePope MartinMartin VV calledcalled forfor anan AfricanAfrican CrusadeCrusade 14441444 TheThe AfricanAfrican slaveslave tradetrade officiallyofficially beganbegan 14521452 PopePope NicholasNicholas VV issuedissued hishis DumDum DiversasDiversas TheThe PapalPapal bullbull extendedextended toto thethe kingskings ofof SpainSpain andand PortugalPortugal “full“full andand freefree permissionpermission toto invade,invade, searchsearch out,out, capture,capture, andand subjugatesubjugate thethe SaracensSaracens andand paganspagans andand anyany otherother unbelieversunbelievers andand enemiesenemies ofof ChristChrist whereverwherever theythey maymay be,be, asas wellwell asas theirtheir kingdoms,kingdoms, duchies,duchies, counties,counties, principalities,principalities, andand otherother property...property... andand toto reducereduce theirtheir personspersons intointo perpetualperpetual servitude”servitude” (you'll notice that the wording says, “wherever”— which was why this document later provided the basis for the enslaving of natives in the Americas and in Asia, once the Spanish and Portuguese arrived there as well) TheThe RenaissanceRenaissance ImportantImportant familiesfamilies changedchanged everythingeverything 14151415 HenryHenry VV foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof AgincourtAgincourt HenriqueHenrique dede AvisAvis foughtfought thethe battlebattle ofof CeutaCeuta 14181418 PopePope MartinMartin VV calledcalled forfor anan AfricanAfrican CrusadeCrusade 14441444 TheThe AfricanAfrican slaveslave tradetrade officiallyofficially beganbegan 14521452 PopePope NicholasNicholas VV issuedissued hishis DumDum DiversasDiversas 14531453 ConstantinopleConstantinople fellfell toto thethe MuslimMuslim TurksTurks